Isaziso esibalulekile sezempilo nokuphepha: Lona umbhalo womsebenzi wengobo yomlando, hhayi izicaciso zempahla evumelekile, iphrojekthi yodaka noma umhlahlandlela wesicelo sokuzenzela. I-lime esheshayo ne-slaked, uthuli lwe-lime kanye nezingxube ezintsha zingabangela ukulimala okukhulu esikhumbeni, emehlweni nasezithweni zokuphefumula; i-lime slaking ithuthukisa ukushisa okuningi futhi ingabangela ukuchaphazeka. Ukukhethwa kwesistimu, ukuhlolwa kwe-substrate, izilinganiso zokuxuba, ukuhambisana kongqimba, izimo zokufakwa, okokuvikela komuntu siqu, ukulawula uthuli nokulahlwa kufanele kunqunywe abaklami abaqeqeshiwe nosonkontileka ngokuvumelana nemibhalo yomkhiqizi nemithethonqubo esebenzayo. Ukwehlukaniswa komlando kanye negama le-DIN embhalweni akufanele kusetshenziswe njengephrojekthi yanamuhla noma izicaciso zokuthenga ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa kochwepheshe.
Ukuthengisa umcako, ukwenza ukhonkolo nokwenza umsebenzi we-facade noma wokwakha akuyona ingxenye yomnikelo omusha womphakathi we-Savo Kusić. Ukugxila kwamanje amafasitela ezingodo, amafasitela e-timber-aluminium, amawindi angokwezifiso kanye neminyango. Ngewindi noma iphrojekthi yomnyango, ungathumela isicelo sekhwothi.
Ukuhlukaniswa, amamaki nokwakheka kwezinhlobo zomcako ngamunye
Izinhlobo ezithile zomcako zisetshenziselwa ukwenza udaka lomatshe kanye nodaka lokuplasta izindonga. Lezi zinsimbi kufanele kube nzima ukuzikhipha, kodwa kube lula futhi kuphephe ukuzifaka, kanye nokuvimbela ukungena kwamanzi nokushisa ngemva kokuqina, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zikwazi ukungena ku-vapor wamanzi. Ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zezinhlobo zomcako ngamunye zihluke kakhulu. Ngokwesigaba esidala (i-DIN E 1060) kukhona: izinhlobo zomcako oqina emoyeni (umcako ojwayelekile, umcako we-dolomite kanye ne-carbide lime), izinhlobo zomcako okuthi ngemva kokuqina emoyeni kuqala zibe lukhuni ngaphansi kwamanzi (umcako we-hydraulic, umcako omningi we-hydraulic, umcako wamaRoma).
I-lime evamile_ ikhiqizwa ku-calcium carbonate emsulwa; ngemva kokucisha okunamathiselwe kwe-lime, ibonisa umbala omhlophe noma ithoni enombala omncane.
Dolomite lime ikhiqizwa ngamatshe e-dolomite limestone; ngokuvamile kubonisa ukucisha kancane kancane; imhlophe qwa noma incane ngombala.
_Izinhlobo ze-lime eziqinisayo_ngokusebenzisa amanzi ziqukethe i-silicic acid encibilikayo, i-aluminium oxide ne-iron oxide.
Roman-lime i-lime enamanzi amaningi eqala ukuqina.
I-Air lime iza emakethe njenge-lumpy lime (i-quicklime esheshayo, eyisigaxa), njengomcako ogayiwe, i-lime paste, inhlama ye-lime kanye ne-quicklime.
I-lime eyenza ukuqina kwamanzi iza emakethe njalo ngesimo sempushana; ingacishwa kancane kuphela. Umcako waseRoma awukwazi ukucisha.
