Ikhaya losapho
Iingxaki zokuqala zokwakha
Lowo sele efumene amava awaneleyo kumisebenzi emincinci yokwakha njengengcibi yasekhaya uya kulunga ngakumbi ekwakheni indlu yosapho okanye iflethi. Apha akubhekiselwanga ekubeni enze ulwakhiwo yedwa, kuba lo ngumsebenzi ofuna iingcali ezithile. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kulungile ukuba nom >>tyali-mali<< abe nolwazi ngale misebenzi kwaye kwizinto ezilula naye ngokwakhe, kwaye mhlawumbi namalungu entsapho yakhe okanye abahlobo bakhe bathathe inxaxheba. Apha kuya kuthethwa kanye ngothatho-nxaxheba kulwakhiwo oluthiwa “lukhulu”, oko kukuthi ngamalungiselelo okwakha.
Ukuze kwakhiwe kufuneka kuqala kufunyanwe umhlaba. Akwanelanga ukujonga nje umhlaba ngaphambi kokuwuthenga. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ezona meko zilungileyo zesakhiwo sexesha elizayo, kufuneka kufunyanwe ulwazi ngezinto ezininzi ezinxulumene nomhlaba. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ngaphambi kokuthenga kuboniswane nengcali. Indawo yomhlaba, umhlaba-nto, ithambeka, ukwakheka nobume bendawo, iimeko zomhlaba, imikhombandlela yemimoya, imilinganiselo kunye nokumila komhlaba, uhlaza olukhoyo emhlabeni, indawo kunye nemeko yeendlela zokufikelela kunye neenkonzo zikamasipala zizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu yaye zichaphazela kakhulu uyilo nokwenziwa kwemisebenzi ngexesha lokwakha. (Umzekelo, inqanaba eliphezulu lamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba liya kufuna imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo yokungangenwa kwamanzi, okanye, kumhlaba onamatye imisebenzi yokwenza iziseko iba nzima). Ukuqwalasela ezi zinto kunokubonisa ukuba umhlaba »ngexabiso eliphantsi« eneneni »ubiza kakhulu«.
Ngaphambi kokuthenga kufuneka kuphononongwe kwakhona ne“imeko yezomthetho” yomhlaba. Kufuneka kujongwe kwiincwadi zomhlaba ukuba umhlaba ngokwenene ukhululekile na ukuba uthengiswe kwaye awukho na ngempazamo uxanduva lweetyala, isibambiso sezindlu, njl. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho imimiselo ekhethekileyo enxulumene nomhlaba, njengelungelo, okt. uxanduva lokunika indlela kwabanye abasebenzisi, ukuhambisa amanzi okanye umbhobho wamanzi, ukuxhwalekiswa komhlaba ngenxa yolwakhiwo lweendlela okanye ezinye iimeko (umz. 1). Emva kokujonga iincwadi zomhlaba kufuneka sibuyele kwigunya elinobuchule kumasipala ukuze sifumane ulwazi ngamathuba olwakhiwo kulo mhlaba. Apho siya kufumanisa ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwesakhiwo esinokulakha, okt. esimele silakhe, kuloo ndawo (elingaphantsi komgangatho omnye, elinemigangatho, njl.), ukuba ukwakha kuvunyelwe na kwaphela, kwaye zeziphi izicwangciso zophuhliso lwemigca yezixeko ezingqonge loo ndawo (apho kuya kwakhiwa khona isikolo sokonwaba, iziko labantwana, iivenkile, njl.). Ukuba iziphumo zophando oluneenkcukacha ngomhlaba zilungile yaye imeko kwiincwadi zomhlaba icocekile, kwaye nengcinga yegunya elinobuchule kulwakhiwo ililungele thina, okt. akukho zinto zithintelayo okanye iinyani ezinokunyusa iindleko zolwakhiwo, sinokuthenga umhlaba ngokuthobela imimiselo yokuthenga nokubhalisa ngokutsha umhlaba. Ulwazi olunjalo oluneenkcukacha kwangaphambili luza kusisindisa ekudanisekeni kamva nakwiindleko ezingeyomfuneko, mhlawumbi kwanokuba isicwangciso solwakhiwo siphele nya.
