Kayan aiki
Nau’in chisels da matsayi na ruwa
Ba tare da yin aiki da chisel ba, ƙwarewa a gida ba za a iya yin shi gaba ɗaya ba. Haɗuwa da sassan kayan daki ta amfani da ramummuka da matosai, shigar da makullai, gyaran gyare-gyaren ƙofa ba zai yiwu a yi ba tare da amfani da chisel ba.
Don matsakaita aiki daga nau’ikan chisels iri-iri yana da mahimmanci a sami kusan uku ko huɗu. Chisels tare da mafi rikitarwa bayanan martaba (slanted, rabin-wata siffa, da dai sauransu.) Ana amfani da sculptors da kafintoci don yin kayan ado na salo.
Tsarin kashin da aka yi shi da karfe ne, kuma atamfa da gudumar da ake buga shi da katako ne. Abu mafi mahimmanci na chisel shine ruwan wukake, wanda yawanci yana a kusurwar 25° (hoto 1, sashi 1).
Mafi amfani da chisels sune:
- lebur chisel tare da sashin rectangular;
- lebur chisel tare da bevelled gefuna;
- gunkin kafinta mai rami;
- dogon chisel don buɗewa.
Dole ne a ba da hannun chisel a gefe na sama tare da zobe na ƙarfe wanda ke rufe ɓangaren sama mai ɗan kunkuntar don kada hannun ya yi fure lokacin da aka buga shi da guduma na katako.
Gilashin chisel madaidaiciya ne (kawai a cikin ɓangarorin chisel yana ƙumburi) kuma yakamata a riƙe shi a cikin jirgin yankan. Bangaren da aka lanƙwasa ya fuskanci ɓangaren itacen da ake yankewa, a jefar da shi (fig. 1, part 2–5).
*Hoto1- Matsayin ruwa da tsarin aiki tare da chisel.
Yin ramuka da kula da chisel
Lokacin yin aiki tare da chisel, kula da jagorancin ƙwayar itacen itace, saboda tare da karfi mai karfi, itacen zai iya fashe a cikin hanyar hatsi. (fig.1, sashi6,7).
Lokacin da muke son yanke hutu don filogi tare da chisel, dole ne mu fara yanke sashin da ya dace da al’adar fiber sannan kawai sashin da yake daidai da fiber (fig.1, sashi2,2/a, 3,3/a). Dole ne mu fara sanya kayan a kan wani wuri mai mahimmanci don kauce wa girgizawa yayin aiki, matsa shi kamar yadda zai yiwu zuwa ɓangaren da za a yanke, koda kuwa dole ne mu motsa kayan a lokacin aiki. Lokacin aiki, ya kamata a riƙe chisel da ƙarfi, ba ta ɓangaren ƙarfe ba, amma ta hannun hannu tare da yatsun hannu a kusa da shi.
Ana iya amfani da dogayen ƙunƙun chisel don yanke ramukan murabba’i masu zurfi don filogi. Idan filogi yana buƙatar wucewa ta cikin kayan to yana da kyau a tono rami daga bangarorin biyu a madadin. Zurfin yankan zai zama karami a bangarorin biyu.
Ana amfani da chisel mai madauwari don yanke buɗaɗɗen madauwari da kuma cire gefuna masu kaifi na itace.
Bangaren chisel da ke gaban ruwa mai nuni da siffa mai murabba’i, kuma ana amfani da shi don “dasa” a cikin riko. Wurin da aka fi sani da chisels yana karya shi ne sashin da aka zayyana a ƙarƙashin hannu. Lokacin da chisel ya karye a wannan lokacin, ya zama mara amfani don ƙarin aiki. Idan hannun chisel ya gaza, ana iya maye gurbinsa cikin sauƙi. Idan lahani ya faru ga ruwan wukake, ana iya sabunta ta ta hanyar niƙa.
