Whare whānau
Ngā uauatanga tīmatanga o te hanga
Ko te tangata kua whiwhi wheako rahi kē i ngā mahi hanga iti hei ringa ngaio i te kāinga, ka māmā ake tana anga atu ki te hanga whare whānau, whare noho rānei. Kāore i te kōrerohia i konei māna ake anō e whakahaere te hanga, nā te mea he mahi tēnei e hiahiatia ana ētahi tohunga motuhake. Engari, he pai tonu kia mōhio hoki te >>kaihaumi<< ki ēnei mahi, ā, i ngā mea māmā ake ka uru atu hoki ia ake, ā, tērā pea ko ngā mema o tōna whānau, ko ōna hoa rānei. Ka kōrerohia i konei ngā whai wāhi tonu ki ngā hanga „nui“, arā, ngā whakaritenga mō te hanga.
Mō te hanga me matua whakarite te whenua i te tuatahi. Kāore e ranea te ‘titiro noa’ ki te whenua i mua i te hoko. Kia pai ai ngā tikanga mō te whare ā mua, me kohikohi pārongo mō te maha o ngā mea e pā ana ki te whenua. E taunaki ana kia uiui i tētahi tohunga i mua i te hoko. Ko te tūranga o te whenua, te āhua o te whenua, te heke, te hanganga me te āhua o te papa, ngā tikanga o te papa, ngā ahunga o ngā hau, ngā rahinga me te āhua o te whenua, te tipu kei reira, te tūranga me te āhua o ngā huarahi whakauru me ngā ratonga he tino take nui, ā, he tino pānga ki te hoahoa me te whakatinana i ngā mahi i te wā o te hanga. (Hei tauira, mā te taumata teitei o te wai whenua ka hiahiatia he mahi anō mō te whakamātao wai, ā, i runga i te one kōhatu ka uaua ngā mahi hanga tūāpapa). Mā te tirotiro i ēnei āhuatanga ka puta pea ko te whenua ‘iti te utu’ he ‘utu nui ake’ kē.
I mua i te hokonga me tirotiro hoki te »tūnga ā-ture« o te whenua. Me taki i ngā pukapuka whenua mēnā e tino wātea ana te whenua mō te hoko, ā, kāore rānei i te taumaha ohorere i ngā nama, mokete me ērā atu. Tērā pea he tikanga motuhake e pā ana ki te whenua, hei tauira, te tika, arā rānei te here ki te tuku huarahi ki ētahi atu kaiwhakamahi, te tuku wai, te paipa wai rānei, te tangohanga whenua, te hanga huarahi, ētahi atu tikanga rānei (whaka. 1). Whai muri i te tirotiro i ngā pukapuka whenua me toro atu ki te mana whakahaere o te kāhui ā-rohe kia whiwhi kōrero mō ngā tūponotanga hanga i runga i te whenua. I reira ka mōhio mātou he aha te momo whare ka āhei, arā rānei me hanga ki taua wāhi (he papa kotahi, he papa maha rānei me ērā atu), mēnā ka āhei te hanga rawa, he aha ngā mahere taone ā-mua mō te takiwā (kei hea ka hangaia he whare tākaro, he whare kōhungahunga, he toa me ērā atu). Mēnā he pai ngā hua o te arotakenga taipitopito o te whenua, ā, he tika te āhua i roto i ngā pukapuka whenua, ā, he pai hoki te whakaaro o te mana whakahaere hanga mō tātou, arā, kāore he ārai, he meka rānei e piki ai ngā utu hanga, ka taea te hoko i te whenua me te whai i ngā ture mō te hoko me te whakawhiti taitara o te whenua. Mā ēnei mōhiohio taipitopito o mua e whakaora i a tātou i ngā whakama ā muri ake nei me ngā utu koretake, ā, tērā pea ka aukati hoki i te turakanga rawa o te mahere hanga.
ATA 1
Whai muri i te hoko whenua me whai whakaaetanga hanga. Ko te whāinga o tēnei whakaaetanga kia mahia te hanga o te whare i runga i ngā ture e mana ana, ā, kia pērā te hanga a te rangatira whai mana hanga, kia kore ai e whakararuraru i ngā hiahia o ngā rangatira tata me te hapori. Ko te tangata ka hanga kāore he whakaaetanga hanga kua whakaritea, he kāore hoki i te mātanga, me whakaaro ka turakina herea tōna whare i runga i āna ake utu.