UMFANEKISO 1
Emva kokuthengwa komhlaba kuyimfuneko imvume yokwakha. Injongo yale mvume kukuba ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo kwenziwe ngokuhambelana nemigaqo ekhoyo yaye umnini onelungelo lokwakha akhe ngolo hlobo ukuze kungaphazamiseki umdla wabanini abangabamelwane kunye noluntu. Lowo uwenza umsebenzi wokwakha engenayo imvume yokwakha echaziweyo. engenabuchule, makalindele ukuba isakhiwo sakhe siya kudilizwa ngenkani ngeendleko zakhe.
Kunye nesicelo semvume yokwakha kufuneka kufakwe nesicatshulwa esivela kwiincwadi zomhlaba njengobungqina bokuba umenzi wesicelo ngumnini opheleleyo womhlaba. Kwakhona kuyimfuneko ukufumana isicwangciso sendawo somhlaba kunye noyilo lwesakhiwo (isithuba kunye neenkcukacha) kunye nenkcazo yobugcisa. Kuyacetyiswa ukufumana ulwazi kwigunya elinoxanduva nangeemeko zoyilo (isikali, inani leekopi njalo njalo) xa siqokelela ulwazi ngomhlaba. Uyilo olungafanelekanga luhlala luyingxaki enzulu. Uyilo lunokwenziwa kuphela ngamaziko okanye ngabantu abagunyazisiweyo ukwenza oko. Ayisiyonjongo yethu ukuphembelela abo baza kuba »abatyalimali«, kodwa sikhomba ingqalelo kwinto yokuba kumaqumrhu amakhulu oyilo kunokufumaneka uyilo oluqhelekileyo olusele lwenziwe, olungabizi kakhulu, lwangoku nolunoqoqosho, olwenziwe ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ukuze lukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezahlukeneyo. Ngokusekelwe kwezi zoyilo, iimvume zokwakha ezinokulinganisa nokuqikelela iindleko zifumaneka lula ngakumbi.
Xa kwakhiwa indlu yakhe umntu ngamnye unezimvo zakhe. Ezi zimvo zinokuba zichanekile kwaye ziyinyani, kodwa ezininzi kwezi zimvo azinakwenzeka, kuba azinokwenziwa, azikho kwezoqoqosho yaye azihambisani nexesha langoku, yaye kaninzi azinancasa. Umzobi weprojekthi, xa esenza iprojekthi, kufuneka abambelele kwimimiselo ethile yomanyano, kwimigangatho nakwimithetho enxulumene noyilo (umz. indlela yokungena kwi-WC, akufuneki ibe ivela ekhitshini, ubuncinane bommandla wegumbi bumiselwe, ubude obuncinane bamagumbi angaphakathi, indawo yamagumbi, izigqubuthelo, imimandla yeefestile njalo njalo azinakukhethwa ngokokuthanda), kodwa ngaxeshanye kufuneka ahlangabezane neemfuno zabantu ngabanye, oko kukuthi, zabanini. Kufuneka kuxatyiswe iingcebiso ezifanelekileyo nezoqoqosho zabayili ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo (iibhimu, iingcango, iifestile njalo njalo).
Umdla nemiba yabantu ngabanye kunokubonakala kakhulu ekukhetheni nasekumiliseleni ifasade, ukucwangciswa kwamagumbi, inkqubo yokufudumeza, iithala, amagumbi aphantsi komhlaba, izakhiwo ezisecaleni njl.njl. Sitsalela ingqalelo kwinto yokuba igunya elifanelekileyo aliyi kukhupha imvume yokwakha ngokusekelwe kwiiprojekthi ezingenabuchule nezingenalo uqoqosho, ezingahambelaniyo nemimiselo yokwakha izindlu kanye ngenxa yomdla wabatyali-mali.
Xa sele sifumene imvume yokwakha, kufuneka silungiselelwe ngokucokisekileyo ukwakha. Ukulungiselela kakuhle kuya kusisindisa emisebenzini engafunekiyo kamva. Ngaxeshanye nenkqubo yokufumana imvume yokwakha, kufuneka kunikwe umntu umsebenzi wokwenza umthamo wokuqikelela nowokubala iindleko. Ngokusekelwe kumthamo noqikelelo lweendleko sinokumisela isixa esifanelekileyo sezinto zokwakha (sithathela ingqalelo nenkcitho efunekayo). La maxwebhu ayimfuneko nakwintlawulo yemali-mboleko yokwakha. Ukuba sele sifumene nemali-mboleko efunekayo (okanye imali ezinkozo yokuqalisa ukwakha), kulandela ukuthengwa kwezinto zokwakha.
