Maikaʻi mōʻaukala weliweli — mai hoʻāʻo i nā kaʻina hana i wehewehe ʻia: mālama ka ʻatikala i nā kikokikona waihona mua a me nā nui, akā ʻaʻole ia he protocol laboratory, loiloi pilikia, a i ʻole ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa. Ua haʻi ʻia, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hydrogen fluoride a hydrofluoric acid, sodium cyanide, mercury, lead, cadmium a me chromium (VI) pūhui, nitric, sulfuric a me ka sodium acids, alkalis ikaika, flammable solvents a me nā ʻauʻau i hoʻomehana ʻia.150°C. ʻO ka ʻike hewa ʻole, ka hui pū ʻana, ka ipu, ka ea, ka mahana a i ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana e hiki ke hoʻomake i ka make, ke ahi hohonu, nā kinoea ʻona, ke ahi, ka pahū a me nā ʻōpala weliweli. Mai hoʻomākaukau a hoʻohana i kēia mau hui ʻana i kou home a i ʻole hale hana makeshift. Aia ia hana i loko o kahi ʻenehana ʻenehana a i ʻole keʻena ʻoihana me ka mākaʻikaʻi kemika akamai, kahi kaʻina hana i pani ʻia, ka ea kūpono, kahi hoʻolālā pilikia, nā pepa ʻikepili palekana kūpono a me ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā ʻōpala kūpono.
I kēia lā, nānā ʻo Savo Kusić i nā puka makani lāʻau, mau pukaaniani laau-aluminika, pukapuka maʻamau, puka a me noi no ka haʻi ʻōlelo. He waihona mōʻaukala kēia ʻatikala a ʻaʻole hōʻike i kahi hāʻawi o ka hana metala kemika.
ʻAiʻino
Kāhea mākou i ke kālai ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe kemika o nā ʻili o nā metala. No laila, no ka laʻana, i ka hana ʻana i nā kahakaha keleawe, ua uhi ʻia kahi pā keleawe me ka wax, kiʻi ʻia ke kiʻi a i ʻole kikokikona me ka nila, a ninini ʻia ka waikawa nitric ma luna. E ʻino ka ʻakika i nā ʻili i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi hana like no ka etching aniani. He mea weliweli loa nā kemika corrosive, no laila pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mīkina lima lima, nā pale a me nā aniani palekana.
Nā hoʻonā etching mōʻaukala
Hoʻololi ʻia nā helu a pau ma lalo nei e mālama i ka ʻike kumu a ʻaʻole no ka hoʻohana pono. ʻO ka mea nui, hiki i ka hydrogen fluoride ke hana i ka pōʻino nui a me ka ʻona ʻōnaehana ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻike koke ʻia ka ʻeha; ʻO ka waikawa nitric e hana i nā uahi weliweli loa. ʻAʻole lawa pono nā mīkina lima maʻamau a me nā maka aniani wale nō.
Hana ʻia nā pā kila me:
120 g o 80% waiʻona,
8 g waikawa nitric a me
1 g o ke kālā nitrate, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai.
Hana ʻia ʻo Zinc me:
1000 ml wai,
100 g potassium alum,
30-100 ml ka waikawa nitric.
No ka etching aniani hoʻohana mākou:
1hapa o ka hydrogen fluoride a
1-6 hapa wai.
No ka wehe ʻana, wehe i ka pena kahiko mai nā ʻili:
2 ʻāpana o ka asphalt i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i
5 ʻāpana o ka turpentine (anu).
(ʻauʻau mehana):
5 ʻāpana o ka asphalt,
10 ʻāpana o ka wax,
3 ʻāpana resin,
8 ʻāpana o ka mastic,
2 ʻāpana o ka tallow.
Oxidation
ʻO ka uhi ʻana o nā ʻili metala me kahi ʻāpana pale, kapa ʻia ka oxide. Ma mua o ka uhi ʻana i ka metala me kēia papa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻonani ʻana, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono ʻia nā ʻili i ka momona.
ʻOi aku ka nāwaliwali o ka ʻinoʻino o nā ʻili i pale ʻia i ka pena, akā naʻe, hoʻonui ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana ma ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā pores liʻiliʻi me ke aniani wai a i ʻole ka varnish kala ʻole.
Nā hoʻonā hoʻoheheʻe mōʻaukala
Ua hana ʻia ka uhi polū o ke keleawe me:
20-30 g / l lead acetate,
60 g / l sodium thiosulfate,
30 g / l o 95% hoʻoheheʻe acetic acid.
Menahana lumi lumi: 80°C. Ka manawa hoʻokahe: 5 min.
