Isaziso esibalulekileyo sezempilo nokhuseleko: Esi sisicatshulwa sobugcisa soovimba, hayi iinkcukacha zemathiriyeli ezisebenzayo, iprojekthi yodaka okanye isikhokelo sokwenza isicelo. I-lime ekhawulezayo kunye ne-slaked, uthuli lwe-lime kunye nemixube emitsha inokubangela ukulimala kakhulu kwesikhumba, amehlo kunye nezitho zokuphefumla; I-lime slaking ivelisa ubushushu obuninzi kwaye inokubangela ukutshiza. Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo, ukuhlolwa kwe-substrate, ulungelelwaniso lokuxuba, ukuhambelana komgangatho, iimeko zokufakela, izixhobo zokukhusela zomntu, ukulawula uthuli kunye nokulahlwa kufuneka kugqitywe ngabaqulunqi abaqeqeshiweyo kunye neekontraki ngokuhambelana namaxwebhu omenzi kunye nemimiselo esebenzayo. Ulwahlulo lwembali kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-DIN olusuka kwisicatshulwa akufuneki lusetyenziswe njengeprojekthi yanamhlanje okanye iinkcukacha zokuthengwa kwempahla ngaphandle koqinisekiso lobuchwephesha.
Ukuthengisa ikalika, ukwenza udaka kunye nokwenza umsebenzi we-facade okanye i-masonry ayiyonxalenye yesipho esitsha sikawonke-wonke se-Savo Kusić. Ugxininiso lwangoku ziifestile zamaplanga, iifestile zeplanga-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiqhelo kunye neengcango. Ngefestile okanye iprojekthi yocango, ungathumela isicelo sesicatshulwa.
Ukwahlula, amanqaku kunye nokwakhiwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zekalika
Iintlobo ezithile zekalika zisetyenziselwa ukwenza udaka lwemasonry kunye nodaka lokutyabeka iindonga. Ezi zixhobo zodaka kufuneka kube nzima ukuzikhupha, kodwa kube lula kwaye kukhuselekile ukuzifaka, kunye nokuthintela ukungena kwamanzi kunye nobushushu emva kokuqina, kwaye kwangaxeshanye kube lula ukuba kungene umphunga wamanzi. Ukwakheka kunye neempawu zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zekalika zahluke kakhulu. Ngokwecandelo elidala (DIN E 1060) kukho: iintlobo zekalika eziqina emoyeni (ikalika eqhelekileyo, ikalika yedolomite kunye nekalika yecarbide), iindidi zekalika ezithi emva kokuqina kokuqala emoyeni ziqina phantsi kwamanzi (i-hydraulic lime, ikalika yehydraulic ephezulu, ikalika yamaRoma).
Ikalika eqhelekileyo iveliswa kweyona calcium carbonate esulungekileyo; emva kokucima kwincadi yekalika, ibonisa umbala omhlophe okanye ithowuni enombala omncinci.
Dolomite lime iveliswa kumatye ekalika edolomite; ngokubanzi ibonisa ukucima okucothayo kancinci; imhlophe qwa okanye incinci umbala.
_Hydraulically_hardening iintlobo zekalika ziqulathe i-asilicic acid enyibilikayo esebenzayo, i-aluminiyam oxide kunye ne-iron oxide.
Roman-lime yikalika esebenza ngoxinzelelo olukhulu olwenziwa ngamanzi kwaye iqala kwangoko ukuqina.
Ikalika yomoya iza emarikeni njengekalika enesigaqa (ekhawulezayo, negaqa elikhawulezayo), njengekalika egayiweyo, intlama yekalika, intlama yekalika kunye nekalika ekhawulezayo.
Ikalika yokuqina ngokwamanzi iza kwimarike rhoqo ngokohlobo lomgubo; inokucima kuphela inxenye. Ikalika yaseRoma ayinakucinywa.
Powder slaked lime kufuneka - ukunqanda i-caking - iqulethe izithako ezingaxutywanga (iCaO kunye neMgO). Le meko ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqhubeni kuba i-slaked lime phambi kokulungiswa kufuneka icinywe ngexesha lokuxuba ukuba iziphene kubuhle beendonga kufuneka ziphetshwe. Abavelisi bekalika kufuneka babonelele ngemigaqo yokulungiswa.