I-powder slaked lime kufanele - ukuvimbela ukugoqa - iqukathe izithako ezingaxutshiwe (i-CaO ne-MgO). Lesi simo sibaluleke kakhulu ekucutshungulweni ngoba i-lime e-slaked ngaphambi kokucutshungulwa kufanele icinywe ngesikhathi sokuxutshwa uma ukukhubazeka ebuhleni bezindonga kufanele kugwenywe. Abakhiqizi be-lime kufanele bahlinzeke ngemithetho yokucubungula.
Ukufaka ukhonkolo ngetrowel odongeni lwamatshe
Ukusebenza kwezinhlobo ezithile zodaka lomcako
Izinsimbi zikalime, ikakhulukazi udaka ezenziwe ngomcako ojwayelekile, zinamathela kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nosimende futhi zinesilinganiso esifanayo sengxube ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uthole i-plaster engasetshenzwa odongeni, i-lime plaster idinga i-binder encane kune-cement plaster. Izisimende ezacile zikasimende ezinomcako owengeziwe zingcono ukushumeka.
Ngokuxuba isikhathi eside kuzixube zesivinini esikhulu, zonke izinsika zingalungiswa ukuze zingaba lula ukuhlanjululwa futhi zisebenze kangcono.
Izinsimbi zikalamula zigcina amanzi axubile isikhathi eside kunosimende; izitini ezomile zikhipha amanzi odakeni lukasimende ngokushesha kunodaka lwe-lime.
Inani le-binder kuma-lime mortar linqunywa ngokuyinhloko ngokuphathelene nokusebenza kodaka. Izihlabathi ezihlanzekile, ezinengxenye eyodwa zidinga umcako omningi kunesihlabathi esinezingxenye eziningi zobumba. Ngenxa yalokhu, kanye nangenxa yenani elikhulu lamanzi adingekayo ukuze kulungiswe, ama-lime mortar anesihlabathi sobumba ngokuvamile abonisa amandla amancane kakhulu.
Amandla odaka lwe-lime
Izinhlobo ezithile ze-lime yomoya ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha udaka zinikeza amandla okucindezela ama-kg/cm ambalwa kuphela2 kumakhyubhu, ngokuvamile azungeze 3 kuya ku-6 kg/cm2 ngemva kwamaviki amane. Izinhlobo zomcako oqina ngomshini wokwenza udaka lwembudumbudu elungile zinikeza amandla okucindezela kumakhyubhu angaba ngu-20 kg/cm2 nokuningi.
1. Umthelela wokwakheka kwesihlabathi
Ukwakheka kwezihlabathi kuthonya ngokuphawulekayo ubukhulu bamandla acindezelayo, aqinile kanye namandla aguquguqukayo. Izihlabathi ezinezingxenye eziningi ezakhiwe ngokuya ngolwazi olutholwe ngodaka lukasimende olunikezayo, ngezinhlobo ezithile zomcako wehydraulic obuthakathaka, amandla amakhulu kunesihlabathi esiyingxenye eyodwa. Ngokusho kokuhlolwa okufanayo, isihlabathi esimahhadla sinezinzuzo ngaphezu kwesihlabathi esihle.
2. Umthelela wezingxube zobumba esihlabathini
Izihlabathi eziqukethe inani elibalulekile lobumba noma i-loam ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukwenza udaka, ngoba isihlabathi esinjalo sidinga umcako omncane ukukhiqiza ipulasitiki kanye nodaka olusebenza kalula. Izihlabathi zodaka ezinhle akufanele zibe nezinhlayiya ezingaphezu kuka-5% ezinodaka.
3. Umthelela yenani lika-lime
Inani lomcako ekusebenzeni akuvamile ukunqunywa mayelana namandla adingekayo; njengomthetho, i-lime yengezwa kuze kube yilapho udaka luthola i-plasticity edingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe. Kuyacaca ukuthi amandla ehla ngokuncipha kwenani likalamula.
4. Umthelela wenani lamanzi ekulungiseni
Inani lamanzi odaka linomthelela omkhulu kuwo wonke amandla. Njengoba inani lamanzi likhula, amandla aye ayancipha.
