Chisel work
Mitundu ya tchizi ndi malo a tsamba
Popanda kugwira ntchito ndi chisel, kuphunzira kunyumba sikungatheke kwathunthu. Malumikizidwe a mipando yapanyumba pogwiritsa ntchito mipata ndi mapulagi, kukhazikitsa maloko, kukonza zitseko zapakhomo sizingatheke popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chisel.
Pa ntchito yapakati pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma chisel ndikofunikira kukhala ndi zitatu kapena zinayi. Zovala zokhala ndi mbiri zovuta kwambiri (zopendekeka, zooneka ngati theka la mwezi, ndi zina zotero) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osema ndi akalipentala kupanga mipando yowoneka bwino.
Mpeni wa chisel ndi wachitsulo, ndipo chogwirizira ndi nyundo yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya ndi yamatabwa. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya tchizilo ndi mpeni, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala pakona ya 25° (chithunzi 1, gawo 1).
Matchilo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi awa:
- chisel chathyathyathya chokhala ndi gawo lamakona anayi;
- chisel chathyathyathya chokhala ndi m’mphepete mwake;
- kalipentala wa phula;
- chisel chachitali chotsegula.
Chigwiriro cha tchiselicho chiyenera kukhala ndi mphete yachitsulo pamwamba pake yopapatiza pang’ono kuti chogwiriracho chisachite maluwa chikamenyedwa ndi nyundo yamatabwa.
Tsamba la tchiseli ndi lowongoka (lomwe lili mkati mwa chiselo lokhalo ndi lotupa) ndipo liyenera kugwiridwa mu ndege yodulira. Mbali yopindika ya tchizilo iyenera kuyang’anizana ndi thabwa lomwe likudulidwa, kuponyedwa kunja (mkuyu 1, gawo 2–5).
*Chithunzi1- Malo a tsamba ndi ndondomeko ya ntchito ndi chisel.
Kupanga mabowo ndi kukonza chisel
Pogwira ntchito ndi chisel, tcherani khutu kumbali ya njere ya nkhuni, chifukwa ndi nkhonya yamphamvu, nkhuni zimatha kusweka molunjika ku njere. (chith.1gawo6,7).
Tikafuna kudula chopumira cha pulagi ndi chisel, choyamba tiyenera kudula gawo lomwe silinayende bwino kupita ku ulusi, kenako gawo lomwe likufanana ndi ulusi (mkuyu.1gawo2,2/a, 3,3/a). Choyamba tiyenera kuyika zinthuzo pamalo olimba kuti tipewe kugwedezeka pa nthawi ya ntchito, tiyimitse pafupi ndi gawo loti tidulidwe, ngakhale titasuntha zinthuzo panthawi ya ntchito. Pogwira ntchito, chisel chiyenera kugwiridwa mwamphamvu, osati ndi gawo lachitsulo, koma ndi chogwirira ndi zala zanu mozungulira.
Chiselo chachitali chaching’ono chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudula mabowo apulagi. Ngati pulagi ikufunika kudutsa zinthuzo ndiye kuti ndi bwino kubowola dzenjelo mbali zonse ziwiri mosinthana. Kuzama kwa kudula kudzakhala kochepa kumbali zonse ziwiri.
Chiselo chozungulira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudula malo ozungulira komanso kuchotsa nsonga zakuthwa zamatabwa.
Mbali ya chisel moyang’anizana ndi tsamba ndi yosongoka komanso yowoneka ngati makona, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati “implantation” mu chogwirira. Malo odziwika kwambiri omwe tchizi amathyola ndi gawo lopindika pansi pa chogwirira. Chiselo chikathyoka pamenepo, chimakhala chosagwiritsidwa ntchitonso. Ngati chogwirira cha chisel chikulephera, chikhoza kusinthidwa mosavuta. Ngati tsambalo liwonongeka, likhoza kukonzedwanso pogaya.
Chogwiririracho chimasinthidwa m’njira yoti choyamba chisel amakanikizidwa pa chogwiriracho ndi nsonga yosongoka, kenako akugwira chogwiriracho, ndikuchigwira m’mwamba, ndikumenya mbali yotuluka ya chogwiriracho ndi nyundo kangapo.
