Ikhaya lomndeni
Ubunzima bokuqala bokwakha
Lowo osevele uthole ulwazi olwanele emisebenzini emincane yokwakha njengomsebenzi wasekhaya uzongena kalula ekwakhiweni kwendlu yomndeni noma ifulethi. Lapha akushiwo ukuthi yena uqobo wenza ukwakha, ngoba lowo ngumsebenzi odinga ochwepheshe abathile. Kodwa-ke kuhle kakhulu ukuthi nalo >>umtshali-zimali<< abe nolwazi ngale misebenzi futhi nasezintweni ezilula azibandakanye yena uqobo, futhi mhlawumbe namalungu omndeni wakhe noma abangani bakhe. Lapha kuzokhulunywa ikakhulukazi ngokubambisana ekwakheni “okukhulu”, okusho amalungiselelo okwakha.
Ukuze kwakhiwe kudingeka kuqala kuqinisekiswe indawo. Akwanele ukubheka indawo kuphela ngaphambi kokuthenga. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimo ezinhle kakhulu zesakhiwo esizayo, kudingeka kutholakale imininingwane ngezinto eziningana ezihlobene nendawo. Kunconywa ukuthi ngaphambi kokuthenga kuboniswane nochwepheshe. Indawo yomhlaba, isimo sendawo, ukuthambeka, ukwakheka kanye nesimo somhlabathi, izimo zendawo, izinkomba zomoya, ubukhulu nokuma kwendawo, izitshalo ezikhona endaweni, indawo nesimo semigwaqo yokufinyelela kanye nezinsiza zomphakathi kuyizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi zithinta kakhulu ukuklanywa nokwenziwa kwemisebenzi ngesikhathi sokwakha. (Isibonelo, izinga eliphezulu lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba lizodinga imisebenzi eyengeziwe yokuvikela amanzi, noma, emhlabathini onamatshe imisebenzi yokwenza izisekelo iba nzima). Ngokubheka lezi zinto kungavela ukuthi indawo »eshibhile« empeleni iyindawo »ebiza kakhulu«.
Ngaphambi kokuthenga kufanele kuhlolwe futhi »isimo somthetho« somhlaba. Kufanele kuhlolwe ezincwadini zomhlaba ukuthi umhlaba ngempela ukhululekile yini ukuthengiswa futhi awukaze ulayishwe ngezikweletu, ngesibambiso sendlu, njll. Kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona imithetho ekhethekile ehlobene nomhlaba, njengokuthi ilungelo, noma isibopho sokunikeza indlela kwabanye abasebenzisi, ukudlula kwamanzi noma kwamanzi okuphakelwa ngawo, ukudliwa nguhulumeni, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo noma ezinye izimo (sl. 1). Ngemva kokuhlolwa kwezincwadi zomhlaba kufanele sithinte isikhungo esinobuhlakani kumasipala ukuze sithole ulwazi ngamathuba okwakha emhlabeni. Lapho sizothola ukuthi yisiphi isakhiwo esingavunyelwa, noma okufanele, ukwakhiwa kuleyo ndawo (esisezingeni elilodwa, esinezitezi nokunye), ukuthi ukwakha kuvunyelwe yini nhlobo, ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zedolobha zesikhathi esizayo zendawo ezungezile (lapho kuzokwakhiwa khona inkulisa, izikhungo zezingane, izitolo njll.). Uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa okunemininingwane yomhlaba iyinhle futhi uma isimo ezincwadini zomhlaba sihle, futhi nombono wesiphathimandla esinomthwalo wokwakha uyasivuna, okungukuthi, akukho zici ezikhawulelayo noma amaqiniso angakhuphula izindleko zokwakha, singawuthenga umhlaba ngokulandela imithetho yokuthenga nokudlulisa umhlaba. Le mininingwane enemininingwane yangaphambi kwesikhathi izosisindisa ekudumazekeni okuzolandela nasezindlekweni ezingadingekile, mhlawumbe ngisho nasekutheni icebo lokwakha liwe ngokuphelele.