5. Amandla osimende anwetshiwe
Ukwengeza umcako odakeni lukasimende ngokuvamile akuzuzi ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla; inhloso ikakhulukazi ukuthola udaka lukasimende olufanele ukushumeka, okungukuthi ipulasitiki. Ngakho-ke, ukungezwa komcako kufanele kukhawulelwe esilinganisweni esidingekayo ukuze kufakwe.
6. Amandla epuleti
Amandla azo zonke izinsika ancike kumumo nosayizi wezifanekiso zokuhlola. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, amandla okucindezela anqunywe ngendlela evamile kumabhulokhi awakwazi ukubhekwa njengokubhekisela kumandla odaka odongeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, fig. 1 ibonisa ukuthi kuma-lime mortar slabs anogqinsi 2 cm kutholwe amandla aphakeme ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kunamandla ekhiyubhu.
Umdwebo 1 — Amandla acindezelayo ngokuya ngobude bomzimba wokuhlola
Ukuncipha nokuvuvuka kodaka lomcako
Lapho i-lime slurry noma i-lime mortar yoma futhi iqina, ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwevolumu ngokuvamile kungabonwa ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane. Ukwehliswa kokuqala kwevolumu ngaphambi kokuqina, okungukuthi, udaka lwepulasitiki, lubizwa ngokuthi i-shrinkage. Ukuncipha kwevolumu ngenxa yokomiswa kodaka oluqinile kubizwa ngokuthi ukuncipha. Uma, ngenxa yomoya nelanga, noma ngenxa ye-substrate eyomile, udaka olusanda kufakwa loma ngokushesha, ukuqhekeka kwenzeka ngenxa yokunciphisa. Uma ukuncipha kodaka oluqinile kuvinjelwa, ukucindezeleka okuqinile kubonakala odakeni, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, ukuqhekeka ngenxa yokuncipha.
Izinguquko zevolumu ngenxa yokumisa kanye nokuncipha zihlukile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ze-lime; nazo zincike ekubunjweni kodaka; ama-fat mortars ancipha kakhulu kunalawo adinga amanzi amancane. I-shrinkage coefficient izoba phezulu emakamelweni omile ashiswa ebusika; le-coefficient izoba ngaphansi kakhulu kuma-mortars abhekene nesimo sezulu; ngendlela efanayo, kukhona umehluko endaweni evulekile, ngoba isimo sezulu sithonya izinga lokumiswa kwe-lime plasters.
Ukuzinza kwevolumu yamapulasi e-lime
Uma ukhuluma ngokuzinza kwevolumu, akufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi imayelana nezinguquko zevolumu okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, kodwa mayelana nezinguquko ezengeziwe zevolumu ezisongela ukuqina kwe-lime mortars. Ngokwenza kanjalo, kufanele kuhlukaniswe izimo ezimbili. Eyokuqala ibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-lime, okufanele i-slaked ngokwanele ukuze ukwehluleka kohlobo olungabonakala ku-Fig.2.
Ngokwesisekelo salokhu okuhlangenwe nakho, kufanele kufunwa ukuthi umcako awusetshenziswa esimweni esisha lapho uvela khona efekthri, nokuthi udaka lomcako oluxubile, ngaphambi kokuba luqale ukufakwa, kufanele lushiywe emkhombeni isikhathi eside ngokwanele, ukuze ngisho nalezo zinhlayiya ezingancibilikisiwe zicime ngemva kwalokho.
Ngemva kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kokuqina kwevolumu kuyacatshangelwa ngendlela okwenziwa ngayo lapho kuhlolwa usimende. Ngokwenza kanjalo, kuzotholakala ukuthi ukwakheka kwe-lime kufana nokuthi ukuqhekeka, isimo sezulu kanye nezinye izinguquko zevolumu ezingamukeleki ngeke zivele isikhathi eside.
Isithombe 2 — Umonakalo wodaka ohlobene nomcako ongashiyiwe ngokwanele