Me āpiti hoki ki te tono mō te whakaaetanga hanga whare te tārua mai i ngā pukapuka whenua hei taunaki ko te kaitono te rangatira whaimana o te whenua. Me tiki anō hoki te mahere tūnga o te whenua me te hoahoa o te whare (te tūnga me ngā taipitopito) me te whakaahuatanga hangarau. E tūtohutia ana kia rapu mōhiohio anō i te mana whakahaere mō ngā tikanga o te kaupapa (te tauine, te maha o ngā kape me ērā atu) i te wā e kohikohi ana i ngā mōhiohio mō te whenua. He nui te raruraru i ngā hoahoa kāore e tika ana. Ka taea te waihanga i ngā hoahoa e ngā umanga, ngā tāngata rānei kua whakamanahia mō taua mahi anake. Ehara i te mea ko tā mātou he whakaawe i ngā »kaihaumi« kei te heke mai, engari e tohu ana mātou he mea taea te whiwhi i ngā hoahoa momo kua oti kē i ngā whakahaere hoahoa nui ake, he āhua iti te utu, he hou, he whai kiko hoki, ā, he mea hanga i roto i ngā momo maha, kia taea ai te whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga whānui. Mā ēnei hoahoa ka māmā ake te whiwhi whakaaetanga hanga whare e whai ana i te rārangi rahinga me te whakatau utu.
I te hanga i tō ake whare, he āhua ake ngā whakaaro o ia tangata. Tērā pea he tika, he pono hoki ēnei whakaaro, engari he maha hoki kāore i te tūāhua, nā te mea he kore e taea te whakatinana, he kore ōhanga, he kore hou hoki, ā, i ētahi wā he koretake hoki. Me ū te kaihoahoa, i te wā e whakarite ana i te kaupapa, ki ētahi ture ā-kāwanatanga, paerewa me ngā tikanga e pā ana ki te hoahoa (hei tauira, kāore e āhei te tomokanga ki te wharepaku mā te kīhini, kua whakaritea te iti rawa o te horahanga o te rūma, te iti rawa o te teitei o ngā rūma o roto, kāore e taea te kōwhiri noa i te whakaritenga o ngā rūma, ngā paninga, ngā horahanga o ngā matapihi me ērā atu mea), engari i te wā kotahi me whakatutuki hoki i ngā hiahia o te tangata takitahi, arā o te rangatira. Me whakanui ngā tono whaihua me te ōhanga a ngā kaihoahoa mō te whakamahi i ngā huānga paerewa (ngā kurupae, ngā tatau, ngā matapihi me ērā atu).
Ka tino puta ngā hiahia me ngā tirohanga o ia tangata i te kōwhiri me te hoahoa i te ārai mua, te whakarōpū ruma, te pūnaha whakawera, ngā tērāhi, ngā rūma raro, ngā whare āpiti me ērā atu. E tohu ana mātou kāore te mana whai mana e tuku i te whakaaetanga hanga i runga i ngā kaupapa kāore i te matatau, kāore hoki i te ōhanga, ā, kāore e hāngai ana ki ngā ture mō te hanga whare, nā ngā painga tonu o te kaipupuri moni.
Ina whiwhi mātou i te whakaaetanga hanga whare, me āta whakarite mō te hanga. Mā te whakarite pai e whakaora ai mātou i ngā mahi kāore e tika ana ā muri ake nei. I te taha o te tukanga whiwhi whakaaetanga hanga whare, me tuku te mahi tātai rahinga me te utu tata ki tētahi. I runga i te rārangi rahinga me te utu tata ka taea e mātou te whakatau i te nui e hiahiatia ana o ngā rawa hanga whare (me te whai whakaaro hoki ki te toenga moumou e tika ana). E hiahiatia ana ēnei tuhinga hoki mō te whiwhi pūtea taurewa mō te hanga. Ki te mea kua whiwhi hoki mātou i te pūtea taurewa e hiahiatia ana (rānei te moni mō te tīmatanga o te hanga), ka whai atu ko te hoko i ngā rawa hanga whare.