Izinto kungcono ukuzifumana kwishishini elithile lorhwebo. Kukho nethuba lokufumana izinto esele zisetyenzisiwe - nto leyo exabisa kancinane kakhulu - kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo oku kufuneka kuxoxwe ngako (kwaye kuthengwe kunye) nengcali. Enyanisweni, izitena ezingcoliswe ngodaka ziya kubangela ubunzima kamva xa kwakhiwa naxa kufakwa udaka, kuba ziya “kugqobhoza” udaka nokupeyinta. Kwimithi, kwiiparquet nakwimigangatho yeenqanawa kusenokuba kufihlakele ifungi nezinambuzane, ezinokuthi emva konyaka okanye emibini zibangele umonakalo omkhulu. Kwezinye iithayile kufuneka isixa esiphindwe kabini seelaths, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukugquma uphahla ngexabiso eliphantsi kamva kube kubiza ngakumbi. Ngokunjalo, ilimestone ethambileyo, esele isetyenzisiwe ayinyamezeli iqabaka, ngoko asiyi kukwazi ukuyisebenzisa ekwakheni nasezisisiseko. Ngokubanzi, kufuneka kuqatshelwe kakhulu, nokuba sithetha ngezinto ezintsha okanye ezindala, ezihlala zixabisa kancinci, zokwakha. Kufuneka kuhlale kufunwa kwaye kugcinwe amaxwebhu angqina ubunini, kodwa nazo zonke ezinye iirisithi namaxwebhu kufuneka zigcinwe ngononophelo.
Ngaphambi kokuba kufike umthwalo wokuqala wezinto, kusekho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka zicwangciswe kwindawo. Ukuba umhlaba awukabiyelwanga, emva kokulungelelanisa imida nabamelwane kunye nedatha esemthethweni kufuneka kwakhiwe ucingo. Ucingo olujongene nesitalato kunye necala lasekunene kunye nesiqingatha sasekunene socingo olungasemva, konke oku kujongwa ukusuka esitalatweni, kufuneka sikwenze. Ucingo olusecaleni lwasekhohlo kunye nesiqingatha sasekhohlo socingo olungasemva sesommelwane wasekhohlo, okanye ongasemva. Ngokufumana amaxwebhu asemthethweni malunga nocingo sithintela iingxabano ezinokubakho kamva, mhlawumbi nokumangalelana. Xa kuhanjiswa izinto zokwakha, kucetyiswa ukwenza kuphela ucingo lwexeshana nolunokuhanjiswa.
Eyona mfuno isisiseko yokwakha bubukho bamanzi kwindawo ngokwayo, kuba ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kubiza kakhulu kwaye kunzima. Ukuba sigrumbe umngxuma wamanzi yaye amanzi anevumba lesalfure, akrakra, anetyuwa okanye anevumba elibi, kufuneka kufunwe uncedo lweengcali zokomba umthombo ofanelekileyo (onzulu) okanye zokwenza amanzi angabi bungozi. Amanzi anobungozi okanye amdaka awanakusetyenziswa ekwakheni, kuba emva kwexesha elifutshane aya konakalisa ikhonkrithi okanye udaka. Kufuneka kumbiwe nomngxuma wekhalika, ukuze ungaphazamisi ukuthutha kwaye ube kude ngokwaneleyo kwiindonga eziza kwakhiwa. Isiseko somngxuma sinokuba 3 x 2 m, kwaye ubunzulu 1,5 m.
Kuyafuneka nesinye isakhiwo sokugcina izinto, izixhobo kwanendawo yokunxiba impahla. Ngale njongo kufuneka kwakhiwe ikhabhathi yethutyana enesiseko se-3 x 3m eyenziwe ngomthi, ngengcongolo okanye ngezitena enokutyiwa ivalwe. Kodwa, kungcono kakhulu ukuba kwakhiwe kwangaphambili esinye sezakhiwo ezingezizo eziphambili, umzekelo ishedi yamafutha, apho nathi sinemvume yokwakha, size siyisebenzise ukugcina izinto. Akufanele silibale nokwakha iWC kwindawo ekude namanzi. Emva kokuziswa kwezixhobo nezinto ezincedisayo (iikliphu zomchweli, iintambo njl.) singaqalisa ukulungiselela ukuziswa kwezinto zokwakha.
