Nyumba ya banja
Mavuto oyambira omanga
Yemwe wachita kale zokwanira n’kupeza chidziwitso monga mmisiri m’nyumba pa ntchito zing’ono zing’ono zomanga, adzayamba mosavuta kumanga nyumba ya m’banja kapena nyumba ya kukhala. Apa sikunena kuti adzachita yekha zomangamanga, chifukwa ndi ntchito yotere yomwe imafuna akatswiri enaake. Koma n’koyenera kuti ngakhale >>wogulitsa ndalama<< azidziwa ntchitozi ndipo pa zinthu zosavuta naye mwini, komanso mwinanso a m’banja lake kapena anzake atenge nawo mbali. Apa tikhala tikunena makamaka za kutenga nawo mbali pa zomangamanga “zazikulu,” ndiko kuti za kukonzekera zomanga.
Kumanga kumafunikira choyamba kupezera nthaka. Sikokwanira kungoiona nthaka musanagule. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti nyumba ya m’tsogolo ili ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri, m’pofunika kusonkhanitsa zambiri zokhudza zinthu zingapo zokhudzana ndi nthaka. Ndi bwino kukambirana ndi katswiri musanagule. Malo a nthaka, mmene imakhalira, kutsetsereka, kapangidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha malo, mikhalidwe ya malo, njira za mphepo, kukula ndi mawonekedwe a nthaka, zomera zomwe zilipo pa nthaka, malo ndi mmene misewu yolowera ndi ma utility zilili, ndizinthu zofunika kwambiri ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri kapangidwe ndi kuchitidwa kwa ntchito pa nthawi yomanga. (Mwachitsanzo, mlingo wokwera wa madzi apansi panthaka udzafuna ntchito zina za kutchingira madzi, kapena, pa nthaka ya miyala ntchito zopangira maziko zimakhala zovuta). Poyesa zinthu izi zingachitike kuti nthaka »yotsika mtengo« kwenikweni ndi »yokwera mtengo«.
Asanagule, ayenera kufufuzidwanso »mkhalidwe wa malamulo« wa nthaka. Tiyenera kuyang’ana m’mabuku a nthaka kuti tiwone ngati nthakayo ili kwenikweni yaulere kugulitsidwa ndipo ngati siitengedwa ndi ngongole, hipotheke ndi zina zotero. N’zotheka kuti pali malamulo apadera okhudza nthaka, monga ufulu, kapena udindo, wopereka njira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ena, kudutsa kwa madzi kapena payipi ya madzi, kuchotsedwa kwa nthaka. kumanga misewu kapena zinthu zina (sl. 1). Pambuyo pofufuza mabuku a nthaka tiyenera kulumikizana ndi bungwe loyenera m’maofesi a chigawo kuti tipeze zambiri zokhudza mwayi womanga pa nthakayo. Kumeneko tidzadziwa mtundu wa nyumba imene tingathe, kapena tiyenera, kumanga pamalopo (ya pansi imodzi, ya zipinda zingapo ndi zina zotero), ngati kumanga kumaloledwa n’komwe, ndi mapulani a m’tsogolo a urbanism a dera lozungulira ali bwanji (kumene kudzamangidwa sukulu ya ana, malo osamalira ana, masitolo ndi zina zotero). Ngati zotsatira za kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane kwa nthaka zili zabwino ndipo ngati mkhalidwe m’mabuku a nthaka uli bwino, komanso maganizo a bungwe loyenera la zomanga ali abwino kwa ife, ndiye kuti palibe zinthu zoletsa kapena mfundo zingawonjezere mtengo wa zomanga, titha kugula nthaka potsatira malamulo a kugula ndi kusamutsa umwini wa nthaka. Zidziwitso zotere zisanachitike mosamalitsa zidzatiteteza ku zokhumudwitsa mtsogolo ndi ndalama zosafunikira, ndipo mwina ngakhale ku kulephera kwathunthu kwa pulani yomanga.