He pai ake te whiwhi i te rauemi i tētahi kamupene hokohoko. He wātea hoki te whiwhi i te rauemi kua whakamahia kē - he tino iti ake te utu - engari me whakaae tika mō tēnei mea (me hoko tahi) me tētahi mātanga. Ko te tikanga, mā ngā pereki kua paru ki te raima ka puta ā muri ake he raruraru i te wā e tārai ana me te pani raima, nā te mea ka “pahū” te raima me te peita. I roto i ngā kurupae rākau, ngā papa parquet, ngā papa kaipuke rānei, tērā pea kei reira ngā harore me ngā pepeke, ā muri ake nei, i roto i te kotahi, e rua tau, ka taea te whakaputa kino nui. Mō ētahi taera tuanui, e hiahiatia ana te nui rua o ngā tāniko, nō reira ka taea pea ko te utu iti o te uhi tuanui i te tuatahi ka nui ake i muri. Waihoki, kāore te kōhatu māngere, kua whakamahia kē, e manawanui ki te huka, nō reira kāore e taea e tātou te whakamahi mō te tārai me ngā tūāpapa. I te whānui, me tino tūpato, ahakoa he rauemi hanga hou, he tawhito rānei, he maha ngā wā he iti te utu. Me tono me te pupuri i ngā tuhinga e whakaatu ana i te rangatiratanga, ā, me ata tiaki hoki ngā nama me ērā atu tuhinga katoa.
I mua i te taenga mai o te tukunga tuatahi o ngā rawa, he maha tonu ngā mea me whakarite ki te whenua. Mēnā kāore anō te whenua kia taiapatia, me whakatū te taiapa i muri i te whakaritenga o ngā rohe me ngā hoa tata, me ngā raraunga whaimana hoki. Ko te taiapa ki te tiriti me te taha matau, me te haurua matau o te taiapa o muri, ēnei katoa e tirohia ana mai i te tiriti, mā tātou e hanga. Ko te taiapa taha mauī me te haurua mauī o te taiapa o muri nō te hoa tata mauī, arā, nō te hoa tata o muri rānei. Mā te whiwhi i ngā tuhinga whaimana mō ngā taiapa ka ārai i ngā tautohetohe ā muri ake, ā, tērā pea ka ārai hoki i ngā kēhi kōti. Ki te ahunga o te kawe rauemi hanga, he pai ake kia hanga noa he taiapa rangitahi, kawe noa.
Ko te whakaritenga matua mō te hanga ko te whai wai i te wāhi tonu, nā te mea he utu nui, he uaua hoki te kawe wai. Ki te mea i pokaia he puna ā, he pūhaumāota, he kawa, he tote, he kakara kino rānei te wai, me rapu āwhina i tētahi tohunga keri puna e tika ana (hohonu) rānei, mō te whakakorea rānei o te wai. Kāore e taea te whakamahi wai kino, paru rānei i te wā hanga, nā te mea ka whakangaro tere i te raima, i te pākaru rānei. Me keri hoki he rua mō te kōura, kia kore e whakararu i te kawe me te tawhiti tika atu i ngā pakitara a muri ake nei. Ka taea te whai i te papa o te rua kia 3 x 2 m, ā, ko te hōhonutanga 1,5 m.
E hiahiatia ana hoki tētahi whare hei penapena i ngā rauemi, i ngā taputapu, ā, hei rūma huri kākahu hoki. Mō tēnei kaupapa me hanga tētahi whare iti rangitahi, he pūtake 3 x 3m, he mea rākau, he kakau witi, he pereki rānei, ā, me taea te kati. Engari, he pai ake kia hangaia i mua tētahi o ngā whare āpiti, hei tauira he wharau wahie, mō konei hoki he whakaaetanga hanga whare tā tātou, ā, ka whakamahia hei penapena. Kaua hoki e wareware ki te hanga wharepaku ki tētahi wāhi kei tawhiti atu i te wai. Ka oti te kawe mai ngā taputapu me ngā rawa āwhina (ngā rawhi kamura, ngā taura, me ērā atu), ka taea te tīmata i te whakaritenga o te kawe mai i ngā rawa hanga whare.