Ilori kufuneka irentwe ngendlela yokuba isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo. Kwizinto ezikhululekileyo kufuneka kufunwe iitipa ezizikhuphayo. Kufuneka sikuphephe ukuthuthwa okungabizi kakhulu, kodwa okungavumelekanga. Izinto eziziswe kufuneka zibekwe kufutshane nesakhiwo esiza kwakhiwa, ukuze zingaphazamisi uthutho olungaphaya, kuba ngale ndlela siya kuphepha ukufuduswa okungafunekiyo. Isamente kufuneka igcinwe phantsi kophahla okanye igqunywe, izitena zibekwe zixinaniswe, ngaphandle komngcipheko wokonzakala, isanti namatye amancinci zibiyelwe ngezitena (ngenxa yokusasazeka). Ukucima ikalika kungcono kushiywe kwingcali.
Emva kwale nto sinokuthi »simake« indawo yesakhiwo. Oku kuya kwenziwa yingcibi engumphathi. Uya kumisela indawo echanekileyo yesakhiwo emhlabeni, indawo yeekona kunye nedatha yobude. Kwindawo apho isakhiwo siya kwakhiwa khona kufuneka kususwe ukhula kunye ne-humus (ukusetyenziswa okunokwenzeka kamva). Umhlaba wokwakha kufuneka ube tye ukuze ingcibi ikwazi ukumisela ngentambo indawo yeziseko. Ububanzi bemingxuma yeziseko buphawulwa ngeentonga. Sinokuthatha inxaxheba, phantsi kweliso lengcibi, kwakhona kule misebenzi, kodwa ukugrumba imingxuma ngumsebenzi wethu ngokupheleleyo. Kumhlaba othambileyo kufuneka kubekho izixhasi, yaye kumhlaba oqinileyo kufuneka senze imingxuma ngokuchanekileyo ngokwemilinganiselo enikiweyo, ngokuba siqophe amacala eendonga. Masizame ukulinganisa umhlaba ogrunjiweyo endaweni, 1-2 m ukusuka kumngxuma, kodwa kudla ngokufuneka uwuthuthe. Ukuthuthwa komhlaba kungcono kulungiswe njengothutho lokubuya kwelori, ezisa izinto zokwakha. Emva kokugrumba imingxuma, kungcono kwangoko kuqaliswe ukwakha iziseko (ukuze imvula ingalimazi imingxuma) (umz. 2).
UMFANEKISO 2
Ukwakha
Ubunzulu besiseko kufuneka, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, bube ubuncinane 30 cm ngaphantsi komgangatho womhlaba, ngaphantsi komda wokubanda. Esona siseko sikhawulezayo kwaye ngaxeshanye sibe sesona sinoqoqosho seso sibizwa ngokuba yi »plivajući kamen«, esinokusenziwa nathi ngokwemiyalelo yenkosi. Isiseko esenziwe ngezitena sibiza kakhulu kakhulu kwaye sinokwakhiwa kuphela yingcali. Kwiindawo ezineenduli eyona ifanelekileyo iya kuba sisiseko esakhiwe ngamatye. Emva kokwenza iziseko zeendonga ezinkulu zangaphandle, kufuneka kwenziwe iziseko zeendonga eziphakathi nezokwahlula.
Ngokusekelwe kwezi zangaphambili, ngomsebenzi ononophelo, sele sizenzile iziseko ezifunekayo. Ukuze kufumaneke ukugquma kakuhle, umtyali uya kubeka iileya ezimbini zeepaneli zokugquma zebhitumeni 150 kwaye iileya ezintathu zebhitumeni eshushu ziya kuqinisekisa ukuvaleka ngokupheleleyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe nokuba ukugquma kube 3–10 cm kubanzi kunodonga kwaye ekudibaneni kube nobuncinane 15 cm bokugquma. Ukugquma okuthe tye kweendonga eziphambili kufuneka kuyo yonke indawo kudityaniswe nokugquma okuthe tye kweendonga eziphakathi kunye nokugquma phantsi komgangatho. Abaninzi bakungahoyi ukugquma ngononophelo, nangona kunjalo, ukugquma yenye yeemeko ezisisiseko zokusebenziseka kwesakhiwo (umz. 3)
UMFANEKISO 3
Ukuqala kweendonga eziphambili zangaphandle, iindonga eziphambili zangaphakathi kunye neendonga zokwahlula kufuneka kube ubuncinane 30, yaye kungcono nangakumbi 40 cm, ngaphezu komgangatho womhlaba ongqongileyo kufutshane nenqanaba elicetyiweyo lepatosa. Inkosi, ethi icwangcise imisebenzi nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziimveliso ezichanekileyo, sinokumnceda kakhulu ngexesha lokwakha udonga. Ngenxa yoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba umsebenzi wokwakha udonga, omnye wemisebenzi efuna umsebenzi omninzi, uwulungiselele kakuhle kwaye ucwangcise ngokweenkcukacha nangokulumkileyo inkqubo yawo.