Ka uhi keleawe me ka pena ʻeleʻele:
9,4g / l o ka sodium hydroxide i
3,1g / l o ka ammonium persulfate.
Mahana:100°C, manawa ho’ohāhā:5 minuta.
Pena ʻeleʻele o nā ʻili kila:
120-150g / l o ka sodium hydroxide,
30g / l o ka sodium nitrate,
20g / l carbamide a me
100 ml o ka wai wela i140-150°Ca ke hoʻokō nei mākou i ka oxidation i ka wā o20-30 minuta.
ʻO ka uhi ʻana i ke keleawe me kahi kala ʻeleʻele e hana ʻia me:
40-50g / l o ka sodium-thioantimonate, ma kahi mahana o 45-50°C.
a me5-10g / l o ka potassium sulphide ma60-80°Ci ka manawa o10-15 minuta.
Pena polū o nā ʻili kila:
30 g iron chloride, FeCl3 · 6H20;
30 g mercuric nitrate, Hg(NO3)2;
30g sodium acid (22B°);
120 g o ka waiʻona;
120 g o ka wai.
Ka wela; 20-25°C, manawa; 20 minuta.
Ka kala ʻeleʻele o ka pā kila cadmium:
62 g / l potassium bichromate,
3,1 g / l nitric acid (ka mānoanoa kiko 1,2)
Ka wela: 60–70°C.
Ka Lapa Kūikawā: ʻO nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma kēia ʻāpana he mau pūhui kepau, mercury, cadmium, a me chromium, a me nā ʻakika ikaika a me nā kumu ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻohe “home” palekana e pani ai no ka hana ʻoihana, ʻike a me nā kaohi ʻōpala. Mai wela, hoʻoulu a hoʻāʻo i kēia mau ʻauʻau.
Ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia o nā ʻili metala
Ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā uhi metala, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā ʻili metala (Fig1).
Kiʻi1- he moʻolelo mōʻaukala o kekahi mau ʻauʻau ʻauʻau ʻauʻau.
ʻO nā haʻina alkaline no ke kila a me ka hao:
40g / l sodium hydroxide, NaOH,
50g / l o ka sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(kopa),
4g / l trisodium phosphate, Na3PO4 ·12H2ʻŌ,
1g / l momona waiʻona-sulfate.
Mahana:80°C.
55 g / l sodium silicate,
60 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Mahana:80°C.
Ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā ʻili keleawe a me ke keleawe ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana:
8 g / l sodium hydroxide,
25 g / l sodium carbonate,
65 g / l trisodium phosphate a me
1 g / l fatty alcohol sulfate.
Mahana:80°C.
Ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka aluminika a me nā ʻili uʻi me ka hoʻomehana ʻana
25 g / l aniani wai,
60 g / l sodium carbonate a me
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
Mahana:80°C.
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻauʻau me ka wela ʻole.
He mea ʻawaʻawa kēia mau kemika a ua ʻōlelo ʻia e akahele loa. Ua pāpā ʻia ka mālama ʻana i nā meaʻai i loko o ka hale hana. Pono ka holoi lima ma hope o ka hana. ʻO nā mea kemika, nā mīkina lima pale, nā lole, nā mea pono, mālama ʻia ma lalo o ka laka a me ke kī.
He mea make ka sodium cyanide a hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ke kinoea hydrogen cyanide, ʻoi aku ka pili ʻana me nā waikawa. Mai kūʻai, mālama, hoʻohui a hoʻohana i nā meaʻai cyanide. Inā kānalua ʻia ka ʻike, mai hoʻāʻo i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a i ʻole hoʻopakele me ka pale ʻole; e neʻe aku a kāhea koke aku i nā lawelawe ulia pōpilikia kūpono e like me ka hoʻolālā hanana kemika kūloko.
No ke kila a me ka hao:
85 g / l sodium hydroxide,
45 g / l sodium cyanide,
75 g / l sodium carbonate.
No ke keleawe a me ke keleawe:
15 g / l sodium hydroxide,
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
25 g / l sodium carbonate a me
10 g / l sodium cyanide.
No ka alumini, zinc a me ke tini:
5 g / l o ka sodium carbonate a me
5 g / l trisodium phosphate.
E holomua ana ka degreasing, ina e puka ana ke kii wai mau ma ka ili i malamaia.
Pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā makaaniani palekana a me nā mīkina lima i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ka alkaline, no ka mea, he mau mea ʻino a ʻona ka alkali. No ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ʻana o nā uhi metala, hoʻohana mākou i ke aniani ahi a i ʻole nā pahu enamel.