Me rīhi te taraka kia tino whakamahia katoatia. Mō ngā rauemi hāngū me tono ngā taraka pākai. Me karo tātou i te whakawhiti utu iti, engari kua rāhuitia. Ko ngā rauemi kua kawea mai me whakatakoto ki te takiwā o te whare e tū mai ana, kia kaua e whakapōrearea i te kawe anō, nā te mea mā konei ka karo i ngā nekehanga koretake. Me waiho te sima ki raro i te tuanui, kia taupoki rānei; me tāpae ngā pereki kia mau te here, kāore he tūraru wharanga; me taiapa te onepu me te kirikiri ki ngā pereki (hei aukati i te maringi). Ko te tinei kōkekore he pai rawa kia tukua ki tētahi tohunga.
Whai muri i tēnei ka taea e tātou te »tohu« i te wāhi o te whare. Mā te matua kaihanga tēnei e mahi. Ka whakatauria e ia te tūnga tika o te whare ki runga i te whenua, te tūnga o ngā kokonga me ngā raraunga mō ngā teitei. Me tango atu te taru me te para rauropi i te wāhi e hangaia ai te whare (mō te whakamahi ā muri ake nei pea). Me papatahi te papa hanga kia taea e te matua te tohu mā te taura i te tūnga o ngā taketake. Ka tohua te whānui o ngā āwhā mō ngā taketake ki ngā pou. Ka taea e tātou te whai wāhi, i raro i te tirotiro a te matua, ki ēnei mahi anō hoki, ā, ko te keri āwhā tā tātou mahi katoa. I te whenua māmā ka hiahiatia ngā poupou, ā, i te one mārō me hanga tika ngā āwhā kia rite ki ngā rahinga kua hoatu, mā te haehae i ngā taha o ngā pakitara. Me ngana ki te whakaōrite i te one i keria ki te wāhi tonu, 1-2 m atu i te āwhā, engari i te nuinga o te wā me kawe atu. Ko te kawe one he pai rawa kia whakaritea hei kawe hoki mai a te taraka e kawe mai ana i ngā rawa hanga. Whai muri i te keri āwhā, ko te mea pai ko te tīmata tonutia ki te hanga i ngā taketake (kia kore ai e pakaru ngā āwhā i te ua) (whakaahua 2).
WHAKAATU 2
Hanga
Me noho te hōhonutanga o te tūāpapa i ngā wā katoa kia neke atu i te iti rawa 30 cm i raro i te taumata o te whenua, i raro i te rohe whakatotoka. Ko te tūāpapa tere rawa, ā, ko te tino ōhanga rawa hoki, ko te mea e kīia nei ko te »kohatu mānu«, ka taea e mātou anō te mahi i runga i ngā tohutohu a te tohunga. He tino utu nui te tūāpapa pereki, ā, mā te mātanga anake e hanga. I ngā wāhi pukepuke ko te tūāpapa kōhatu te tino tika. I muri i te hanga i ngā tūāpapa o ngā pakitara matua o waho, me hanga ngā tūāpapa o ngā pakitara waenga me ngā pakitara wehewehe.
I runga i ngā mea o mua, mā te mahi āta, kua oti kē i a mātou ngā tūāpapa e hiahiatia ana. Mō te whakamāota pai, ka whakatakoto te tohunga i ngā paparanga e rua o ngā papa bitumen whakamāota 150, ā, mā ngā paparanga e toru o te bitumen wera e tino kati ai. Me aro hoki kia whānui ake te whakamāota i te pakitara mā 3–10 cm me kia iti rawa te 15 cm o te taupoki i ngā hononga. Me hono te whakamāota whakapae o ngā pakitara taketake ki ngā whakamāota whakapae o ngā pakitara waenga me ngā whakamāota kei raro i te papa i ngā wāhi katoa. He tokomaha ka whakaparahako ki te whakamāota āta, heoi anō ko te whakamāota tētahi o ngā tikanga matua kia pai ai te whakamahi i te whare (whaka. 3)
WHAKAATURANGA 3
Me noho te tīmatanga o ngā pakitara matua o waho, ngā pakitara matua o roto me ngā pakitara wehewehenga kia kaua e iti iho i te 30, ā, pai ake tonu atu kia 40 cm, i runga ake i te taumata o te whenua huri noa i te taha o te taumata papa kua whakamaheretia. Ka taea e mātou te āwhina nui i te kaihanga, nāna nei te whakahaere i ngā mahi me ngā mahi e kīia nei he mahi tika. Nā reira, e taunakitia ana kia pai te whakarite i te hanga pakitara, tētahi o ngā mahi e nui ana te mahi, ā, me āta whakawhanake taipitopito hoki te mahere o tōna rere.