CHITHUNZI 1
Pambuyo pogula malo pamafunika chilolezo cha zomangamanga. Cholinga cha chilolezochi ndi kuti kumanga nyumbayo kuchitike mogwirizana ndi malamulo omwe alipo komanso kuti mwini wake amene ali ndi ufulu womanga achite zomangazo m’njira yoti zisamalepheretse zofuna za oyandikana nawo ndi za anthu onse. Wina amene amamanga popanda chilolezo cha zomangamanga chomwe chili chofunikira, mopanda luso, ayenera kudziwa kuti nyumbayo idzawonongedwa mokakamizidwa pa ndalama zake.
Pamodzi ndi pempho la chilolezo cha zomangamanga, muyenera kuwonjezera komanso chikalata chochokera m’kaundula wa nthaka ngati umboni kuti wopemphayo ndi eni ovomerezeka a nthaka. Ndiponso ndikofunikira kupeza pulani ya malo a nthaka komanso polojekiti ya nyumbayo (kapangidwe ndi tsatanetsatane) ndi kufotokozera kwa luso. Ndibwino kupeza zambiri kuchokera ku bungwe loyenera za mikhalidwe ya polojekitiyi (muyezo, chiwerengero cha makope ndi zina zotero) pamene tikusonkhanitsa zambiri za nthaka. Mapulojekiti osayenera nthawi zambiri amakhala vuto lalikulu. Mapulojekiti angapangidwe ndi mabungwe kapena anthu okhawo omwe ali ndi chilolezo cha ntchitoyi. Sitikufuna kukhudza “osunga ndalama” am’tsogolo, koma tikukumbutsa kuti pa mabungwe akuluakulu opanga mapulojekiti mungapeze mapulojekiti amtundu wokonzeka, omwe ali otsika mtengo, amakono ndi ogwira ntchito bwino, opangidwa m’njira zingapo, moti angakwaniritse zofunikira zosiyanasiyana. Pogwiritsa ntchito mapulojekiti amenewa, zilolezo za zomangamanga zokhala ndi kuwerengera kwa ntchito ndi mtengo zimapezeka mosavuta.
Pamangidwe a nyumba yake munthu aliyense amakhala ndi maganizo ake. Maganizo amenewa angakhale olondola ndi enieni, koma ambiri mwa maganizowa si enieni, chifukwa sangatheke kukwaniritsidwa, si a zachuma ndipo si amakono, ndipo nthawi zambiri sakhala okongola. Pokonza projekiti, wojambula ayenera kutsatira malamulo ena a boma, miyezo ndi malamulo okhudza kapangidwe (mwachitsanzo, kulowa m’WC sikuyenera kukhala kuchokera kukhitchini, malo ochepera a chipinda amakhazikitsidwa, kutalika kochepera kwa zipinda zamkati, malo a zipinda, zokutira, malo a mazenera ndi zina zotero sizingasankhidwe mwakufuna), koma nthawi yomweyo ayeneranso kukwaniritsa zofuna za anthu payekha, ndiye kuti, eni ake. M’pofunika kuyamikira malingaliro a okonza omwe ali oyenera komanso a zachuma okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamtundu wokhazikika (milingo, zitseko, mazenera ndi zina zotero).
The interests and aspects of individuals can best come to expression in the choice and design of the facade, grouping of rooms, heating system, terraces, basements, auxiliary buildings, etc. We point out that the competent authority will not issue a building permit on the basis of unprofessional and uneconomical projects that do not comply with the regulations for housing construction precisely because of the interests of the investor.
Tikapeza chilolezo cha zomangamanga, tiyenera kukonzekera mosamala zomangamanga. Kukonzekera kwabwino kudzatipulumutsa ku ntchito zosafunikira pambuyo pake. Mogwirizana ndi njira yopezera chilolezo cha zomangamanga, munthu ayenera kupatsidwa ntchito yokonza mawerengedwe a ntchito ndi mtengo. Kutengera mawerengedwe a ntchito ndi mtengo, tingadziwe kuchuluka kofunikira kwa zinthu zomangira (tikutengera komanso kuwonongeka kofunikira). Zikalatazi zimafunikanso pofuna kupeza ngongole yomangira. Ngati tapeza ngongole yofunikira (kapena ndalama zoyambira zomangamanga) ndiye kutsatira ndi kugula zinthu zomangira.