ISITHOMBE 1
Ngemva kokuthenga umhlaba kudingeka imvume yokwakha. Inhloso yale mvume iwukuba ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo kwenzeke ngokuhambisana nemithetho ekhona nokuthi umnikazi onelungelo lokwakha akhe ngendlela engaphazamisi izithakazelo zabanikazi abangomakhelwane nomphakathi. Lowo owakha ngaphandle kwemvume yokwakha emisiwe. ngokunganaki ubuchwepheshe, kufanele alindele ukuthi isakhiwo sakhe sizodilizwa ngenkani ngezindleko zakhe.
Kanye nesicelo semvume yokwakha kufanele kufakwe nesitatimende esivela ezincwadini zomhlaba njengobufakazi bokuthi umfakisicelo ungumnikazi ogcwele womhlaba. Kudingeka futhi kutholakale uhlelo lwesiza somhlaba kanye nomklamo wesakhiwo (uhlelo nemininingwane) kanye nencazelo yobuchwepheshe. Kunconywa ukuthola ulwazi egunyeni elinamandla nangemibandela yomklamo (isikali, inani lamakhophi njll.) ngesikhathi siqoqa ulwazi ngomhlaba. Imiklamo engafanele ivame ukuba yinkinga enkulu. Imiklamo ingalungiswa kuphela izikhungo noma abantu abagunyaziwe kulokho. Asinayo inhloso yokuthonya ‘abatshalizimali’ besikhathi esizayo, kodwa sikhombisa ukuthi ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zokuklama kungatholakala imiklamo esele ilungile yohlobo, eshibhile uma kuqhathaniswa, yesimanje futhi eyonga, eyenziwe ngezinhlobo eziningi, ukuze ikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezimo ezahlukene. Ngokwale miklamo kulula ukuthola izimvume zokwakha ezinebhiliyoni yezidingo nezilinganiso zezindleko.
Lapho kwakhiwa indlu yakhe uqobo, umuntu ngamunye unemibono yakhe. Le mibono ingaba ilungile futhi ingokoqobo, kodwa eminingi yale mibono ayinangqondo, ngoba ayinakwenziwa, ayinomnotho futhi ayihambisani nesikhathi samanje, futhi ivame nokungabi mnandi. Umklami, ngesikhathi sokwenza iphrojekthi, kufanele alandele imithetho ethile yenhlangano, izindinganiso nemithetho ephathelene nokuklama (isib. ukungena e-WC akumele kube kusuka ekhishini, indawo encane yegumbi ibekiwe, ukuphakama okuncane kwamakamelo angaphakathi, indawo yamakamelo, izembozo, indawo yamafasitela njll. akukwazi ukukhethwa ngokuthanda), kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele ahlangabezane nezidingo zabantu ngabanye, noma zabanikazi. Kufanele kuhlonishwe iziphakamiso ezinenhloso futhi ezinongayo zabaklami mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezingxenye ezijwayelekile (imishayo, iminyango, amafasitela njll.).
Izintshisekelo nezici zabantu ngabanye zingabonakala kakhulu ekukhetheni nasekubunjweni kwefasadi, ekuhlelweni kwamakamelo, ohlelweni lokushisa, emithangalweni, ema-basement, ezakhiweni eziseceleni nokunye. Sigcizelela ukuthi isikhungo esinomthwalo wemfanelo ngeke sikhiphe imvume yokwakha ngokusekelwe kumaphrojekthi angenalo ulwazi nobangabizi kahle, angahambisani nemithethonqubo yokwakha izindlu, ngenxa nje yezintshisekelo zomtshali-zimali.
Uma sesithole imvume yokwakha, kufanele sizilungiselele ngokucophelela ukwakha. Ukulungiselela kahle kuzosindisa emisebenzini engadingekile yesikhathi esizayo. Ngokuhambisana nenqubo yokuthola imvume yokwakha, kufanele kuthenjiswe omunye umuntu ukwenza isilinganiso somsebenzi kanye nesabelomali. Ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni nasabelomali singanquma inani elidingekayo lezinto zokwakha (kucatshangelwa nomonakalo/ukulahleka okudingekayo). Le mibhalo iyadingeka nasekutholeni imali ebolekiwe yokwakha. Uma sesithole nemali ebolekiwe edingekayo (noma ukheshi wokuqala ukwakha) kulandela ukuthengwa kwezinto zokwakha.