Ahakoa ko tēhea rauemi e whakamahia ana e tātou mō te hanga pakitara, arā ko ngā pereki, ngā pereki kōhao, ngā poraka, te kōhatu whati-ā-pāmahana, te kōhatu rangatira kua tukatukatia rānei, ka hāngai ēnei ture koura e whai ake nei ki ia momo hanga pakitara.
- Kaua tātou e whai kia mahia e tātou anō ngā mea katoa! Mā te hunga kaimahi kua whai tohu anake e taea ai te whakarite i te kounga pai o te mahi hanga taiepa. Mēnā kāore tātou i ako i te mahi hanga taiepa, nā, me āwhina i te kawe pereki, te tuku, te ranu me te kawe hāpine, te kawe tūāpapa scaffolding me ērā atu (wh. 4).
KŌRERO 4
2. Mā te mātanga e whakatau tonu i te whānui kawe kawenga e hiahiatia ana o te pakitara i te wā o te hoahoa. Ko te matotoru e hiahiatia ana mō te whakamātatanga wera e whirinaki ana ki te rauemi o te pakitara, ā, ko te uara iti rawa o tēnei rahinga, e rite ana ki te kawe kawenga, ka whakaritea e ngā ture. Kaua e penapena utu i runga anō i te matotoru o ngā pakitara, nā te mea ā muri ake nei ka nui ake ā tātou utu whakawera; hei tāpiri atu, ka taea te kohikohinga o te korohū wai ki runga i ngā pakitara angiangi, he kino mō te hauora, ā, ka whakangaro i te peita me ngā taonga. Mō ō tātou āhuarangi e manakohia ana ko ngā pakitara pereki he whānui 38 cm (kāore he punga raima). Me noho ngā pakitara kōhatu kia iti rawa ko 50 cm te whānui (hei āpiti hoki ki te kawe kawenga). He maha anō hoki ētahi atu huinga pakitara, ko te mea tino mōhiotia ko te huinga o ngā pereki pūwāwā kua whakatakotoria kia roa me ngā pereki iti kua whakatakotoria tū. Ko te matotoru o ēnei pakitara he 33 cm, engari me tino tōtika te whakahaere i ngā mahi. He pakitara pai he poutū rawa, ā, ka whakatakotoria ngā wāhanga takitahi ki roto me te here. I ngā pakitara pereki me tino aro hoki ki te ōrite me te whakapae o ngā rārangi pereki. Kia mau ai ngā rahinga i te wā o te whakaarahanga pakitara, me whakamahi ngā poro rākau, ngā rākau kānapanapa, ngā taura, me te taura taumaha, ā, me tirotiro tonu i te tika o te whakaarahanga (i te iti rawa i muri i te 2-3 o ngā rārangi).
3. Me tata ki te 1 cm ngā wāwāhi whakapae me ngā wāwāhi poutū (i te kōhatu he kōpiko), ā, me tino whakakī ēnei wāwāhi ki te kumete. Ka whakatauria e te mātanga te kounga o te kumete; i te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia te kumete tohu H4 rānei H6. Mō te hanganga o ngā pou me ngā tumere e hiahiatia ana he kumete kua whakakaha ki te sima. Me tino whakakōroritia te kumete kia kore ai e noho ngā putunga onepu me te kotakota ki roto. Mō te ranu kumete me whakamahi te kotakota kua tau, me te onepu kāore he uku, kāore he parahua, kāore he poke.