Ana daidaita maƙalar ta hanyar da farko za a danna chisel a cikin hannun tare da ƙarshen mai nunawa, sannan ya kama hannun kuma, riƙe shi a cikin iska, ya buga ɓangaren da ke fitowa na rike da gudu sau da yawa.
Hakowa
Kayan aiki da shirye-shiryen hakowa
Kuna buƙatar sanin yadda ake rawar soja! A saman, hakowa yana kama da aiki mafi sauƙi a cikin aikin katako, amma a aikace kawai idan kuna da kayan aikin da suka dace. Mafi mahimmanci kayan aiki don haƙa ramuka don sukurori da kusoshi shine rawar allura. Hana manyan ramuka kuma yana buƙatar ɗan ramuka kamar yadda aiki tare da manyan na’urorin allura ko murɗawa yana ɗaukar wasu ayyuka (Fig.2).
*Hoto2- rawar hannu da nau’ikan ƙwanƙwasa don itace.
Tun da ba za mu iya samun duk kayan aikin a cikin ƙaramin bitar mu ba, zai fi kyau idan muka samar da rawar hannu ɗaya da aka sani da “American”. Wannan rawar motsa jiki na iya aiki tare da duka biyun karkatarwa da ƙarami. Ba ya buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa don yin amfani da kayan aiki saboda gearing, don haka ko da wanda ba a sani ba zai iya sarrafa shi. Muna sanya farantin baya a ƙarƙashin kayan da muke hakowa, ba tare da la’akari da ko ana yin hakowa da hannu ko kuma da wani rawar soja ba (la’akari da cewa rawar za ta bi ta cikin kayan) kuma mu riƙe komai tare da ƙarfi don kada rawar ya kama kayan ya fara juya shi.
Koyaushe zaɓi ƙaramin adadin juyi don hako itace. Idan muka yi aiki tare da rawar lantarki kuma a mafi ƙarancin adadin juyin juya hali, ya kamata mu daina hakowa kowane lokaci15-20seconds. Lokacin da ake hakowa da sauri, itacen zai iya yin zafi har ya canza launi har ma ya kama wuta. Sauti mai kaifi, hayaƙi a cikin nau’i mai kyau ko kamshin dajin da ke ƙonewa yana faɗakar da shi. Cire bit ɗin daga cikin kayan lokaci-lokaci lokacin hakowa ba kawai yana sanyaya bit ba amma yana taimakawa fitar da kwakwalwan kwamfuta daga cikin rami. Guntu mai makale a cikin rami yana rage ingancin hakowa sosai.
Kafin a fara hakowa, wurin da za a haƙa ya kamata a danƙa shi da ƙusa ko rami. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga masu farawa. Wannan shigarwar farko - a cikin ƙwararru, “kirner” - yana taimakawa wajen fitar da rawar soja a lokacin juyin juya halin farko. Bari mu kula da gaskiyar cewa ba a karkatar da tip na rawar soja a gefe ɗaya ba, domin a cikin wannan yanayin, bayan hakowa, za a sami buɗaɗɗe mafi girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani.
Yanke babban tayal madauwari daga abu mafi sira kuma ana kiransa naushi, kodayake nau’in aiki ne na daban. Wukar rami mai daidaitacce tana aiki azaman kayan aiki. Don “rasa” tare da wannan kayan aiki, dole ne a riga an yi rami a tsakiyar tsakiyar yanke kuma sanya tip na wuka a can. Mun saita wuka zuwa nisan da ake buƙata bisa ga diamita na ramin da muke so mu huda. Yanzu muna juya ruwa sau da yawa kuma yana fara motsawa kamar allura akan rikodin gramophone, amma koyaushe a nesa ɗaya daga tsakiyar yanke rikodin (hoto).3).
Hako manyan ramuka da makafi
Hoto3- Yanke tayal da’ira da wuka mai daidaitacce.