Ndibwino kupeza zinthu kuchokera ku kampani ya malonda. Palinso mwayi wopeza zinthu zimene zagwiritsidwa ntchito kale - zomwe ndi zotsika mtengo kwambiri - koma zimenezi ziyenera kukambidwapo ndithu (ndiponso kugulidwa limodzi) ndi katswiri. Chifukwa njerwa zodetsedwa ndi dothi zidzabweretsa mavuto pambuyo pake pa kumanga ndi kupaka pulasitala, chifukwa zidzakhala zikutuluka kudzera mu pulasitala ndi utoto. M’migodi ya matabwa, parquet, ndi matabwa a pansi angabisemo bowa ndi tizilombo, zomwe pakatha chaka kapena ziwiri zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Pa matailosi ena ofolera pamafunika kuchulukitsa kawiri ma lath, choncho zingachitike kuti kufolera kotsika mtengo kumadzakhala kokwera mtengo pambuyo pake. Momwemonso, limestone yogwiritsidwa ntchito kale, yofewa, siimathana ndi chisanu, choncho sitingayigwiritse ntchito pa kumanga komanso pa maziko. Nthawi zonse, tiyenera kusamala kwambiri, kaya ndi zinthu zatsopano kapena zakale, nthawi zambiri zotsika mtengo, zomangira. Nthawi zonse funsani ndi kusunga zikalata zosonyeza umwini, koma komanso ma risiti onse ndi zikalata zina ziyenera kusungidwa mosamala.
Asanabwere katundu woyamba wa zipangizo, zinthu zambiri zikufunika kukonzedwabe pa malo. Ngati malo sanazunguliridwebe ndi mpanda, pambuyo pogwirizanitsa malire ndi oyandikana nawo ndi ndi deta yovomerezeka mpandawo uyenera kumangidwa. Mpanda wopita ku msewu ndi mbali yakumanja ndi theka lakumanja la mpanda wakumbuyo, zonsezi zikayang’aniridwa kuchokera pa msewu, tiyenera kumanga ife. Mpanda wakumanzere wa mbali ndi theka lakumanzere la mpanda wakumbuyo ndi wa mnansi wa kumanzere, kapena wakumbuyo. Kupeza zikalata zovomerezeka zokhudza mipanda kudzatithandiza kupewa mikangano yam’tsogolo, komanso mwina milandu. Pa njira yonyamulira zipangizo zomangira, ndibwino kumanga mpanda wakanthawi komanso wosamutsika.
Chofunika choyambirira chomangira ndi kuti madzi azipezeka pamalopo, chifukwa kunyamula madzi ndi kokwera mtengo komanso kovuta. Ngati tamanga chitsime ndipo madzi ndi a sulufule, owawa, amchere kapena onunkha, tiyenera kufunafuna thandizo la katswiri woboola chitsime choyenera (chakuya) kapena chosinthira madzi. Madzi aukali kapena onyansa sangagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga, chifukwa patangopita nthawi yochepa amatha kuwononga konkire kapena malata. Tiyeneranso kukumba dzenje la laimu, kuti lisasokoneze mayendedwe ndipo likhale kutali kokwanira ndi makhoma amtsogolo. Pansi pa dzenjelo kungakhale 3 x 2 m, ndipo kuya kwake 1,5 m.
Pakufunikanso nyumba imodzi yosungiramo zinthu, zida komanso yosinthira zovala. Pachifukwachi ayenera kumangidwa kanyumba kakanthawi kokhala ndi maziko a 3 x 3m ka matabwa, udzu wa bango kapena njerwa kokhala ndi kuthekera kotsekedwa. Koma, bwino kwambiri ndikuti limodzi mwa nyumba zothandizira, mwachitsanzo shedi ya mafuta, lomwe nalo lili ndi chilolezo cha zomangamanga, limangidwe kale ndipo ligwiritsidwe ntchito posungira. Sitiyenera kuiwala kumanga WC pamalo otalikirana ndi madzi. Tikabweretsa zida ndi zipangizo zothandizira (mabokosi a kalipentala, zingwe ndi zina zotero) tingayambe kukonza kubweretsa zinthu zomangira.