4. I te wā e hanga taiepa ana, i runga ake i te teitei tata ki te 1 m me hiahiatia kē he tārewa. Mā ngā kaimahi kua whai tohu mō tēnei anake e hanga ngā tārewa, ka mahia rānei i runga i ngā tohutohu a te rangatira mahi, ā, me tino pai te rauemi mō ngā tārewa me tōna papa tika. Me whakatakoto ngā papa āhei ki runga i ngā tārewa me ngā rākau iti hei aukati i te paheke. Me whakakī te pouaka raima kia kore ai e marara i te wā e hari ana. Nā te nui o te raima e pau ana i te wā e hanga taiepa ana, me whakarite kia rua ngā pouaka mō ia kaikōkiri.
5. Kaua e whakaaetia te hēmanawa ki te wāhi hanga! I te wā e mahi ana, ā, i muri hoki i te whakaotinga o te mahi, me horoi ngā papa tū kia kore ai te kumete i te papa e mārō. Me horoi hoki ngā pouaka kumete, ā, me whakarite kia rite tonu te nui o te kumete ka whakamahia i taua rā anake. Me kohi ngā pereki kua hinga, ā, me whakapai te wāhi i ngā para kia wātea ai ngā ara kawe. Me kawe mai, ā, me whakatakoto ngā pereki kia pai ai te toro atu a te kaipara pereki, me tupato kia kaua te puranga e hinga, e taka rānei.
6. Ko te hua a tētahi mason ko te whakauru i te 800-1000 pereki i roto i ngā hāora e waru. Mēnā ka whakaritea te mahi kia kotahi te kaimahi e whakatakoto ana i te raima, tētahi atu e tuku pereki ana, te tuatoru (te tohunga) e whakatakoto ana, e whakapūmau rānei i te pakitara, ā, ko ērā atu (ngā mema o te whānau) e kawe mai ana i ngā rawa, ka taea i roto i ngā hāora e waru te whakauru atu anō i te 7000 pereki. Mā tēnei ara ka taea ngā pakitara matua o te whare whānau te whakaoti i roto i te 4–5 rā. Me tino aro ki te tika o te hanga o ngā hononga pakitara, ki ngā kokonga, ki ngā anga o ngā tuwheratanga, me te whakatikatika ātaahua, tae atu ki te whakatikatika i te here.
7. Ka taea ngā matotoru o ngā pakitara wehewehe te whai 6, 10, 12 me 25 cm (i runga anō i ngā whakaritenga o te hanganga me te weheruatanga o ngā ruma). Me whakahaere te hanga o ngā pakitara wehewehe e tētahi tohunga, nā te mea me hono ēnei pakitara ki ngā awaawa o ngā pakitara matua, ā, me tāpiri hoki he whakakaha ki ngā pakitara wehewehe i hangaia ki ngā poraka. Kia aro mai tātou kia kaua e iti iho i te 10 cm te matotoru o ngā pakitara poraka o ngā rūma »mākū« (whare kaukau, kīhini), nā te mea ā muri ake, i te wā e hangaia ana ngā awaawa e hiahiatia ana, ka whakangaromia ngā pakitara nō 6 cm.
8. Ā, hei whakakapi, he kupu ruarua mō te tiaki i te hauora o te hunga e whai wāhi ana ki te hanga i tētahi whare whānau. I te wāhi mahi me whakarite he āheinga ki te horoi kanohi me ngā ringaringa, he rūma iti mō te penapena me te whakamaroke i ngā kākahu mahi kua māku i te werawera, he hinu ārai rā (mō te rā), me tētahi kirīmi ngako mō te tiaki kiri. Ko ngā ringa kua whakaparawengia, kua kainga hoki e te raima me tino horoi, me whakakore ngā patunga, ā, me pani ngā kāwhena. Hei ārai i te kaha rawa o te rā – otirā ko te hunga kāore anō kia taunga ki te mahi uaua ā-tinana – me whakamahi hinu mō te rā, he pōtae whānui te tapa, me ngā kākahu māmā. Me neke atu ngā tamariki i te papa hanga, i te rua whakangaro kotakota hoki. Ko ēnei wāhi, e rata ana mō te tākaro, me taiapa, me whakarite hoki.
He rauemi hanga matarohia te pereki, he tino hira, nō reira i whakatapua e mātou e rua ngā whakaahua ki tēnei rauemi hei whakaatu i ōna āhuatanga, arā hoki ngā »paerewa whakamahi« (wh. 5 me wh. 6).