Ukufaka isamente ngetrowel kudonga lwamatye
Ukusebenza kweentlobo ezithile zekalika kunye nodaka lwekalika
Iintsimbi zekalika, ngakumbi iidaka ezenziwe ngekalika eqhelekileyo, zincangathi kakhulu xa zithelekiswa nodaka lwesamente kunye nomlinganiselo ofanayo womxube ngexesha lofakelo. Ngoko ke, ukuze ufumane i-plaster enokuthi isetyenzwe eludongeni, i-lime plaster idinga i-binder encinci kune-samente ye-samente. Iingqayi zesamente ezicekethekileyo ezinekalika eyongeziweyo zingcono ekuzifakeni.
Ngokuxuba ixesha elide kwimixube enesantya esiphezulu, zonke iintsiba zinokulungiswa ukuze zingabi sesichengeni sokuxutywa kwaye zisebenze ngcono.
Udaka lwekalika lugcina amanzi axutyiweyo ixesha elide kunodaka lwesamente; izitena ezomileyo zisusa amanzi kudaka lwesamente ngokukhawuleza kunodaka lwekalika.
Ubungakanani besibophelelo kudaka lwekalika lumiselwa ngokukodwa ngokumalunga nokusebenza kodaka. Iisanti ezicocekileyo, ezineqhekeza elinye zifuna ikalika eninzi kunesanti enamacandelo amaninzi ngodongwe. Ngenxa yoku, nangenxa yobuninzi bamanzi afunekayo ukulungiselela ukulungiswa, udaka lwekalika enesanti yodongwe lukholisa ukubonisa amandla amancinane kakhulu.
Amandla odaka lwekalika
Iintlobo ezithile zekalika yomoya ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha udaka zinika amandla okucinezela kuphela iikg/cm ezimbalwa2 kwiityhubhu, rhoqo malunga 3 ukuya 6 kg/cm2 emva kweeveki ezine. Iintlobo zokwenziwa lukhuni kwekalika ngodaka lodaka oluchanekileyo lwegranulation lunika amandla acinezelayo kwiityhubhu ezimalunga ne-20 kg/cm2 nangaphezulu.
1. Impembelelo yokwakheka kwesanti
Ukubunjwa kweesanti kuchaphazela kakhulu ubukhulu be-compressive, i-tensile kunye ne-flexural power. Iisanti ezinamaqhezu amaninzi aqulunqwe ngokwamava afunyenwe ngodaka lwesamente anike, kunye neentlobo ezithile zekalika ezinobunzima behydraulic, amandla amakhulu kunesanti yeqhekeza elinye. Ngokweemvavanyo ezifanayo, isanti erhabaxa ineengenelo kunesanti ecolekileyo.
2. Iimpembelelo zemixube yodongwe kwisanti
Iisanti ezinezixa ezibalulekileyo zodongwe okanye udaka zisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukwenza udaka, kuba ezo ntlabathi zifuna ikalika encinci ukuvelisa iplastiki kunye nodaka olulula ukulusebenza. Isanti yodaka elungileyo akufuneki iqulathe ngaphezulu kwe 5% intlenga yentlenga.
3. Isiphumo sobungakanani bekalika
Ubungakanani bekalika esetyenziswayo kunqabile ukuba bumiselwe ngokumalunga namandla afunekayo; njengomthetho, i-lime yongezwa kuze kube yilapho udaka lufumana iplastiki efunekayo yokucubungula. Kuyacaca ukuba amandla ehla ngokuhla kwesixa sekalika.
4. Impembelelo yobungakanani bamanzi kulungiselelo lwe
Ubuninzi bamanzi kwiidaka zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuwo onke amandla. Njengoko umthamo wamanzi unyuka, amandla aye ayancipha.