Impahla kungcono kakhulu ukuyithenga enkampanini ethengisa izinto. Kukhona nethuba lokuthenga impahla esivele isetshenzisiwe - okushibhile kakhulu - kodwa ngalokhu kumele nakanjani kuhlanganyelwe isinqumo nomuntu onolwazi (futhi kuthengwe ndawonye). Ngempela, izitini ezingcolile ezinosimende zizodala ubunzima kamuva ngesikhathi sokwakha noku-plasta, ngoba zizokwenza ‘ukudabula’ ku-plasta nasekupendeni. Emishayweni yokhuni, ema-parketini, nasezitebeleni zaphansi ezingasemikhunjini kungase kufihlwe amakhowe nezinambuzane, ezingase zidale umonakalo omkhulu ngemva konyaka noma emibili. Kwezinye izinhlobo zamathayela kudingeka inani eliphindwe kabili lama-batten, ngakho kungenzeka ukuthi ukumboza uphahla okushibhile kamuva kube kubiza kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, itshe likalayini elisetshenzisiwe elithambile alimelani nesithwathwa, ngakho ngeke sikwazi ukulisebenzisa ekwakheni nasezisekelweni. Ngokuvamile, kufanele uqaphele kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuseyizinto ezintsha noma ezindala, ngokuvamile ezishibhile zokwakha. Kumele kuhlale kufunwa futhi kugcinwe amadokhumenti afakazela ubunikazi, kodwa futhi wonke amanye ama-receipt namadokhumenti kufanele agcinwe ngokucophelela.
Ngaphambi kokuba kufike ukuthunyelwa kokuqala kwezinto, kusasele izinto eziningi okufanele zilungiswe esakhiweni. Uma indawo ingakabiyelwa, ngemva kokuhlanganisa imingcele nomakhelwane kanye nedatha esemthethweni, kufanele kwakhiwe ucingo. Ucingo olubheke emgwaqweni kanye nohlangothi lwesokudla kanye nengxenye yesokudla yocingo olungemuva, konke lokhu uma kubhekwa kusukela emgwaqweni, kufanele sikwenze thina. Ucingo lwesokunxele kanye nengxenye yesokunxele yocingo olungemuva kungokwomakhelwane ongakwesokunxele, noma ongemuva. Ngokuthola imibhalo esemthethweni mayelana nezicingo sizogwema izingxabano ezingase zivele kamuva, mhlawumbe ngisho namacala asenkantolo. Ngokuqondene nokuthuthwa kwezinto zokwakha, kuyelulekwa ukwenza kuphela ucingo lwesikhashana nolunyakaziswayo.
Isimo esiyisisekelo sokwakha ukuba khona kwamanzi endaweni uqobo, ngoba ukuthutha amanzi kuyabiza futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Uma sihlanganise umthombo kanti amanzi anambitheka isibabule, ababa, anosawoti noma anuka kabi, kufanele sifune usizo kumchwepheshe wokumba umthombo ofanele (ojulile) noma wokunciphisa ubungozi bamanzi. Amanzi anolaka noma angcolile awakwazi ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni, ngoba ngemva kwesikhathi esifushane azokonakalisa ukhonkolo noma udaka. Kufanele futhi kugujwe umgodi wokubeka u-lime, ukuze ungaphazamisi ukuthutha futhi ube kude ngokwanele nezindonga zesikhathi esizayo. Isisekelo somgodi singaba 3 x 2 m, kanti ukujula 1,5 m.
Kudingeka futhi isakhiwo esisodwa sokugcina izinto, amathuluzi kanye nokushintsha izingubo. Ngalolu hlelo kufanele kwakhiwe isithabathaba sesikhashana esinobukhulu besisekelo 3 x 3m ngokhuni, ngomhlanga noma ngezitini esinokukwazi ukuvalwa. Kodwa, kungcono kakhulu ukuthi kwakhiwe kusenesikhathi esinye sezakhiwo eziseceleni, isibonelo ishede likaphethiloli, nalo esinayo imvume yokwakha futhi lisetshenziswe ukugcina izinto. Akumelwe sikhohlwe nokwakhiwa kwe-WC endaweni ekude namanzi. Ngemva kokulethwa kwamathuluzi nezinto ezisizayo (izibopho zikaqashi, izintambo njll.) singaqala ukuhlela ukulethwa kwezinto zokwakha.