Galimoto iyenera kubwerekedwa moti igwiritsidwe ntchito mokwanira. Pazinthu zotayirira ayenera kufunidwa ma dumper. Tiyenera kupewa mayendedwe otsika mtengo koma osaloledwa. Zinthu zobweretsedwa ziyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi nyumba yomwe ikakonzedwa, kuti zisalepheretse mayendedwe ena, chifukwa mwanjira imeneyi titha kupewa kusuntha kosafunikira. Simenti iyenera kusungidwa pansi pa denga kapena kuphimbidwa, njerwa zoyikidwa bwino m’mizere yolumikizana, mopanda ngozi ya kuvulala, mchenga ndi miyala yaying’ono zitamangidwa ndi njerwa (chifukwa chosamwazika). Kutentha kwa laimu ndibwino kuperekedwa kwa katswiri.
Pambuyo pa izi titha «kulemba» malo a nyumbayo. Izi zidzachitidwa ndi mbuye wa zomangamanga. Iye adzakhazikitsa malo enieni a nyumbayo pa malo, malo a ngodya ndi deta ya utali. Kuchokera pamalo pomwe nyumbayo idzamangidwe ayenera kuchotsedwa udzu ndi humus (kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kenako ngati kuli kofunikira). Malo omangira ayenera kukhala athyathyathya kuti mbuyeyo athe kudziwa ndi chingwe malo a maziko. M’lifupi mwa ma trench a maziko limasonyezedwa ndi timitengo. Titha kutenganso nawo mbali, pansi pa kuyang’aniridwa ndi mbuye, mu ntchito izi, ndipo kukumba ma trench ndi ntchito yathu yonse. Pa nthaka yofewa pamafunika zothandizira, ndipo pa nthaka yolimba tiyenera kupanga ma trench molingana ndendende ndi miyeso yoperekedwa, pothala mbali za makoma. Dziko lokumbalo tiyese kulilinganiza pamalopo, 1-2 m kuchokera ku trench, koma nthawi zambiri limafunika kutengedwa. Kutumiza nthaka kuli bwino kukonza ngati kubwerera kwa galimoto, yomwe imabweretsa zipangizo zomangira. Pambuyo pokumba ma trench, bwino kuyamba mwamsanga kupanga maziko (kuti mvula isawononge ma trench) (chith. 2).
CHITHUNZI 2
Kumanga
Kuzama kwa maziko kuyenera, muzochitika zonse, kukhala osachepera 30 cm pansi pa msinkhu wa nthaka, pansi pa malire a chisanu. Maziko othamanga kwambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo otsika mtengo kwambiri ndi omwe amatchedwa »mwala woyandama«, omwe tingathe kupanga tokha motsatira malangizo a mmisiri. Maziko a njerwa ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo angamangidwe ndi katswiri yekha. M’malo a mapiri maziko omangidwa ndi mwala ndi abwino kwambiri. Pambuyo popanga maziko a makoma akulu akunja, ziyenera kupangidwa maziko a makoma apakati ndi makoma ogawa.
Kutengera zimene zidanenedwa kale, pogwira ntchito mosamala, takonzekera kale maziko ofunika. Kuti pakhale kutsekereza kwabwino, mbuye adzayika zigawo ziwiri za mbale zotsekera za bitumeni 150 ndipo zigawo zitatu za bitumeni yotentha zidzatsimikizira kutsekedwa kwathunthu. Tiyeneranso kusamala kuti kutsekereza kukhale kokulirapo ndi 3–10 cm kuposa khoma ndipo pamalo olumikizana pakhale osachepera 15 cm a kupindana. Kutsekereza kopingasa kwa makoma oyambirira kuyenera kulumikizana kulikonse ndi kutsekereza kopingasa kwa makoma apakati ndi kutsekereza pansi pa pansi. Ambiri amanyalanyaza kutsekereza mosamala, komabe kutsekereza ndi chimodzi mwa zofunikira zazikulu kuti nyumbayo ikhale yogwiritsidwa ntchito (chith. 3)
CHITHUNZI 3
Kuyambira kwa makoma akulu akunja, makoma akulu amkati ndi makoma ogawa kuyenera kukhala osachepera 30, ndipo bwino kwambiri 40 cm, pamwamba pa mlingo wa nthaka yoyandikana pafupi ndi mlingo wokonzedwa wa pansi. Mbuye, amene amayang’anira dongosolo la ntchito ndi ntchito zotchedwa zolondola, tingamuthandize kwambiri pa kumanga makoma. Chifukwa chake ndi bwino kukonzekera bwino ntchito ya kumanga makoma, chimodzi mwa zochita zomwe zimafuna ntchito yambiri, ndi kupanga mwatsatanetsatane komanso mosamala dongosolo la momwe idzayendere.