5. Amandla odaka lwesamente olwandisiweyo
Ukufaka ikalika kudaka lwesamente kaninzi akuphumeleli ukonyuka ngamandla; injongo ubukhulu becala kukufumana udaka lwesamente olulungele ukubethelelwa, oko kukuthi iplastiki. Ngoko ke, ukongezwa kwekalika kufuneka kulinganiselwe kumlinganiselo ofunekayo wokufakwa.
6. Amandla epleyiti
Amandla azo zonke iidaka kuxhomekeke kwimilo kunye nobukhulu besampulu zovavanyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, amandla oxinzelelo anqunywe ngendlela eqhelekileyo kwiibhloko azikwazi ukuqwalaselwa ukuba zibhekiselele kumandla omdaka eludongeni. Ukongeza, umkhiwane. 1 ibonisa ukuba kwi-lime mortar slabs ezinobunzima obuyi-2 cm amandla afunyenwe angaphezulu ngokuphindwe kasibhozo ngaphezulu kwamandla etyhubhu.
Figure 1 — Amandla acinezelayo ngokuxhomekeke kubude bomzimba wovavanyo
Ukucutheka kunye nokudumba kodaka lwekalika
Xa i-lime slurry okanye i-lime mortar yoma kwaye iqina, ukuhla okuphawulekayo komthamo kunokubonwa ngokubanzi okanye ngaphantsi. Ukwehliswa kokuqala komthamo ngaphambi kokuqina, oko kukuthi, isadaka yeplastiki eninzi, ibizwa ngokuba yi-shrinkage. Ukuncipha komthamo ngenxa yokoma kodaka oluqinileyo kubhekiselwa kuyo ngokuba yi-shrinkage. Ukuba, ngenxa yomoya kunye nelanga, okanye ngenxa ye-substrate eyomileyo, i-mortar esanda kusetyenziswa iyoma ngokukhawuleza, ukuqhekeka kwenzeka ngenxa yokunciphisa. Ukuba i-shrinkage yodaka olunzima luthintelwe, uxinzelelo lwe-tensile lubonakala kumdaka, kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezingathandekiyo, ukuqhekeka ngenxa yokunciphisa.
Utshintsho lwevolumu ngenxa yokuhlalisa kunye nokunciphisa kuyahluka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zekalika; nazo zixhomekeke ekubunjweni kodaka; amanqatha atyebileyo acutheka ngakumbi kunezo zidinga amanzi amancinci. I-coefficient ye-shrinkage iya kuba phezulu kumagumbi omileyo ashushu ebusika; lo mlinganiso uya kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu kwiidaka ezivezwe kwimozulu; ngendlela efanayo, kukho ukungafani kwindawo evulekileyo, kuba isimo sezulu sichaphazela izinga lokumisa i-lime plasters.
Uzinzo lwevolumu yeeplasta zekalika
Xa uthetha malunga nokuzinza kwevolumu, akufanele kucatshangelwe ukuba malunga neenguqu zevolumu ezixutyushwa ngasentla, kodwa malunga neenguqu ezongezelelweyo zevolumu ezisongela ukuqina kwee-lime mortars. Ngokwenza oko, iimeko ezimbini kufuneka zahlulwe. Eyokuqala ibhekisela ekusetyenzisweni kwekalika, ekufuneka i-slaked ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuba ukungaphumeleli kohlobo olunokuthi lubonwe kwi-Fig.2.
Ngokusekelwe kula mava, kufuneka kunyanzeliswe ukuba ikalika ingasetyenziswa kwimeko entsha ephuma kuyo kumzi-mveliso, kwaye udaka oluxubeneyo lwekalika, ngaphambi kokuba luqalise ukufakwa, lushiywe emkhombeni ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo, ukuze naloo masuntswana angatyibilikanga acinywe emva koko.
Emva koko, uvavanyo lokuzinza kwevolumu luza kuqwalaselwa ngendlela eyenziwa ngayo xa kuhlolwa iisementi. Ngokwenza njalo, kuya kufunyaniswa ukuba ukubunjwa kwe-lime kufana nokuqhekeka, imozulu kunye nezinye iinguqu ezingamkelekanga zomthamo aziyi kubonakala ixesha elide.
Umfanekiso 2 - Umonakalo wodaka onxulunyaniswa nekalika elayitiweyo enganelanga