Iloli kufanele liqashwe ngendlela yokuthi lisetshenziswe ngokugcwele. Ezinto ezixegayo kufanele kufunwe amaloli okulahla. Kumele sigweme ezokuthutha ezishibhile, kodwa ezingavunyelwe. Izinto ezilethwe kufanele zibekwe eduze kwesakhiwo esizayo, ukuze zingaphazamisi ukuthuthwa okuqhubekayo, ngoba ngaleyo ndlela sizogwema ukunyakazisa izinto okungadingekile. Usimende kufanele ubekwe ngaphansi kophahla noma umbozwe, izitini zibekwe ngokubopha, ngaphandle kwengozi yokulimala, isihlabathi namatshe amancane kubiyelwe ngezitimela zezitini (ngenxa yokusakazeka). Ukucisha umcako kungcono kushiyelwe uchwepheshe.
Ngemva kwalokhu singakwazi »ukumaka« indawo yesakhiwo. Lokhu kuzokwenziwa ngumphathi womsebenzi. Uzokhomba indawo eqondile yesakhiwo emhlabathini, indawo yamakhona kanye nemininingwane yobude. Endaweni lapho isakhiwo sizokwakhiwa khona kufanele kususwe ukhula kanye ne-humus (ukuze isetshenziswe kamuva uma kudingeka). Indawo yokwakha kufanele ibe mpo ukuze umphathi akwazi ukunquma ngentambo indawo yezisekelo. Ububanzi bemigudu yezisekelo buphawulwa ngezikhonkwane. Singabamba iqhaza, ngaphansi kokuqondisa komphathi, kulawa mathuba futhi, kodwa ukumba imigudu kungumsebenzi wethu ngokuphelele. Emhlabathini othambile kudingeka izisekelo zokubamba, kanti emhlabathini oqinile kufanele senze imigudu ngokunembile ngokomlinganiselo onikeziwe, ngokuchoboza izinhlangothi zezindonga. Umhlabathi owembiwe masizame ukuwulinganisa endaweni, 1-2 m ukusuka emgodini, kodwa ngokuvamile kudingeka ukuwuthutha. Ukuthutha umhlabathi kungcono ukukuxazulula njengokuthutha okubuya neloli, eletha izinto zokwakha. Ngemva kokumba imigudu, kungcono ukuqala ngokushesha ngokwakha izisekelo (ukuze imvula ingalimazi imigudu) (umfan. 2).
ISITHOMBE 2
Ukwakha
Ukujula kwesisekelo kufanele, kunoma yikuphi, kube okungenani 30 cm ngaphansi kwezinga lendawo, ngaphansi komkhawulo wokubanda. Isisekelo esisheshayo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo esonga kakhulu yiwo okuthiwa »itshe elintantayo«, esingasenza nathi ngokwethu ngokwemiyalelo yomsebenzi. Isisekelo sezitini sibiza kakhulu kakhulu futhi singakhiwa kuphela uchwepheshe. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba kungcono kakhulu isisekelo esakhiwe ngamatshe. Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwezisekelo zezindonga ezinkulu zangaphandle, kufanele kwenziwe izisekelo zezindonga eziphakathi nezokuhlukanisa.