Mosasamala kanthu za zinthu zimene timagwiritsa ntchito pa kumanga khoma, njerwa, njerwa zobowoka, ma block, mwala wosweka wolimbana ndi chisanu kapena mwala wolemekezeka wopangidwa bwino, malamulo agolide otsatirawa adzagwira ntchito pa zomangamanga zilizonse.
- Tisayesere kuchita chilichonse tokha! Ubwino wabwino wa zomangamanga ukhoza kutsimikiziridwa kokha ndi ogwira ntchito oyenerera. Ngati sitinaphunzire ntchito ya zomangamanga, ndiye tiyeni tithandizire ponyamula njerwa, popereka, posakaniza ndi kunyamula mortar, ponyamula ma scaffolds ndi zina zotero. (chith. 4).
CHITHUNZI 4
2. M’lifupi lofunikira la khoma lonyamula katundu limatsimikiziridwa ndi katswiri kale pa kapangidwe. Makulidwe ofunikira pa kutchinjiriza kutentha amadalira zinthu za khoma ndipo mtengo wochepa wa kukula kumeneku, mogwirizana ndi kunyamula katundu, umayendetsedwa ndi malamulo. Sitiyenera kusunga ndalama pa makulidwe a makoma pa mtengo uliwonse, chifukwa pambuyo pake tidzakhala ndi ndalama zazikulu zotenthetsera; kuwonjezera apo, pa makoma ochepa makulidwe kungachitike kusonkhanika kwa nthunzi ya madzi, komwe ndi koopsa ku thanzi ndiponso kumawononga utoto ndi mipando. Pa mikhalidwe yathu ya kutentha, makoma a njerwa m’lifupi la 38 cm (popanda pulasitala) ndi oyenera. Makoma a mwala ayenera kukhala osachepera 50 cm m’lifupi (ndiponso chifukwa cha kunyamula katundu). Palinso mitundu ina yosiyanasiyana ya makoma, yodziwika kwambiri ndi kuphatikiza kwa njerwa zopanda mphako zoyikidwa m’litali ndi njerwa zing’onozing’ono zoyikidwa m’mbali. Makulidwe a makoma amenewa ndi 33 cm, koma amafuna ntchito yosamala kwambiri. Khoma labwino ndi lolunjika kwathunthu ndipo zinthu zake zimayikidwa zili ndi mgwirizano. Pa makoma a njerwa, makamaka tiyenera kusamala kuti mizere ya njerwa ikhale yofanana ndi yoyikidwa mopingasa. Kuti miyeso isasinthe pamene mukumanga, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito matabwa, matabwa ang’ono, zingwe, ndi plamu; ndipo nthawi zambiri muyenera kuyang’anitsitsa kulondola kwa kumanga (osachepera pambuyo pa 2-3 mzere).
3. Zikhala zopingasa ndi zoyima (pa mwala zili zokhotakhota) ziyenera kukhala pafupifupi 1 cm ndipo zikhala zimenezi ziyenera kudzazidwa bwino ndi matope. Ubwino wa matope umatsimikiziridwa ndi katswiri; nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito matope a kalasi H4 kapena H6. Pakumanga mizati ndi ma chimney pamafunika matope olimbitsidwa ndi simenti. Matopewa ayenera kusakanizidwa mosamala kwambiri kuti musakhale ndi ziponde za mchenga ndi laimu. Pakusakaniza matope ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito laimu wokalamba ndi mchenga wopanda dongo, wopanda silt ndi wopanda zinyalala.