Nokuba yeyiphi na into esiyisebenzisayo ekwakheni iindonga, izitena, izitena ezinemingxuma, iibhloko, ilitye eliqhekekileyo elichasene neqabaka okanye ilitye elixabisekileyo eliqingqiweyo, le mithetho mithathu yegolide iya kusebenza kuyo nayiphi na indonga.
- Masingazami ukuyenza yonke into ngokwethu! Umgangatho omhle wokwakha ngezitena unokunikezelwa kuphela ngabasebenzi abanobuchule. Ukuba asizange sifunde umsebenzi wokubeka izitena, masincede ekuphakamiseni izitena, ekuzidluliseleni, ekuxubeni nasekuthwaleni udaka, ekuthwaleni izikeli njalo njalo. (sl. 4).
UMFANEKISO 4
2. Ububanzi obuyimfuneko bokuthwala umthwalo wodonga buchongwa yingcali sele ngexesha loyilo. Ubukhulu obufunekayo bokugquma ngobushushu buxhomekeke kwizinto ezenziwe ngazo udonga yaye elona xabiso lincinane lale milinganiselo, ngokuhambelana nokuthwala imithwalo, limiselwe yimigaqo. Akufanele size songe ngazo zonke iindleko kubukhulu beendonga, kuba kamva siya kuba neendleko ezinkulu zokufudumeza; ngapha koko, kwiindonga ezibhityileyo kunokubakho ukuguquka nokudakumba komphunga wamanzi, nto leyo eyingozi empilweni yaye yonakalisa udaka lokupeyinta nefanitshala. Kwiimeko zethu zobushushu, iindonga zezitena ezinobubanzi be 38 cm (ngaphandle kodaka) zinqweneleka. Iindonga zamatye kufuneka zibe ubuncinane 50 cm ububanzi (nangokubhekiselele ekuthwaleni umthwalo). Kukho nezinye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokudityaniswa kweendonga, ezaziwa kakhulu kuzo kukudityaniswa kwezitena ezinemingxuma ezibekwe ngobude kunye nezitena ezincinane ezibekwe nkqo. Ubukhulu bezi ndonga ngu 33 cm, kodwa bufuna umsebenzi owenziwe ngononophelo. Udonga olulungileyo luthe nkqo ngokupheleleyo yaye izinto ezisukeneyo kulo zibekwe ziqhagamshelene kakuhle. Kwiindonga zezitena kufuneka ingqalelo ekhethekileyo inikwe nakwinto yokuba imiqolo yezitena ibekwe ngokulinganayo nangokuthe tye. Ukuze ngexesha lokwakha kugcinwe imilinganiselo, kufuneka kusetyenziswe iinkuni, iintonga, iintambo, umsonto wokulinganisa nkqo, yaye rhoqo kufuneka kuhlolwe ukuchaneka kokwakha (ubuncinane emva kwe 2-3 umqolo).
3. Iindawo ezithe tye nezithe nkqo phakathi kwamatye (xa amatye engacwangciswanga, axwesileyo) kufuneka zibe malunga ne 1 cm yaye ezi zithuba kufuneka zigcwaliswe kakuhle ngodaka. Umgangatho wodaka umiselwa yingcali; ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa udaka olunophawu H4 okanye H6. Ukuze kwakhiwe iintsika neetshimini kufuneka udaka olomelezwe ngesamente. Udaka kufuneka luxutywe ngononophelo olukhulu ukuze kungabikho maqhuqhuva esanti nekalika kulo. Ekuxubeni udaka kufuneka kusetyenziswe ikalika endala kunye nesanti engenadaka, engenodaka oludakumbileyo, kunye nokungcola.