Ngokusekelwe kokungenhla, ngomsebenzi onakekelayo, sesivele senze izisekelo ezidingekayo. Ukuze kutholakale ukufaka okuhle kokuvikela, ingcweti izobeka izendlalelo ezimbili zamapuleti okuvikela e-bitumen 150 futhi izendlalelo ezintathu ze-bitumen eshisayo zizohlinzeka ngokuvala okuphelele. Kumele kunakwe futhi ukuthi ukuvikela kube ngu 3–10 cm kubanzi kunodonga futhi ezihlanganweni kube nokweqa okungenani 15 cm. Ukuvikela okuvundlile kwezindonga eziyinhloko kufanele yonke indawo kuhlangane nokuvikelwa okuvundlile kwezindonga ezimaphakathi nokuvikelwa ngaphansi kwephansi. Abaningi bayakushaya indiva ukuvikela ngokucophelela, nokho, ukuvikela kungenye yezimo eziyisisekelo zokuba isakhiwo sisebenziseke (sl. 3)
ISITHOMBE 3
Ukuqala kwezindonga eziyinhloko zangaphandle, izindonga eziyinhloko zangaphakathi nezindonga zokuhlukanisa kufanele kube okungenani 30, futhi okungcono nakakhulu 40 cm, ngenhla kwezinga lomhlabathi ozungezile eduze kwezinga elihleliwe lephansi. Kumsebenzi onamakhono, owenza ukuhlela komsebenzi kanye nemisebenzi ebizwa ngokuthi inembayo, singasiza kakhulu ngesikhathi sokwakha izindonga. Ngakho-ke kunconywa ukuthi ukwakha izindonga, okunye kwemisebenzi edinga umsebenzi omningi, sikulungise kahle futhi sihlanganise ngokuningiliziwe nangokucophelela uhlelo lokuhamba kwayo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinto esizisebenzisela ukwakha izindonga, izitini, izitini ezinemigodi, ama-block, itshe eliphukile elimelana nesithwathwa noma itshe eliyigugu elicutshiwe, le mithetho yegolide elandelayo izosebenza kukho konke ukwakha izindonga.
- Masingazami ukwenza konke sodwa! Ikhwalithi enhle yokwakha izitini ingaqinisekiswa kuphela abasebenzi abanamakhono. Uma singazange sifunde umsebenzi wokubeka izitini, khona-ke sisize ekuthwaleni izitini, ekuzinikeni, ekuxubeni nasekuthwaleni udaka, ekuthwaleni ama-scaffold njll. (sl. 4).
ISITHOMBE 4
- Ububanzi obudingekayo bokuthwala bodonga bunqunywa uchwepheshe kakade ngesikhathi sokuklama. Ubukhulu obudingekayo bokufakwa kokushisa buxhomeke ezintweni zodonga kanti inani elincane lalo mkhuba, ngokuhambisana nokuthwala imithwalo, lilawulwa yimithetho. Akufanele songe ngazo zonke izindlela ebukhulu bezindonga, ngoba kamuva sizoba nezindleko ezinkulu zokushisisa, ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindongeni ezincane kungenzeka ukuhlala komhwamuko wamanzi okungalimaza impilo futhi konakalise upende nefenisha. Ezimeni zethu zokushisa, izindonga zezitini ezinobubanzi 38 cm (ngaphandle kukakhonkolo wokubopha) zifiseleka. Izindonga zamatshe kufanele zibe nobubanzi okungenani 50 cm (futhi ngenxa yokuthwala imithwalo). Kukhona futhi izinhlanganisela ezahlukene zezindonga, ezaziwa kakhulu kuzo inhlanganisela yezitini ezinemigodi ezibekwe ngobude kanye nezitini ezincane ezibekwe ziqondile. Ubukhulu balezi zindonga bungu-33 cm, kodwa kudinga ukwenziwa ngokucophelela okukhulu. Udonga oluhle lumi mpo ngokuphelele futhi izingxenye zalo zibekwe ngokuhlangana okufanele. Ezindongeni zezitini kufanele kunakekelwe ngokukhethekile nokuthi imigqa yezitini ibekwe ngokulinganayo nangokuvundlile. Ukuze kugcinwe izilinganiso ngesikhathi sokwakha udonga, kufanele kusetshenziswe amabhuloki, ama-lath, izintambo, intambo yokulengisa, futhi kufanele kuvame ukuhlolwa ukunemba kokwakha (okungenani ngemva komugqa 2-3).
3. Izikhala eziqondile nezivundlile (kumaqhuqhuva amatshe zitshelekile) kufanele zibe cishe 1 cm futhi lezi zikhala kufanele zigcwaliswe kahle ngodaka. Ikhwalithi yodaka inqunywa uchwepheshe; ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa udaka lwezinga H4 noma H6. Ukuvakisha izinsika nezimfakamfele kudingeka udaka oluqiniswa ngosimende. Udaka kumele luxutshaniswe ngokucophelela kakhulu ukuze kungabi khona izigaxa zesihlabathi kanye nelikalika kulo. Ekuxubeni udaka kufanele kusetshenziswe ilikalika elivuthiwe nesihlabathi esingenabumba, esingenosilika nodaka, futhi esingenazo izinsalela ezingcolile.