Kubowola
Chida chobowola ndi kukonzekera
Muyenera kudziwa kubowola! Pamwamba, kubowola kumawoneka ngati ntchito yosavuta yopangira matabwa, koma pochita izi ndi kokha ngati muli ndi zida zoyenera. Chida chofunikira kwambiri pobowola zomangira ndi misomali ndi kubowola singano. Kuboola zibowo zazikulu kumafunanso kubowola, chifukwa kugwira ntchito ndi zobowola zokulirapo za singano kapena zopindika kumafuna kuchitapo kanthu (chithunzi 2).
Chithunzi 2 — Bowola pamanja ndi mitundu ya matabwa a matabwa.
Popeza sitingakhale ndi zida zonse mumsonkhano wathu wawung’ono, ndibwino kuti tipereke kubowola kwa dzanja limodzi lotchedwa “American”. Kubowola uku kumatha kugwira ntchito ndi ma twist komanso ang’onoang’ono opindika. Sichifuna khama lalikulu kuti mugwiritse ntchito chogwiriracho chifukwa cha gearing, kotero kuti ngakhale osadziŵa akhoza kuchigwiritsa ntchito. Tiyeni tiyike mbale yoyambira pansi pa zinthu zomwe tikubowola, mosasamala kanthu kuti kubowola kumachitidwa ndi dzanja kapena ndi kubowola kwina (ganizirani kuti kubowola kumadutsa muzinthu) ndikugwirizanitsa zonse pamodzi mwamphamvu kuti kubowolako kusagwire zinthu ndikuyamba kutembenuza.
Pobowola nkhuni, nthawi zonse muzisankha zozungulira zochepa. Ngati timagwira ntchito ndi kubowola kwamagetsi komanso kusinthasintha kochepa kwambiri, kubowola kuyenera kusokonezedwa 15-20 masekondi 15-20. Pobowola mofulumira, nkhuni zimatha kutentha kwambiri moti zimasintha mtundu wake komanso zimayaka moto. Phokoso lakuthwa, utsi wowoneka bwino kapena kafungo ka nkhalango yoyaka moto umachenjeza. Kutulutsa pang’ono muzinthu nthawi ndi nthawi pobowola sikumangozizira pang’ono komanso kumathandiza kuchotsa tchipisi mu dzenje. Chip chotsekeredwa pabowo chimachepetsa kwambiri kubowola bwino.
Asanayambe kubowola, malo obowola ayenera kukhala olowera pang’ono ndi msomali kapena nkhonya ya bowo. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa oyamba kumene. Kulowetsa koyamba uku - m’mawu aukadaulo, “kirner” - kumathandizira kuchotsa kubowola panthawi yake yoyamba. Tiyeni tiyang’ane pa mfundo yakuti nsonga ya kubowola siigwedezeka kumbali imodzi, chifukwa pamenepo dzenje lidzakhala lalikulu kusiyana ndi kuyembekezera pambuyo pobowola.
Kudula matailosi okulirapo kuchokera ku chinthu chocheperako kumatchedwanso kubowola, ngakhale ndi mtundu wosiyana kwambiri wa ntchito. Mpeni wosinthika wa dzenje umagwira ntchito ngati chida. Kuti “bowola” ndi chida ichi, ndikofunikira kuti muyambe kubowola kabowo kakang’ono pakati pa cutout ndikuyika nsonga ya mpeni pamenepo. Timayika mpeni pamtunda wofunikira malinga ndi kukula kwa dzenje lomwe tikufuna kubowola. Tsopano timatembenuza tsambalo kangapo ndipo imayamba kuyenda ngati singano pa rekodi ya galamafoni, koma nthawi zonse pamtunda womwewo kuchokera pakati ndikudula zolemba (chithunzi 3).
Kubowola mabowo akulu ndi osawona
Chithunzi 3 — Kudula matailosi ozungulira ndi mpeni wosinthika.