4. Ngexesha lokwakha, ngaphezu kobude obumalunga ne 1 m sele kufuneka isikafula. Izikafula zinokwenziwa kuphela ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo, okanye zenziwe ngokwemiyalelo yengcibi, kwaye izinto zesikafula kufuneka zibe zikwimeko egqibeleleyo zineplanga elifanelekileyo. Kwiisikafula kufuneka kufakwe iibhodi zokungena ezineendawo zokunqanda ukutyibilika. Ibhokisi yodaka kufuneka izaliswe ukuze ngexesha lokuthutha kungabikho kuphalala. Kuba ngexesha lokwakha kusetyenziswa isixa esikhulu sodaka, kumakhi ngamnye kufuneka kulungiselelwe iibhokisi ezimbini.
5. Asimele sivumele ukungcola kwindawo yokwakha! Ngexesha lomsebenzi nakuva kokugqitywa kwawo kufuneka izakhelo zicocwe ukuze udaka emgangathweni lungaqini. Kufuneka zicocwe kwakhona iibhokisi zodaka kwaye kulungiswe udaka oluninzi kuphela njengoko kuya kusetyenziswa ngaloo mhla. Kufuneka kuqokelelwe izitena eziwile kwaye indawo icocwe kwizilahlwa ukuze iindlela zokuthutha zikhululeke. Izitena kufuneka ziziswe zize zibekwe ngendlela yokuba zisondele kumasoni, kuqatshelwe ukuba ingqumba ingawi okanye ingatshoni.
6. Isivuno somakhi omnye kukufaka 800-1000 yezitena kwiiyure ezisibhozo. Ukuba umsebenzi uhlelwe ngendlela yokuba umsebenzi omnye abeke udaka, omnye anike izitena, owesithathu (ingcibi) abeke okanye akhe, yaye abanye (amalungu osapho) bazise izinto, kunokwenzeka ukufaka ne-7000 yezitena kwiiyure ezisibhozo. Ngale ndlela iindonga eziphambili zesakhiwo sosapho zingagqitywa kwiintsuku 4–5. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikwe ekwenziweni ngokuchanekileyo kweedibaniso zeendonga, kwiikona, kwizakhelo zeendawo ezivulekileyo, kuhlengahlengiso lwazo ngononophelo nakuhlengahlengiso lokubopha.
7. Ubukhulu beendonga zokwahlula bunokuba 6, 10, 12 kunye no 25 cm (ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zesakhiwo nokwahlulahlula indawo). Ukwakhiwa kweendonga zokwahlula kufuneka kwenziwe yingcali, kuba ezi donga kufuneka ziqhagamshelwe kwiigroove zeendonga eziphambili, kwaye iindonga zokwahlula ezenziwe ngeebhloko kufuneka nazo zifakelwe ukomelezwa. Masinikele ingqalelo ekubeni ubukhulu beendonga zebhloko zamagumbi »amanzi« (i-bhafu, ikhitshi) bube ubuncinane 10 cm, kuba kamva, ngexesha lokwenza ii-groove ezifunekayo, iindonga ezingu 6 cm ziza konakala.
8. Kwaye ekugqibeleni amagama ambalwa malunga nokukhusela impilo yabathathi-nxaxheba ekwakhiweni kwendlu yosapho. Endaweni yomsebenzi kufuneka kuqinisekiswe amathuba okuhlamba, igumbi elincinane lokugcina nokomisa iimpahla zomsebenzi ezimanzi kukubila, ioyile yokuzikhusela elangeni (yokugcakamela ilanga) kunye nekhrimu enamafutha yokhathalelo lwesikhumba. Izandla ezirhawuzelekileyo nezidliwe ludaka kufuneka zihlanjwe ngononophelo, amanxeba kufuneka abulawe iintsholongwane, kwaye amaqhakuva afakwe umhluzi. Ngokuchasene nefuthe elingaphezulu lelanga – ngakumbi abo bangaqhelananga nomsebenzi onzima womzimba – kufuneka basebenzise ioyile yokuzikhusela elangeni, umnqwazi onomphetho obanzi kunye neempahla ezikhanyayo. Abantwana kufuneka basuswe kwindawo yokwakha, nakwingxowa yokucima ikalika. Iindawo ezinjalo, ezikhanga ukudlala, kufuneka zibiyelwe kwaye zilungiswe.