4. Ngesikhathi sokwakha izindonga, ngaphezulu kobude obucishe bube ngu-1 m sekuvele kudingeka izigxobo. Izigxobo zingakhiwa kuphela ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kulokho, noma zenziwe ngokwemiyalelo yenkosi yomsebenzi, kanti impahla yezigxobo kufanele ibe sesimweni esiphelele enendawo efanele yokuhamba kuyo. Ezigxobeni kufanele kubekwe amabhodi okufinyelela anezintambo zokuvimbela ukushelela. Ibhokisi lodaka kufanele ligcwaliswe ngendlela yokuthi ngesikhathi sokuthutha kungabi khona ukuchitheka. Njengoba ngesikhathi sokwakha izindonga kusetshenziswa inani elikhulu lodaka, kumakhi ngamunye kufanele kulungiswe amabhokisi amabili.
5. Akumelwe sivumele udweshu endaweni yokwakha! Ngesikhathi somsebenzi nangesemva kokuwuqeda kumele kuhlanzwe izisekelo zokusebenza ukuze udaka oluphansi lungabambi. Kumele futhi kuhlanzwe amabhokisi odaka futhi kulungiswe kuphela inani lodaka elizosebenza ngalolo suku. Kumele kuqoqwe izitini eziwile futhi kuhlanzwe indawo kudoti ukuze kukhululwe imigudu yokuhamba kwezinto. Izitini kumele zilethwe futhi zihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi zibe seduze komakhi, kucatshangelwa ukuthi inqwaba ingawi futhi ingawa.
6. Umkhiqizo womakhi oyedwa ukufaka izitini 800-1000 emahoreni ayisishiyagalombili. Uma umsebenzi uhlelwa ngendlela yokuthi umsebenzi oyedwa abeke udaka, omunye alethe izitini, owesithathu (umfundisi) azibeke noma akhe, kanti abanye (amalungu omndeni) balethe izinto zokwakha, kungenzeka ukufaka izitini ezi-7000 emahoreni ayisishiyagalombili. Ngale ndlela, izindonga ezinkulu zesakhiwo somndeni zingaqedwa ezinsukwini 4–5. Kufanele kunakwe kakhulu ukwenziwa kahle kokuhlangana kwezindonga, emakhoneni, emafreyimini ezivulo, ekuzilungiseni ngokucophelela nasekulungiseni ukubophezela.
7. Ubukhulu bezindonga zokwahlukanisa bungaba 6, 10, 12 kanye no 25 cm (kuya ngezidingo zesakhiwo nokwahlukanisa). Ukwakhiwa kwezindonga zokwahlukanisa kufanele kwenziwe uchwepheshe, ngoba lezi zindonga kufanele zixhunywe emifuleni yezindonga ezinkulu, kanti izindonga zokwahlukanisa ezenziwe ngamabhulokhi kufanele nazo zinikwe ukuqiniswa. Qaphelani ukuthi ubukhulu bezindonga zamabhulokhi zamakamelo »amanzi« (igumbi lokugezela, ikhishi) bube okungenani 10 cm, ngoba kamuva, lapho kwenziwa imifula edingekayo, izindonga ezinobubanzi 6 cm zizokonakala.
8. Futhi ekugcineni amazwi ambalwa mayelana nokuvikelwa kwempilo kwabahlanganyeli ekwakhiweni kwendlu yomndeni. Endaweni yomsebenzi kufanele kuqinisekiswe ithuba lokugeza, igumbi elincane lokugcina nokomisa izingubo zokusebenza ezimanzi umjuluko, uwoyela wokuzivikela elangeni (wokushiswa yilanga) kanye nokhilimu onamafutha wokunakekela isikhumba. Izandla ezinamabhamuza nezidliwe udaka kufanele zigezwe ngokucophelela, amanxeba kufanele ahlanzwe ngamagciwane, kanti amabhamuza agcotshwe. Ngokumelene nomthelela omkhulu welanga – ikakhulukazi labo abangajwayele umsebenzi onzima womzimba – kufanele basebenzise uwoyela wokushiswa yilanga, isigqoko esinomphetho obanzi nezingubo ezilula. Izingane kufanele zisuswe endaweni yokwakha, kude nomgodi wokucisha i-lime. Izindawo ezinjalo, ezikhanga ukudlala, kufanele zibiyelwe futhi zihlelwe kahle.