Ngati matabwawo alowetsedwa pobowola, kubowola kuyenera kuyambika kuchokera kumaso. Bowo kumbali imeneyo limakhalabe labwino, ngakhale lili ndi m’mphepete lakuthwa pomwe mbali inayo kubowola kumang’amba zomwe zikubowola. Ngati tikubowola wononga ndi mutu wothira kapena wothira, ndiye kuti tigwiritse ntchito pobowola poto kuti tibowole kumtunda kwa dzenje la wononga mutu. Ngati tilibe chobowola chapadera pa izi, kubowola kokulirapo komwe nsonga yake tidayikapo kokulirapo ingachite. Kubowola kuyenera kuchitidwa mosamala kuti asalowe mozama muzinthuzo.
Ngati bowolo silidutsa pa zinthuzo, ndiye kuti choyamba tiyenera kuyika chizindikiro pabowolo, pamalo pomwe tikufuna kuti lilowetse zinthu (monga pensulo yamitundu, polishi ya misomali, ndi zina). Mwanjira imeneyi sitidzafunika kumangobowola ndikuyesa kuya kwa dzenjelo (chithunzi 4).
Chithunzi 4 — Kuyika chizindikiro pobowola kuti athe kuwongolera kuya kwake.
Planing
Kusankhidwa ndi kunola kwa pulani
Kuti mupewe kukonza, njira yokhayo ndikugula zinthu zomwe zidakonzedwa kale. Popeza zinthu zotere sizingapezeke nthawi zonse, ndipo nthawi zambiri timayenera kukonza m’mphepete mwake, ndi bwino kukhala ndi pulani mu msonkhano wakunyumba. Tikufuna ma planer atatu: imodzi yopangira roughing (planer yayikulu), ina yokonza bwino ndi ina yopangira ma grooves. Mwa atatuwa, titha kusiya grater yayikulu, chifukwa sitikhala ndi vuto lokonza malo akulu, ovuta. Ndipo tikayenera kutero, titha kugwiritsa ntchito grater pokonza bwino. Inde, ntchitoyi itenga nthawi yayitali.
Mtima wa planer ndi mpeni wakuthwa bwino (mkuyu 5) wokhala ndi mpeni wowongoka. Mbali ya tsamba ndi 25°. Pogwira ntchito, mpeni uyenera kutetezedwa kuti usamenye chinthu chachitsulo, mwachitsanzo. msomali woiwalika kapena shank yake imatha kuwononga mpeni ndikupangitsa kuti isagwiritsidwe ntchito. (Ngati tipereka pulaniyo kwa mmisiri ndipo ngati chifukwa cha kusasamala kwathu msomali wina wobisika kapena mbali ina ya hardware itsalira m’zinthuzo, mtengo wa macheka kapena mpeni wa planer uyenera kulipidwa pa chidutswa chilichonsecho).
Chithunzi 5 — Maonekedwe a pulani ndi malo a mbali zake.
Mpeni wa pulaniyo uyenera kunoledwa pamwala waukulu kwambiri wogaya kuti tsambalo lisapindike, kutanthauza kuti lisawonekere mozungulira mwala wa whetstone. Tikanola, titha kugwiritsa ntchito chida chothandizira, chopangidwa ndi bolodi pamtunda wa 25°, pomwe timatha kunyamula mpeni wa planer panthawi yomwe tikunola, chifukwa ngakhale mmisiri wodziwa bwino amatha kudziwa mbali ya 25° ndizovuta.
Tikanola mpeni pamwala wozungulira, tiyenera kusalaza m’mphepete mwa tsambalo pamwala wathyathyathya. Sitiyenera kuiwala kuti ntchito ya planer ndikuwongolera pamwamba pa bolodi mokongola momwe mungathere, ndipo izi zikhoza kuchitika pokhapokha ngati tsambalo liri lathyathyathya. Mwala wopukutira wokhoza kupezeka m’masitolo a hardware. Kunola mpeni pamwala wathyathyathya wonyowa kuyenera kuchitidwa pokoka mpeni (monga ndi mpeni wokhazikika) pamwamba pa mwalawo mozungulira. Mphepete zakuthwa za tsambazo ziyenera kuchotsedwa ndi mchenga kuti zisasiye zizindikiro zakuthwa muzinthu pokonza. Woyamba sayenera kuchita manyazi “kuba” chidziwitso ichi kwa mbuye.