Izinto zokwakha zakudala, isitena sibaluleke kakhulu, ngoko sinikezele ngemifanekiso emibini kule nto ukuze sibonise iimpawu zayo, oko kukuthi »imigangatho yokusetyenziswa« (sl. 5 kunye sl. 6).
UMFANEKISO 5
Amanani akwiifreyimu ezincinane abonisa ukuba zingaphi izitena ezifunekayo kwi 1 m2 yodonga ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo, ezenziwe ngezitena zobukhulu obahlukeneyo. Abo bazakha ngokwabo baya kukwazi ngokulula ukubala iindawo zeendonga zamagumbi acwangcisiweyo. Ukubalwa komthamo weendonga kunzima ngakumbi, yaye kanye ngenxa yoko sinike ubudlelwane phakathi kwenani lamaqhekeza nommandla wodonga (ngokukodwa sinike inani elifunekayo lezitena kwintsika yobude 1 m).
Xa kumiselwa le datha sithathele ingqalelo nendawo ehlala udaka, yaye apho inani leqhekeza nge-1 m2 belingeyonani elipheleleyo, siye sajikeleza phezulu.
UMFANEKISO 6
Sitsalela ingqalelo kubakhi ukuba inani elifunekayo lezitena ezikwiikona ukuze kudityaniswe iindonga phakathi kwazo liyashiyeka ukuba ukubala sikwenza ngokusekelwe kwimiphezulu engaphakathi. Ngenxa yoko, ubude bodonga olunye kumbutho kufuneka bongezwe ngexabiso lobukhulu bodonga. Izitena ezibekwe ngemigca zenza nje ingqumba yezinto, kuphela ngokudityaniswa nodaka ziya kuba ludonga. Udaka ngumxube wekalika etshisiweyo, isanti, amanzi kunye nesamente onobuninzi bekhrimu.
Ukusetyenziswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zodaka
Ibhastela elibhalwe H4 - eludongeni oluxhaswa kancinci.
Udaka olunezibizo H6 - lweziseko ezinomthwalo omncinane ezenziwe ngezitena nangamatye, lweetshimini, lweendonga ezahlulayo nakwiivault.
Udaka lwophawu H10 - lweendonga ezithwala umthwalo ezinobukhulu be 25 cm kunye nangaphantsi kunye neentsika ezinamazantsi amancinane kune 0,1 m2
Udaka olunophawu H25 - lweendonga eziphambili zeendawo ezingaphantsi komhlaba zezakhiwo.
Udaka oluchongiweyo H50 - lweentsika zezitena ezinoqiniso kwimeko yamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba “anobundlongondlongo”.
Udaka uphawu Н80 - xa kukho amanzi aphantsi komhlaba »anobundlongondlongo«.
Udaka lophawu H90 - kwimeko yeendawo zamanzi ezibangwa kakhulu ngogqabuko.
Ngaphandle kwezi nkalo, ngokuqinisekileyo, iimfuno malunga namandla zibalulekile.
Ukwakhiwa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zodaka lodonga
H10: 1,00 m3 yesanti, 250 kg yesamente yohlobo 300 okanye 0,25 m3 yelime
200 kg ye sementi yodidi 400
N25: 1,00 m3 yesanti, 350 kg yesamente yebakala 300 okanye 0,10 m3 yekalika
300 kg ye sementi yodidi 400
H4: 1,00 m3 yesanti 0,25 m3 yekalika
H4f/100h: 1,00 m3 yesanti 100 kg cem. marke 300 0,25 m3 yekalika
H4f/75n: 1,00 m3 yesanti 75 kg yesamente yebakala 400 0,25 m3 yekalika
H4f/50 o: 1,00 m3 isanti 50 kg simenti yohlobo 500 0,25 m3 ikalika
Н6: 1,00 m3 isanti 175 kg sim. yophawu 300 okanye 0,25 m3 ikalika
150 kg semento yebakala 400
VP/100h: 1,00 m3 yesanti 100 kg cem. ibakala 300 0,33 m3 yekalika
а/250 h: 1,00 m3 yesanti 250 kg cem. uphawu 300 —–
o/225n: 1,00 m3 yesanti 225 kg cem. marke 400 —–
Ikalika enamaqhuma okanye ikalika engaxutywanga kakuhle yaye engacinywanga kakuhle iya kubangela iikhreyitha eludongeni ngohlobo lwemikhondo yeenkozo.