Njengento yokwakha yakudala, isitini sibaluleke kakhulu, ngakho sanikezela izithombe ezimbili kule nto ukuze sibonise izici zaso, okusho ukuthi »imigomo yokusetshenziswa« (sl. 5 no sl. 6).
ISITHOMBE 5
Izinombolo ezisemafremeni amancane zibonisa ukuthi zingaki izingcezu zezitini ezidingekayo ku-1 m2 wodonga olunezindleko ezahlukene olwakhiwe ngezitini ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Labo abazakhela bona bazokwazi kalula ukubala izindawo zodonga zamakamelo ahleliwe. Ukubalwa komthamo wezindonga sekuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, yingakho simise ubudlelwano phakathi kwenani lezingcezu nendawo yodonga (ngokukhethekile simise nenani lezitini ezidingekayo esigxotsheni esinobude be-1 m).
Uma kunqunywa le datha, sithathele nombono isikhala esithathwa udaka, futhi lapho inani lezingcezu ze-1 m2 belingeyona inombolo ephelele, siye sasiyisa phezulu.
ISITHOMBE 6
Sibhekisa ukunaka kwabakhi ekutheni inani elidingekayo lezitini emakhoneni ukuze izindonga ziboshane phakathi kwazo liyashoda uma sibala ngokusekelwe ezindaweni zangaphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, ubude bodonga olulodwa ekwakhekeni kufanele bukhuliswe ngenani lobukhulu bodonga. Izitini ezihlelwe ngemigqa zenza nje inqwaba yezinto, ziba udonga kuphela uma seziboshwe ngodaka. Udaka luyingxube yekalika ecishiwe, isihlabathi, amanzi nosimende enobukhulu obufana no-kajamu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zodaka lokwakha
Udaka olunesibonakaliso H4 - lwamabhilidi anezindonga ezinomthwalo omncane.
Udaka olunezimpawu H6 - lwezisekelo ezinomthwalo omncane ezenziwe ngezitini namatshe, lwezishimula, lwezindonga zokwahlukanisa kanye nemigubho.
Udaka olunezinga H10 - lwezindonga ezithwele ezinohlaka oluwugqinsi 25 cm nokuncane kanye nemigxobo enesisekelo esincane kune 0,1 m2
I-mortar enophawu H25 - eyizindonga eziyinhloko zamagumbi angaphansi ezakhiwo.
Udaka olubizwa nge-H50 - lwezinsika zezitini eziqiniselwe esimweni samanzi angaphansi komhlaba “anobudlova”.
Udaka olumaka Н80 - uma kwenzeka amanzi angaphansi komhlaba “anolaka”.
Udaka lwamakhodi H90 - lwesimo samanzi aqine kakhulu »aggressive«.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zici, kunjalo, izimfuneko mayelana namandla ziyasebenza.
Ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ezihlukene zodaka
H10: 1,00 m3 kwesihlabathi, 250 kg sikasimende sohlobo 300 noma 0,25 m3 lukalamula
200 kg kg kasimende yohlobo 400
Н25: 1,00 m3 yesihlabathi, 350 kg sikasimende somkhiqizo 300 noma 0,10 m3 lika-lime
300 kg kg kasimende yohlobo 400
H4: 1,00 m3 wesihlabathi 0,25 m3 wekalika
H4f/100h: 1,00 m3 wesihlabathi 100 kg usimende womkhiqizo 300 0,25 m3 wekalika
H4f/75n: 1,00 m3 yesihlabathi 75 kg usimende wezinga 400 0,25 m3 likalika
H4f/50 o: 1,00 m3 isihlabathi 50 kg usimende umkhiqizo 500 0,25 m3 i-lime
Н6: 1,00 m3 isihlabathi 175 kg usimende omake 300 noma 0,25 m3 ulamula
150 kg kg cem. somkhiqizo 400
VP/100h: 1,00 m3 yesihlabathi 100 kg usimende webanga 300 0,33 m3 likalamula
а/250 h: 1,00 m3 isihlabathi 250 kg usimende. umaka 300 —–
o/225n: 1,00 m3 wesihlabathi 225 kg cem. marki 400 —–
Ulayini onezingcezu noma umcako ongahlanganisiwe kahle futhi ongacinywanga kahle uzodala imigodi odongeni ngendlela yezimpawu zezinhlamvu.