Idan dole ne a shigar da itace a lokacin hakowa, ya kamata a fara hakowa daga fuskar kayan. Ramin da ke wancan gefen ya kasance mai kyau, har ma da kaifi gefuna yayin da a gefe guda ƙwanƙwasa ya yayyage kayan yayin da yake motsawa. Idan muna hako rami mai dunƙulewa tare da ƙwanƙwasa ko kai, to dole ne mu yi amfani da rawar motsa jiki don fashe babban ɓangaren ramin don shugaban dunƙule. Idan ba mu da ɗigon rawar soja na musamman don haka, ɗan ƙaramin rawar soja mai kauri wanda tukwicinsa da muka yi ƙasa a baya zuwa babban kusurwa zai yi. Ya kamata a yi aikin hakowa a hankali don kar a shiga cikin kayan sosai.
Idan rami bai wuce ta cikin kayan ba, to dole ne mu fara sanya alamar rawar jiki, a wurin da muke so ya shiga cikin kayan (misali da fensir mai launi, goge ƙusa, da sauransu). Ta haka ba za mu ci gaba da fitar da rawar sojan mu auna zurfin ramin ba (hoto 4).
Hoto 4 - Alamar rawar soja don sarrafa zurfin hakowa.
Planing
Zabi da kaifin jirgin sama
Don guje wa tsarawa, zaɓi ɗaya kawai shine siyan kayan da aka riga aka tsara. Tun da irin wannan abu ba za a iya samun ko da yaushe ba, kuma sau da yawa dole ne mu aiwatar da gefuna, ya fi kyau a sami mai tsarawa a cikin aikin gida. Muna buƙatar masu yin gyare-gyare guda uku: ɗaya don roughing (manyan jirgin sama), ɗaya don tsarawa mai kyau da ɗaya don tsagi. Daga cikin waɗannan ukun, za mu iya barin babban grater, tun da ba za mu kasance a cikin halin da ake ciki don aiwatar da manyan, m saman. Kuma lokacin da za mu yi shi, za mu iya amfani da grater don aiki mai kyau. Tabbas, aikin zai ɗauki tsawon lokaci.
Rai na grater wuka ce mai kaifi (fig.5) da madaidaicin ruwa. The kwana na ruwa ne25°. Lokacin aiki, dole ne a kiyaye wuka daga buga wani ƙarfe, misali. ƙusa da aka manta ko ɓacin ransa na iya lalata ruwan kuma ya sa ba za a iya amfani da shi ba. (Idan muka damƙa shirin shirin ga mai sana’a kuma idan saboda rashin kulawar mu wasu ɓoyayyun ƙusa ko ɓangaren kayan masarufi ya ragu a cikin kayan, dole ne a biya kuɗin zato ko wuƙan da aka yi da wuƙa ga kowane irin wannan yanki).
*Hoto5- Siffar gyale da matsayin sassansa.
Yakamata a kaifi babban dutsen dutsen da zai yuwu don kada ruwan ya yi rami, watau. don a bayyane kar a karɓi zagaye na dutsen farar. Lokacin kaifi, za mu iya amfani da kayan aiki mai taimako, wanda aka yi da katako a kusurwar25°, wanda za mu iya rike wuka na planer a lokacin da ake kaifi, saboda yana da wuya ko da gwanin gwani ya ƙayyade kusurwa daga.25°.
Bayan kaifi wuka a kan wani zagaye na dutsen farar fata, dole ne a sassauta gefuna na ruwan a kan wani lebur mai lebur. Kada a manta cewa aikin mai shirin shine ya shimfiɗa saman allon da kyau sosai kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma ana iya yin hakan ne kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa ruwa yana da kyau. Ana iya samun dutse mai lebur daga shagunan kayan masarufi. Za a yi wuƙa a kan jikakken dutse mai faɗi ta hanyar jawo ruwan wuka (kamar yadda ake yin wuƙa ta yau da kullun) akan dutsen a madauwari. Ya kamata a cire gefuna masu kaifi na ruwa ta hanyar yashi don kada su bar alamomi masu kaifi a cikin kayan lokacin shiryawa. Bai kamata mafari ya ji kunyar “sata” wannan ilimin daga wurin ubangida ba.