Iindidi eziliqela zekhonkrithi
Kuluncedo ukwazi iimpawu kunye neentlobo ezimbalwa zekhonkrithi, ngengongoma yokuba amandla e-arhente ephambili yokudibanisa, isamente, anyuka xa kunyuka amanani (200, 300, 400, 500). Umqondiso wekhonkrithi ukusuka ku B50 ukuya ku В500 ubonisa, ke ngoko, amandla ayo okunyamezela ucinezelo. Nantsi eminye imizekelo yeentlobo ze-»assortiment«:
B - 50: 1,20 m3 yegrabile 150 kg yesamente yodidi 300 okanye 110 kg yesamente yodidi 400
B - 70: 1,20 m3 yamatye agungxulweyo 190 kg yesamente yebakala 300 okanye 150 kg yesamente yebakala 400
B - 100: 1,20 m3 igrabile 250 kg isamente yophawu 300 okanye 200 kg isamente yophawu 400
В - 140: 1,20 m3 igrabile 270 kg yesamente yohlobo 300 okanye 250 kg yesamente yohlobo 400
B - 200: 1,30 m3 igrabile 278 kg isamente yohlobo 500
Ukuba sele siziqhelanise ngcono ngezitena nodaka, masiphawule noku ukuba indlela yokubopha izitena ngokuzibeka ngobude kwicala lobude bodonga ibizwa ngokuba ngumaleko wamalunga obude (sl. 7, 1 deo). Kukho kwanomaleko wokubeka izitena zimi nkqo (sl. 7, 3. deo) kunye nalowo ubizwa ngokuba ngumaleko womkhosi (sl. 7, 4. deo) kwinguqulelo yomqolo omnye.
Izitena zinokwahlulwa zibe zimbini ngobude nangobubanzi, kodwa rhoqo kuyafuneka iziqwenga ze-1/4 kunye ne-3/4-ne nxalenye. Ngazo kwenziwa iintsika. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba umaleko ophezulu wezitena ube ususwe ngenxalenye enye yesiqingatha ngokunxulumene nomaleko ongezantsi kwayo. Olu nxibelelwano luqinisekisa ukomelela kodonga. Kubalulekile kwakhona ukuba ikhona udaka hayi phakathi kweengqimba kuphela, kodwa naphakathi kwezitena ezikummaleko kwicala elisecaleni (umz. 7, icandelo elisezantsi).
UMFANEKISO 7
Kumaleko osele ulungile kufuneka kufakwe ngomnkenkce umaleko olinganayo nowamanzi kancinci wodaka, malunga nobukhulu be-1 cm; kulo maleko kubekwe izitena (3), yaye naseziphelweni zezitena kufuneka kufakwe udaka (2). Izitena ezibekiwe kufuneka ziqhutywe ngemivumbo kuqala ukusuka ngaphezulu ukuze zingene endaweni yazo (4), emva koko nasecaleni (5) (ngemivumbo ebusweni obungathanjiswanga ngodaka). Udaka olumanzi luya kungena nakwiijoyinti ezithe nkqo, yaye ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa ukubambana kakuhle.
Ukuqhekeza izitena zibe zimbini kuluncedo ukuphawula ubude kwisiphatho sehamile, yaye ngaloo ndlela siya kuphawula lula indawo yokusika isiqingatha okanye ikota yesitena. Endaweni yokusika kufuneka kutsalwe umgca onzulu kumacala omabini esitena, yaye ngokubetha kumbindi wenxalenye efuna ukunqunyulwa, isitena siya kwaphuka. Ngexesha lalo msebenzi isitena kufuneka sibanjwe ngesandla sasekhohlo.
Ukutyabeka ngodaka kufuna amava amakhulu ngakumbi kunokusika izitena. Ukugalela umxholo we-mistrija eludongeni ngentshukumo enye nje yesandla kuya kuba nzima ukufundwa ngulowo ungazibandakanyi rhoqo nomsebenzi wokwakha ngamatye. Ngenxa yoko, kungcono ukubeka udaka kwiplanga elikhulu lokutyabeka uze emva koko, uqala ekupheleni okusezantsi kodonga - ubambe iplanga lokutyabeka ngokuthe tye nange-engile emalunga ne-20° ngakwidonga - usebenzisa uxinzelelo oluthambileyo eludongeni ufake udaka phezu komphezulu (umzobo 8).
UMZOBO 8