Ka uhi metala
ʻO ka nickel plating me ka ʻole o ka uila
20g / l o ka nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2ʻŌ,
20g / l sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2H2ʻŌ,
45g / l trisodium citrate, Na3C4H3O7·5H2ʻŌ,
30g / l o ka ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
50-55 ml 25% ammonium hydroxide solution,
PH: 8-9%. Mahana: 85°C +/- 3%.
Wā: no ka mānoanoa o 12 micron ma kahi o 1 hola.
Kāwili keleawe me ka uila ʻole
Ma mua i hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻia nā mea kila a i ʻole ka hao i loko o ka hopena, holoi ʻia a maloʻo. Aia ka hoʻonā:
104 g / l potassium-sodium-tartrate, KNaC4H4O6,
70 g / l sodium hydroxide NaOH,
35 g / l keleawe sulfate, CuSO4 · 6H2O.
Wā: 5 mminutes, Mahana: 50°C.
Ma mua, hoʻokomo mākou i nā mea metala i loko o ka hopena i hana ʻia me 20 g / l o ke keleawe sulfate a me ka waikawa sulfuric, aia ma ka ratio 1:1.
ʻO ke keleawe a me ka nickel ka uhi ʻana o nā ʻili alumini ma ke kaomi ʻana
Ma hope o ka wehe ’ana i ka oxide a me ka momona, waiho ’ia nā mea i loko o ka ’au’au mua no 4-5 minutes - me ka ho’oulu mau - a laila holoi a malo’o. Hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana like i ka lua ʻauʻau. Ua like ke kaʻina hana nickel plating. Pono e hana ʻia nā hana a pau i loko o nā mīkina lima lima, me nā makaaniani pale, no ka mea, he mea weliweli loa nā kemika i ʻōlelo ʻia.
Aluminum copper plating:
1. E hoʻokomo i 1000ml wai
145 ml ʻakika sodium (20 B°),
35 ml 98%–ʻaʻohe sulfuric acid,
15 g o ke keleawe sulfate (pohaku uliuli).
2. E hoʻokomo i 1000 ml wai
110 g o ke keleawe sulfate i
2 g o ka potassium chloride.
Mahana: lumi wela.
Aluminum nickel plating:
U1000 ml o ka wai i waiho:
15g o nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2ʻŌ,
20g o ka ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
3g o ka sodium sulfate, Na2SO4,
10g o ka sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
10g o ka ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3.
Mahana: lumi wela.
Ka uhi hao me ka zinc (Fig2)
Kiʻi2- he moʻolelo mōʻaukala o ka uhi kemika o ka hao me ka zinc.
Ma ka1000 ml o ka wai hele mai:
10g o ka zinc chloride, ZnCl2,
20g o ka waika tartaric, C4H6O6.
Mahana:100°C.
Ke keleawe galvanizing:
U1000 ml o ka wai i waiho:
10g o ka zinc chloride a me
200g o ka sodium hydroxide
Mahana:100°C.
Mālama mākou i nā mea hao, makemake mākou e kāhiko me ka zinc, me ka hoʻoulu mau10-15 mi loko o ka lumi kaukau. Pono mākou e wehe i nā uhi i hāʻule ʻole mai nā ʻili. ʻO ka hoʻonā no ka wehe ʻana i ka nickel mai ka ferrous, ʻili kila, ʻo ia ka waika nitric fuming (HNO3).
Hoʻohana mākou i ka sodium cyanide concentrated (NaCN) e wehe i ke keleawe mai nā ʻili hao200g / l, ma 60-70°C. He mea make loa ka sodium cyanide.
Hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka zinc mai ka hao a i ʻole ke kila kila ma ka lumi wela me10%ʻakika a me ka20%me ka solution sodium hydroxide 100°C, a i ʻole ma ka lumi wela me ka chromium trioxide (CrO3) ma ka noonoo20g / l +15g / l o ka sulfuric acid.
Wehe mākou i ka zinc mai nā ʻili keleawe10%me ka waiʻakika sulfuric.
ʻO nā ʻano hana ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua o ka hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma ka home, no ka mea makemake lākou i kahi keʻena hana i hoʻolako pono ʻia.
Ka hopena o kēia wā: ʻaʻole kūpono nā ʻano hana i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana kūloko. Pono ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā kemika a me nā mea i ʻike pono ʻia, kahi kaʻina hana akamai, ana hoʻolaha, nā ipu kūpono, ka ea kūloko, ka mahana a me ka mālama pH, nā limahana i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia, nā lako pilikia, a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kānāwai o nā hopena, leachates, a me nā sediment. No nā hualoaʻa a no ka pale ʻana i ka poʻe a me ke kaiapuni, e hoʻohana i ka mea hana ʻenehana kūpono.