FIGURE 5
E whakaatu ana ngā tau i ngā pouaka iti e hia ngā pereki e hiahiatia ana mō te 1 m2 o te pakitara o ngā matotoru rerekē, i hangaia mai i ngā pereki o ngā rahi rerekē. Ko te hunga e hanga ana mā rātou anō ka ngāwari te tātai i ngā mata o ngā pakitara o ngā rūma kua whakamaheretia. He uaua ake te tātai i te rōrahi o ngā pakitara, ā, nō reira i hoatu ai e mātou te hononga i waenga i te maha o ngā pereki me te mata o te pakitara (he motuhake anō i hoatu e mātou te maha o ngā pereki e hiahiatia ana mō tētahi pou kia 1 m te teitei).
I te whakatau i ēnei raraunga i whai whakaaro hoki mātou ki te wāhi e nohoia ana e te raima, ā, i ngā wāhi kāore i tau te maha o ngā wāhanga mō te 1 m2 hei tau tōpū, ka porotaka whakarunga mātou.
FIGURE 6
Ka whakamōhio atu mātou ki ngā kaihanga, ki te tatau mātou i runga anake i ngā mata o roto, ka ngaro te maha o ngā pereki e hiahiatia ana i ngā kokonga hei here tahi i ngā pakitara. Nā reira me tāpiri te roa o tētahi pakitara i te hanganga ki te uara o tōna matotoru. Ko ngā pereki kua whakatakotoria ki ngā rārangi he puranga rawa noa iho; mā te here ki te raima anake ka noho hei pakitara. Ko te raima he ranunga o te kōkawa kua tineia, te onepu, te wai me te sima, he mātotoru pērā i te kirīmi.
Te whakamahinga o ngā momo ranu rereke
Māka kumete H4 - mō ngā pakitara iti te kawenga.
Pūkere H6 - mō ngā tūāpapa pereki me te kohatu kāore i tino kawenga, mō ngā tumere, mō ngā pakitara wehewehe, me ngā kōpua.
Ko te mota tohu H10 - mō ngā pakitara kawenga he matotoru 25 cm me te iti iho, ā, mō ngā pou he iti ake te takenga i te 0,1 m2
Kirikiri raima tohu H25 - mō ngā pakitara matua o ngā wāhi papararo o ngā whare.
Raima tohu H50 - mō ngā pou pereki kua whakakaha hei take mō ngā wai kōpaka »tūkinotia« i raro.
Morta tohu Н80 - mō te take o ngā wai raro whenua »tautohe«.
Hīra tohu H90 - mō te take o ngā wai tino »pākarakara«.
I tua atu i ēnei āhuatanga, ko ngā tono mō te kaha he mea whakatau, āe rā.
Te hanganga o ngā momo mātotoru ranu
H10: 1,00 m3 o te onepu, 250 kg sima o te karaehe 300 rānei 0,25 m3 kōkawa
200 kg kg o te sima o te karaehe 400
Н25: 1,00 m3 o te onepu, 350 kg o te sima kāwai 300 rānei 0,10 m3 o te kōkōwai
300 kg kg o te sima o te karaehe 400
H4: 1,00 m3 onepu 0,25 m3 kotakota
H4f/100h: 1,00 m3 o te onepu 100 kg sima karaehe 300 0,25 m3 o te kōkawa
H4f/75n: 1,00 m3 onepu 75 kg sima marke 400 0,25 m3 kotakota
H4f/50 o: 1,00 m3 onepū 50 kg sima o te karaehe 500 0,25 m3 kōata
Н6: 1,00 m3 onepū 175 kg sim. o te tohu 300 rānei 0,25 m3 kotakota
150 kg kg sima kāwai 400
VP/100h: 1,00 m3 onepu 100 kg sima akomanga 300 0,33 m3 kotakota
а/250 h: 1,00 m3 o te kirikiri 250 kg ciment karaehe 300 —–
o/225n: 1,00 m3 o te onepū 225 kg o te sima tohu 400 —–
Ko te kotakota whai kōputaputa, te kotakota kāore i tino ranu, kua tineia koretia, rānei, ka hua he rua ki te pakitara i te āhua o ngā tohu purapura.