4. Pa kumanga khoma, pamwamba pa kutalika kwa pafupifupi 1 m ma scaffolding ofunikira kale. Ma scaffolding angapangidwe ndi antchito oyenerera pa ntchito imeneyi okha, kapena amapangidwa malinga ndi malangizo a mbuye, ndipo zinthu za scaffolding ziyenera kukhala zonse bwino ndi floor yoyenera. Pa scaffolding ayenera kuyikidwa matabwa olowera okhala ndi ma slats oletsa kutsetsereka. Bokosi la morta liyenera kudzazidwa moti pakunyamula lisatayike. Popeza pa kumanga khoma amagwiritsa ntchito morta yambiri, kwa aliyense womanga khoma ayenera kukonzedwa mabokosi awiri.
5. Sitiyenera kulola chisokonezo pa malo omangira! Pa nthawi ya ntchito ndi mukamaliza ntchito, scaffolding iyenera kutsukidwa kuti simenti isamange pa pansi. Mabokosi a simenti ayeneranso kutsukidwa, ndipo kusakaniza kokha kwa simenti kokwanira kugwiritsidwa ntchito tsikulo kuyenera kukonzedwa. Njerwa zomwe zagwa ziyenera kutengedwa ndipo malo ayenera kutsukidwa ku zonyansa kuti njira zonyamulira zikhale zaufulu. Njerwa ziyenera kubweretsedwa ndi kuikidwa moti zikhale pafupi ndi wosula njerwa, ndiponso kusamala kuti muluwo usagwe ndi kugwa.
6. Ntchito ya mmisiri m’modzi wa njerwa ndi kuyika njerwa za 800-1000 pa maola asanu ndi atatu. Ngati ntchitoyo ikakonzedwa motere kuti wantchito m’modzi aziyika matope, wina aziwaza njerwa, wachitatu (mbuye) aziyika kapena kumanga khoma, ndipo ena (achibale) aziyendetsa zida, n’kutheka kuyika ngakhale njerwa 7000 pa maola asanu ndi atatu. Mwa njira imeneyi, makoma akulu a nyumba ya banja angathe kumalizidwa mu masiku 4–5. Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa pa kupanga bwino zolumikizana za makoma, ma ngodya, mafelemu a zotsegulira, kuziika mosamala ndi kusanja bwino kulumikizana.
7. Makulidwe a makoma ogawa angakhale 6, 10, 12 ndi 25 cm (malingana ndi zofunikira za kapangidwe ndi kugawa mkati). Kumanga makoma ogawa kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi katswiri, chifukwa makoma amenewa ayenera kulumikizidwa m’malo a mipata a makoma akulu, ndipo makoma ogawa a mabloko ayenera kupatsidwa kulimbikitsidwa. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti makulidwe a makoma a mabloko a zipinda »zonyowa« (bafa, khitchini) akhale osachepera 10 cm, chifukwa pambuyo pake, pokonza mipata yofunikira, makoma a 6 cm adzawonongeka.
8. Ndipo potsiriza mawu ochepa okhudza kuteteza thanzi la omwe akutenga nawo mbali pa kumanga nyumba ya banja. Pa malo antchito ayenera kupezeka mwayi wosamba, chipinda chaching’ono chosungira ndi kuumitsira zovala zantchito zonyowa ndi thukuta, mafuta a dzuwa (opaka thupi dzuwa likamatenthetsa), ndi kirimu wamafuta wosamalira khungu. Manja opserera ndi odyedwa ndi morta ayenera kutsukidwa mosamala, mabala ayenera kuthiridwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo ma chitsa ayenera kupakidwa mankhwala. Pofuna kuteteza ku mphamvu ya dzuwa yochuluka kwambiri – makamaka kwa amene sanazolowere ntchito yolemetsa ya thupi – ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a dzuwa, chipewa chokhala ndi brim yayikulu ndi zovala zopepuka. Ana ayenera kuchotsedwa pa malo omangapo, kutali ndi dzenje lozimitsira laimu. Malo otere, omwe amakopa kusewera, ayenera kutsekedwa ndi kukonzedwa.
Zinthu zomangira zachikhalidwe, njerwa ndi zofunika kwambiri, choncho tinapereka zithunzi ziwiri kuzinthu izi kuti tiwonetse makhalidwe ake, kapena »miyezo yogwiritsira ntchito« (chith. 5 ndi chith. 6).