Daidaita wukar planer
Ana gyara shingen katako tare da igiya na katako a cikin buɗewa na shirin. Lokacin daidaitawa, riƙe wuka da yanke da babban yatsan hannun hagu. Tare da ƙananan bugun guduma, wanda muke riƙe a hannun dama, muna daidaita wuka. Ya kamata a yi wannan a hankali riƙe grater a cikin iska tare da dabino da sauran yatsun hannun hagu.
Wuka ya kamata ya fito kadan kadan daga kasan mai shirin, kuma ruwan wuka dole ne a dunkule da kasa na mai shirin. Yana da kyau cewa wukar ba ta fito daga ƙananan ɓangaren jirgin ba kwata-kwata lokacin shigar da ita, amma a gyara wukar tare da ƙananan bugun guduma bayan an gyara shingen katako. Idan wuka ta manne da yawa, ba ta hanzarta aikin saboda tana yankewa cikin kayan cikin sauƙi sosai. Yana da sauƙi don matsar da wuka don haɗawa fiye da yadda za a cire ta baya. Yana da mahimmanci cewa danna wuka a gefen ruwa yana ɗaukar matsayi daidai. Ana sake yin wannan aikin a cikin “iska” yayin riƙe da grater a hannun hagu (Fig6).
*Hoto6- Daidaita matsayin wuka mai tsarawa.
Lokacin da muke so mu cire wuka, wajibi ne a buga baya na jikin grater tare da guduma sau da yawa, ba shakka, lokacin da aka tashe shi.
Wani muhimmin sashi na grater shine saka (mai fashewar tsatsa), wanda aka haɗe zuwa wuka tare da dunƙule. Aikin da ake sakawa shi ne karya dattin da aka tara a gaban wukar, in ba haka ba za a toshe wurin da sauri.
Tsarin tsari da tsari
Aikin shirin yana gudana a cikin tsari mai zuwa: tare da hannun dama, mun rungumi ƙarshen baya na mai tsarawa don yatsa ya kwanta a hagu, da sauran yatsunsu tare a gefen dama kusa da kullun; tare da hannun hagu, ansu rubuce-rubucen da grater ta tip - gaban karshen rike, da kuma sarrafa grater. Hannun dama yana ba da isasshen matsi don aiki. Goge ko da yaushe ta hanyar matsar da grater baya da baya cikin manyan bugun jini, ba tare da yin matsi mai yawa ga grater ba. Lokacin ja da baya, muna lankwasa grater kadan a gefen, don haka ajiye wuka.
Ya kamata ku yi shiri koyaushe tare da hatsin itace, saboda ko da mafi kyawun sakawa ba zai iya ajiye allo ko batten daga rarrabuwa ba idan an yi shirin a kishiyar. Yunkurin kafa hukumar yadda ya kamata ba abin takaici bane. Idan alkiblar zaruruwa ta canza, dole ne mu sanya mai tsara shirin ko da yaushe a cikin hanyar fiber, don haka za mu tsara wani lokaci a wata hanya kuma wani lokacin a wata hanya, koyaushe ƙasa da fiber (hoto).7).
Mafi wuya shi ne shirin da ake yi na shingen shinge, saboda wuka dole ne ya yanke zaruruwa don haka ya karya su, yaga su. Wannan shi ne yanayin da ƙarshen allunan. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ya kamata ku shirya daga gefuna na waje zuwa tsakiya. Wannan ba aiki bane mai sauƙi musamman saboda grater yana jujjuya hannun (Fig7, matsakaici).
*Hoto7- Hanyar shiryawa da goyan bayan aikin aikin.