Kusintha mpeni wa planer
Tsamba la pulaniyo limakhazikika ndi mphero yamatabwa potsegulira chokonzera. Pamene mukukonzekera, gwirani mpeni ndi cheji ndi chala chachikulu cha dzanja lanu lamanzere. Ndi mikwingwirima yaing’ono ya nyundo, yomwe timagwira m’dzanja lamanja, timakonza mpeni. Izi ziyenera kuchitidwa mosamala atagwira grater mumlengalenga ndi chikhatho ndi zala zina za dzanja lamanzere.
Mpeni uyenera kutuluka pang’ono kuchokera pansi pa pulaniyo, ndipo tsambalo liyenera kung’ambika ndi pansi pa pulaniyo. Ndibwino kuti mpeni usatuluke m’munsi mwa planer pamene mukuyiyika, koma kuti mpeniwo umasinthidwa ndi nyundo zing’onozing’ono zowomba pambuyo posinthidwa. Ngati mpeni watuluka kwambiri, sufulumizitsa ntchitoyo chifukwa umadula zinthu mozama kwambiri. Ndikosavuta kulowetsa mpeni kuti uchite zambiri kuposa kuukokanso. Ndikofunika kuti kugogoda kwa mpeni kumbali ya tsamba kutenge malo oyenera. Opaleshoniyi imachitidwanso mu “mpweya” mutagwira grater ku dzanja lamanzere (chithunzi 6).
Chithunzi 6 - Kusintha malo a mpeni wa planer.
Tikafuna kuchotsa mpeni, ndikofunikira kumenya mbali yakumbuyo ya thupi la grater kangapo ndi nyundo, ndithudi ikakwezedwa.
Chigawo chofunikira cha grater ndi choyikapo (chowombera dzimbiri), chomwe chimamangiriridwa ku mpeni ndi screw. Ntchito ya choyikapo ndi kuthyola zipsera zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kutsogolo kwa mpeni, apo ayi, chithovucho chingatsekedwe msanga.
Makonzedwe ndi ndondomeko
Opaleshoni yokonzekera ikuchitika motere: ndi dzanja lamanja, timakumbatira kumapeto kwa planer kuti chala chachikulu chikhale kumanzere, ndi zala zina pamodzi kumanja pafupi ndi mphero; ndi dzanja lamanzere, gwirani grater ndi nsonga - kumapeto kwa chogwirira, ndikuwongolera grater. Dzanja lamanja limapereka kukakamiza kokwanira kugwira ntchito. Pewani mofanana posuntha grater mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo m’masitiro akuluakulu, osayika kupanikizika kwambiri pa grater. Tikamakokera kumbuyo, timapinda pang’ono grater m’mphepete, motero timasunga mpeni.
Muyenera kukonzekera motsatira njere zamatabwa, chifukwa ngakhale choyikapo chabwino sichingasungitse bolodi kapena lath kuti lisagawe ngati pulaniyo ikuchitika kwina. Khama lokhazikitsa bolodi moyenera sikuyenera kudandaula. Ngati mayendedwe a ulusi asintha, tiyenera kuyika planer nthawi zonse kunjira ya ulusi, kotero timakonzekera nthawi zina mbali imodzi komanso mbali ina, nthawi zonse pansi pa ulusi (chithunzi 7).
Chomwe chimakhala chovuta kwambiri ndikukonza malo opingasa, chifukwa mpeni umayenera kudutsa ulusi kotero kuti umathyola ndi kuwagawa. Izi ndi zomwe zili kumapeto kwa matabwa. Zikatero, muyenera kukonzekera kuchokera m’mphepete mwakunja kupita pakati. Iyi si ntchito yophweka chifukwa chopukutira chimagwedeza manja (chithunzi 7, pakati).
Chithunzi 7 - Kukonzekera kolowera ndi chithandizo cha chogwirira ntchito.