CHITHUNZI 5
Ziwerengero m’mafelemu ang’onoang’ono zikusonyeza kuti ndi zidutswa zingati za njerwa zofunika pa 1 m2 ya khoma la makulidwe osiyanasiyana la njerwa za miyeso yosiyanasiyana. Awo amene amadzimangira okha mosavuta adzatha kuwerengera malo a makoma a zipinda zomwe zakonzedwa. Kuwerengera voliyumu ya makoma kuli kovuta kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake tapereka chiŵerengero cha chiwerengero cha zidutswa ndi malo a khoma (mwapadera tapereka nambala yofunika ya njerwa pa chipilala cha kutalika 1 m).
Popereka izi, tinalingaliranso malo omwe mortar amatenga, ndipo pamene chiwerengero cha zidutswa za 1 m2 sichinali nambala yonse, tinachipendekera mmwamba.
CHITHUNZI 6
Tikukumbutsa omanga kuti chiwerengero cha njerwa chofunikira pa ma ngodya pa kulumikizana kwa makoma chimasowa ngati tiwerengera potengera malo amkati. Chifukwa chake, kutalika kwa khoma limodzi m’gulu kuyenera kuwonjezedwa ndi mtengo wa makulidwe a khoma. Njerwa zoyikidwa m’mizere zimangokhala mulu wa zinthu; pokhapokha zitalumikizidwa ndi matope zidzakhala khoma. Matope ndi chisakanizo cha laimu wosungunuka, mchenga, madzi ndi simenti cha kulemera kwa kirimu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malata
Mtondo wokhala ndi chizindikiro H4 - wa makoma onyamula katundu pang’ono.
Mpweya wa H6 - wa maziko a njerwa ndi mwala omwe amanyamula katundu wochepa, wa mapaipi a utsi, wa makoma ogawa komanso wa ma vault.
Mwala wa dongo la H10 - wa makoma onyamula olemera a makulidwe a 25 cm ndi ocheperapo komanso wa mizati ya maziko ang’ono kuposa 0,1 m2
Mortar ya chizindikiro H25 - ya makoma akulu a malo a pansi pa nyumba.
Mortar chizindikiro H50 - kwa mizati ya njerwa yokhala ndi kulimbikitsidwa pakachitika madzi apansi “agresive”.
Mortala ya chizindikiro Н80 - pa nkhani ya madzi apansi pa nthaka “aukali”.
Matailosi a malata a mtundu H90 - pa nkhani ya madzi aakali kwambiri »aggressive«.
Kuwonjezera pa mbali zimenezi, ndithudi, zofunikira zokhudza mphamvu ndizo zofunika kuchitidwa.
Kapangidwe ka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malita
H10: 1,00 m3 ya mchenga, 250 kg ya simenti ya mtundu 300 kapena 0,25 m3 ya laimu
200 kg simenti ya mtundu 400
Н25: 1,00 m3 ya mchenga, 350 kg ya simenti ya mtundu 300 kapena 0,10 m3 ya laimu
300 kg simenti ya mtundu 400
H4: 1,00 m3 mchenga 0,25 m3 laimu
H4f/100h: 1,00 m3 mchenga 100 kg cem. marke 300 0,25 m3 laimu
H4f/75n: 1,00 m3 ya mchenga 75 kg simenti ya mtundu 400 0,25 m3 laimu
H4f/50 o: 1,00 m3 mchenga 50 kg simenti ya mtundu 500 0,25 m3 laimu
Н6: 1,00 m3 wa mchenga 175 kg sim. wa mtundu 300 kapena 0,25 m3 wa laimu
150 kg mtundu wa simenti 400
VP/100h: 1,00 m3 mchenga 100 kg simenti ya mtundu 300 0,33 m3 laimu
а/250 h: 1,00 m3 mchenga 250 kg sim. mtundu 300 —–
o/225n: 1,00 m3 ya mchenga 225 kg simenti ya kalasi 400 —–
Laimu wokhala ndi timagulu kapena laimu wosakanizidwa bwino ndi wotentha mosakwanira upanga ma krata pa khoma mu mawonekedwe a mizere ya tirigu.