He maha ngā momo raima
He pai kia mōhio ki ngā āhuatanga me ētahi momo raima, me te kōrero anō ka piki ake te kaha o te rawa here matua, arā, ko te sima, i te pikinga o ngā tau (200, 300, 400, 500). Ko te tohu raima mai i B50 ki В500 e tohu ana i tōna kaha kōpeke. Anei ētahi momo mō te »rārangi whānui«:
В - 50: 1,20 m3 kirikiri 150 kg sima māka 300 rānei 110 kg sima māka 400
B - 70: 1,20 m3 o te kirikiri 190 kg o te sima kāwai 300 rānei 150 kg o te sima kāwai 400
B - 100: 1,20 m3 kirikiri 250 kg sima o te tohu 300 rānei 200 kg sima o te tohu 400
В - 140: 1,20 m3 kirikiri 270 kg sima o te tohu 300 rānei 250 kg sima o te tohu 400
B - 200: 1,30 m3 kirikiri 278 kg sima o te tohu 500
Ki te mea kua pai ake tā tātou mōhio ki ngā pereki me te moata, me kī anō hoki ko te tikanga o te here i ngā pereki mā te whakatakoto roa ki te ahunga o te roa o te pakitara e kīia ana ko te paparanga ā-roa (whakaahua 7, wāhanga 1). Kei reira anō te paparanga tū-whakamua (whakaahua 7, wāhanga 3) me te paparanga e kīia nei ko te paparanga hōia (whakaahua 7, wāhanga 4) i te putanga kotahi-rārangi.
Ka taea ngā pereki te haurua ā-roa me te haurua ā-whānui, engari he maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana ngā wāhanga o te 1/4 me te 3/4 o te wāhanga. Mā ēnei ka hangaia ai ngā pou. He mea tino nui kia nekehia te paparanga o runga o ngā pereki kia haurua te wāhanga i tērā paparanga kei raro iho. Mā tēnei here ka whakapūmau i te pakari o te pakitara. He mea nui hoki kia noho te raima kaua noa iho i waenganui i ia paparanga, engari i waenganui hoki i ia pereki i roto i te paparanga ki te ahunga taha (whakaahua 7, wāhanga o raro).
AHUA 7
Ki ngā paparanga kua oti, me pani mā te wīra raima he paparanga raima ōrite, māngohe hoki, tata ki te 1 cm te matotoru; ki tēnei paparanga me whakatakoto ngā pereki (3), ā, me pani hoki te raima ki ngā pito o ngā pereki (2). Me patu ngā pereki kua whakatakotoria kia noho ki tō rātou tūranga tuatahi, tuatahi mai i te taha runga (4), kātahi anō mai i te taha taha (5) (mā ngā patunga ki te mata kāore anō kia pania ki te raima). Ka rere te raima māngohe ki roto hoki i ngā hononga poutū, ā, pērā ka tutuki ai te here pai.
Mō te wāwāhi haurua i ngā pereki he pai te tohu i te roa ki te kakau o te hama, ā, mā reira ka māmā te tohu i te wāhi tapahi mō te haurua, te hauwhā rānei o te pereki. I te wāhi tapahi me tōia he rārangi hōhonu ake ki ngā taha e rua o te pereki, ā, mā te patu ki waenganui o te wāhanga e hiahia ana kia motu, ka whati te pereki. I tēnei mahi me pupuri te pereki ki te ringa mauī.
Mō te pani raima me nui ake anō te wheako i tō te tapahi pereki. He uaua te ako a te tangata e iti nei tana mahi ki te mahi tuitui i te whiu o te trowel ki te pakitara mā te nekehanga kotahi noa o te ringa. Nō reira, he pai ake te whakatakoto i te raima ki runga i tētahi papa whakataratara nui ake, kātahi ka tīmata mai i te pito raro o te pakitara - e pupuri whakapae ana i te papa whakataratara, ā, i te koki o te tata ki 20° ki te pakitara - mā te pēhanga māmā ki te pakitara ka pania te raima ki te mata (whakaahua 8).
WHAKAHUA 8