Ana amfani da grater mai tsaftacewa don daidaita saman da aka shirya. Farantin karfe ne mai siffar rectangular tare da kaifi mai kaifi, wanda, rike da hannaye biyu, ana jan shi a saman da aka tsara don haka yana tsaftace sauran rashin daidaituwa.
Tsare-tsare yana buƙatar kayan aikin da za a daure su da ƙarfi kuma a yi aiki da ƙarfi a kan hanyar tsarawa, kamar yadda firgita mai ƙarfi ke faruwa yayin aikin injin. Don haka, bari mu sanya abin a kan benci na aiki, idan ba mu da benci na kafinta, kuma mu ɗaure shi zuwa dunƙule tare da manne hannu. Kada mu yi amfani da tebur mai gogewa tare da ƙananan ƙafafu a matsayin tebur, amma ya kamata mu zaɓi tebur mai nauyi, rufin dafa abinci. Muna jingina teburin da bango ko, ma mafi kyau, kusa da allon da ake sarrafa shi. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan yanayin akwai haɗari cewa babban yatsan hannun hagu zai makale tsakanin bango da tip saboda rashin aiki.
Magani mai amfani: bari mu sanya benci da aka rufe da wani yadi mai kauri tsakanin teburin aikin da bango don kada gefuna na teburin da benci ba su yi karo ba kuma tasirin bango yana da laushi. Yanzu muna ɗaure kayan aikin tare da manne zuwa teburin da aka rufe da bargo. Hakanan zamu iya sanya guntun katako mai sirara tsakanin gefuna na soket da bango (Fig7, kasa).
Idan muka jirgin saman giciye na zaruruwa, za mu matse aikin a cikin wani madaidaici ta yadda zaruruwan ke gudana a tsaye. Kada a sami wani abu kusa da hannun da zai iya cutar da hannun.
Rasps da fayiloli don aikin katako
Tare da shigar da kayan aiki da tsarawa, ana iya sarrafa saman itace ba tare da wani sani na musamman ba. Wannan kayan haɗi ya haɗa da rasp da fayil na itace. Ya kamata a gyara sashin da za a sarrafa a tsayin gwiwar hannu (Fig8). Muna riƙe fayil ɗin ta tip tare da hannun hagu, da kuma hannun dama, kuma muna danna shi a kan abin da ake shiryawa, muna ja shi baya da baya ta yadda tsayin fayil ɗin ya wuce saman don sarrafa shi. Lokacin daidaita sassan saman, gajeriyar bugun jini tare da fayil yana kaiwa ga manufa. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da fayil don ƙare gefuna, ramuka, zagaye, ƙarewa da sarrafa sashin giciye na zaruruwa. Anan ma, akwai yuwuwar fasa ƙaramin itace ko babba. Idan an kama guntuwar injin tsakanin guda biyu iri ɗaya na itace, ana rage yuwuwar guntuwar gefuna.
*Hoto8- Matsayin aikin aikin a lokacin tsarawa da ƙaddamarwa.
Resin daga itace da ƙananan shavings da sauri ya toshe haƙoran fayil ɗin, kuma wannan yana da wuyar tsaftacewa. Hanya ɗaya don tsaftace fayil ita ce amfani da goshin waya. Koyaya, goga na waya yana lalata haƙoran fayil ɗin, kuma tsaftacewa har yanzu ba 100% bane. Hanyar tsaftacewa mafi kyau ita ce jiƙa fayil ɗin a cikin ruwan zafi sannan a tsaftace shi da goga na yau da kullun. Ta wannan hanyar, ana cire resin da shavings na kayan filastik. Bayan irin wannan tsaftacewa, dole ne a goge fayil ɗin kuma a bushe, in ba haka ba zai yi tsatsa. Idan fayil ɗin ba za a daɗe da amfani da shi ba, za mu iya rufe shi da ɗan ƙaramin mai, wanda za mu cire kafin amfani da shi ta hanyar shigar da guntun guntun.