Mitundu ingapo ya konkire
N’zabwino kudziwa makhalidwe ndi mitundu ingapo ya konkire, ndi chidziwitso chakuti mphamvu ya chinthu chachikulu cholumikiza, simenti, imawonjezeka pamene manambala a (200, 300, 400, 500) akuchulukira. Chizindikiro cha konkire kuyambira pa B50 mpaka В500 chimasonyeza, komabe, mphamvu yake yotsutsa kukanikizidwa. Nazi mitundu ingapo ya »assortiment«:
В - 50: 1,20 m3 mwala wa shljunka 150 kg simenti ya mtundu 300 kapena 110 kg simenti ya mtundu 400
B - 70: 1,20 m3 ya miyala yaing’ono 190 kg ya simenti ya mtundu 300 kapena 150 kg ya simenti ya mtundu 400
B - 100: 1,20 m3 wa mchenga 250 kg simenti ya mtundu 300 kapena 200 kg simenti ya mtundu 400
В - 140: 1,20 m3 ya miyala 270 kg simenti ya kalasi 300 kapena 250 kg simenti ya kalasi 400
B - 200: 1,30 m3 ya miyala ya mchenga 278 kg ya simenti ya mtundu 500
Ngati tatayamba kale kudziŵa bwino njerwa ndi mortar, tiyenera kunenanso kuti njira yolumikizira njerwa poyika m’litali m’njira ya utali wa khoma imatchedwa gawo la kutalika (chith. 7, 1 gawo). Palinso gawo loyikidwa pa nthiti (chith. 7, 3. gawo) ndi lotchedwa gawo la asilikali (chith. 7, 4. gawo) mu mtundu wa mzere umodzi.
Njerwa zingagawidwe theka m’litali ndi m’lifupi, koma nthawi zambiri pamafunika zidutswa za 1/4 ndi 3/4-ya gawo. Ndi izi pamapangidwa mizati. N’kofunika kwambiri kuti mzere wapamwamba wa njerwa usunthidwe theka limodzi la gawo poyerekezera ndi mzere womwe uli pansi pake. Mgwirizano umenewu umatsimikizira kulimba kwa khoma. N’kofunikanso kuti matope akhalepo osati pakati pa zigawo zokha, komanso pakati pa njerwa za m’mzerewo m’njira ya m’mbali (chith. 7, gawo lotsika).
CHITHUNZI 7
Pa zigawo zokonzedwa bwino, muyenera kupaka ndi trowel wosanjikiza wofanana ndi wotayirira wa matope wokhuthala pafupifupi 1 cm, pa wosanjikizawu ikani njerwa (3) ndipo pamapeto pa njerwa muyeneranso kupaka matope (2). Njerwa zomwe zaikidwa ziyenera kuyikidwa pa malo ake poyamba ndi kumenya kuchokera pamwamba (4), kenako komanso kuchokera ku mbali (5) (ndi kumenya pa nkhope yomwe siinapake matope). Matopa wotayirira adzalowa komanso m’mafupa oyima motero kudzapezeka kulumikizana kwabwino.
Kuti mugawe njerwa pakati, n’koyenera kuyika chizindikiro cha utali pa chogwirira cha nyundo ndipo motero tizitha kuonetsa mosavuta malo odulira theka kapena kotala la njerwa. Pa malo odulira ayenera kujambulidwa mzere wozama mbali zonse ziwiri za njerwa ndipo pomenya pakati pa gawo limene likufuna kudulidwa, njerwayo imathyoka. Pa ntchito imeneyi njerwa iyenera kugwiridwa ndi dzanja lamanzere.
Pofesera pulasitala kumafuna luso lalikulu kwambiri kuposa kudula njerwa. Kuyika zomwe zili mu trowel pa khoma ndi kusuntha kwa dzanja limodzi kokha, zovuta kuphunzira kwa amene samachita ntchito ya omanga nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, bwino kuika pulasitala pa flat trowel yayikulu kenaka kuyambira pansi pa khoma - pogwira flat trowel molunjika ndi pa ngodya ya pafupifupi 20° pa khoma - ndi kupanikiza mopepuka pa khoma kupaka pulasitala pamwamba (chithunzi 8).
CHITHUNZI 8