Izinhlobo ezithile zikakhonkolo
Kuhle ukwazi izici nezinhlobo ezimbalwa zikakhonkolo ngesaziso sokuthi amandla ento eyinhloko ebophayo, usimende, ayanda ngokwanda kwezinombolo (200, 300, 400, 500). Uphawu lukakhonkolo ukusuka ku B50 kuya ku В500 lukhombisa, kepha, amandla awo okucindezela. Nanka amanye amahlobo ambalwa ohlwini:
В - 50: 1,20 m3 amatshe amancane 150 kg usimende webanga 300 noma 110 kg usimende webanga 400
B - 70: 1,20 m3 yamatshe amancane 190 kg kasimende somkhiqizo 300 noma 150 kg sikasimende somkhiqizo 400
B - 100: 1,20 m3 igraveli 250 kg usimende webanga 300 noma 200 kg usimende webanga 400
В - 140: 1,20 m3 amatshe agxotshiwe 270 kg usimende webanga 300 noma 250 kg usimende webanga 400
B - 200: 1,30 m3 womgodi 278 kg usimende wohlobo 500
Uma sesizijwayezile kangcono izitini nodaka, masisho nokuthi indlela yokuhlanganisa izitini ngokuzibeka ngobude ngokuqondana nobude bodonga ibizwa ngokuthi ungqimba olude (sl. 7, 1 deo). Kukhona futhi ungqimba olumi mpo (sl. 7, 3. deo) kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ungqimba lwamasosha (sl. 7, 4. deo) kuhlobo olulodwa lomugqa.
Izitini zingahlukaniswa zibe uhhafu ngobude nangokuphambene, kodwa kuvame ukudingeka izingcezu ezi-1/4 kanye ne-3/4-ezisikwa. Ngalezi kwakhiwa izinsika. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ungqimba olungaphezulu lwezitini lususwe ngebanga elilingana nengxenye eyodwa maqondana nongqimba olungaphansi kwalo. Lokhu kubopha kuqinisekisa ukuqina kodonga. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi kube nodaka hhayi kuphela phakathi kwezendlalelo ezahlukene, kodwa futhi phakathi kwezitini ngazinye ungqimbeni ohlangothini (sl. 7, ingxenye engezansi).
ISITHOMBE 7
Ezingqimbeni ezivele zenziwe kufanele kufakwe ngotrowel ungqimba olulinganayo nolunoketshezi lodaka olucishe lube nogqinsi lwe-1 cm kulolu ngqimba kubekwe izitini (3) futhi emikhawulweni yezitini kufanele futhi kufakwe udaka (2). Izitini ezibekiwe kufanele kuqala zifakwe endaweni yazo ngokushaywa kusukela phezulu (4), bese futhi kusukela ohlangothini (5) (ngokushaya ebusweni obungagcotshwanga ngodaka). Udaka olunoketshezi luzongena nasezimbotsheni ezime mpo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuzofinyelelwa ukubopha okuhle.
Ukuhlukanisa izitini ngesigamu kulula ukumaka ubude esibanjeni sesando futhi ngaleyo ndlela sizokwazi kalula ukumaka indawo yokusika isigamu noma ikota yesitini. Endaweni yokusika kufanele kudonswe umugqa ojulile ezinhlangothini zombili zesitini bese ngokushaya phakathi kwengxenye efunwayo ukusikwa, isitini siyaphuka. Kule nqubo isitini kufanele sibanjwe ngesandla sobunxele.
Ukuplasta kudinga ulwazi olunzulu kakhulu kunokusika izitini. Ukuthela okuqukethwe kwe-trowel odongeni ngokunyakaza okukodwa nje kwesandla kuzofundwa kanzima yilowo ongavamile ukuzibandakanya emsebenzini wokwakha. Ngakho-ke kungcono ukubeka udaka esicaba esikhulu bese, kusukela ekugcineni okungezansi kodonga - uphethe isicaba ngokuvundlile futhi nge-engeli ecishe ibe ngu-20° maqondana nodonga - ngokucindezela kancane odongeni ufake udaka ebusweni (umfanekiso 8).
ISITHOMBE 8