A grater yoyeretsera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanja malo okonzedwa. Ndi mbale yachitsulo yamakona anayi yokhala ndi nsonga yakuthwa, yomwe, ikugwira ndi manja onse awiri, imakokera pamwamba pa planed ndipo potero imayeretsa kusagwirizana kotsalira.
Kukonzekera kumafuna kuti chogwirira ntchito chimangidwe kuti chimangidwe mwamphamvu ndikuyendetsa molimba pokonzekera, monga kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kumachitika panthawi ya makina. Choncho, tiyeni tiyike chinthucho pa benchi yogwirira ntchito, ngati tilibe benchi ya kalipentala, ndikumangirira ku screw ndi chomangira chamanja. Sitiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito tebulo lopukutidwa ndi miyendo yopyapyala ngati desiki, koma tiyenera kusankha tebulo lolemera, lokutidwa ndi khitchini. Timatsamira tebulo pakhoma kapena, ngakhale bwino, pafupi ndi bolodi lomwe likukonzedwa. Komabe, pamenepa pali chiopsezo kuti chala chachikulu cha dzanja lathu lamanzere adzakakamira pakati pa khoma ndi nsonga chifukwa inertia.
Yankho lothandiza: tiyeni tiyike benchi yotchingidwa ndi nsalu yochindikala pakati pa tebulo logwirira ntchito ndi khoma kuti m’mphepete mwa tebulo ndi benchi zisawombane komanso zovuta pakhoma zikhale zofewa. Tsopano timakonza chogwirira ntchito ndi zomangira patebulo yokutidwa ndi bulangeti. Tithanso kuyika bolodi yopyapyala pakati pa m’mphepete mwa soketi ndi khoma (chithunzi 7, pansipa).
Ngati tiyika mbali yopingasa ya ulusi, timakanikiza chogwirira ntchito mu vise kuti ulusi uyende molunjika. Sipayenera kukhala chinthu chilichonse pafupi ndi dzanja chomwe chingavulaze dzanja.
Rasps ndi mafayilo opangira matabwa
Ndi zida zojambulira ndi kukonza, matabwa amatha kukonzedwa popanda chidziwitso chapadera. Chowonjezera ichi chimaphatikizapo rasp ndi fayilo yamatabwa. Gawo loyenera kukonzedwa liyenera kukhazikika pamtunda wa chigongono (chithunzi 8). Timayika fayilo ndi nsonga ndi dzanja lathu lamanzere, ndi chogwirira ndi dzanja lathu lamanja, ndikuchikanikiza ku chinthu chomwe chikukonzedwa, timachikoka mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo kuti kutalika kwa fayilo kupitirire pamwamba kuti ikonzedwe. Mukayika mbali za pamwamba, zikwapu zazifupi ndi fayilo zimatsogolera ku cholinga. Fayilo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumaliza m’mphepete, kubowola mabowo, kuzungulira, kumaliza ndi kukonza gawo la ulusi. Apanso, pali kuthekera kothyola kamtengo kakang’ono kapena kokulirapo. Chidutswacho chikagwidwa pakati pa matabwa awiri ofanana, kuthekera kothyoka m’mphepete kumachepetsedwa.
Chithunzi 8 - Malo a chogwirira ntchito panthawi yokonza ndi kusefa.
Utomoni wa nkhuni ndi zometa zing’onozing’ono zimatsekereza mano a fayilo, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuyeretsa. Njira imodzi yoyeretsera fayilo ndikugwiritsa ntchito burashi yawaya. Komabe, burashi yawaya imawononga mano a fayilo, ndipo kuyeretsa sikuli 100%. Njira yabwino yoyeretsera ndikuyika fayiloyo m’madzi otentha ndikuyeretsa ndi burashi wamba. Mwanjira iyi, utomoni ndi kumeta kwa zinthu zapulasitiki zimachotsedwa. Pambuyo pakuyeretsa koteroko, fayiloyo iyenera kupukuta ndi kuuma, apo ayi idzachita dzimbiri. Ngati fayiloyo siidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, tikhoza kuiphimba ndi mafuta ochepa, omwe tidzachotsa tisanagwiritsenso ntchito polemba chidutswa cha zidutswa.