Tsarin girke-girke na tarihi masu haɗari - kar a gwada hanyoyin da aka kwatanta: labarin yana adana ainihin rubutun tarihin da adadi, amma ba ƙa’idar dakin gwaje-gwaje ba, kimanta haɗari, ko koyarwar zamani. Ya ambaci, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, hydrogen fluoride ko hydrofluoric acid, sodium cyanide, mercury, gubar, cadmium da chromium (VI) mahadi, nitric, sulfuric da sodium acid, karfi alkalis, flammable kaushi da baho mai tsanani zuwa ga.150°C. Matsalolin da ba daidai ba, jerin hadawa, kwantena, samun iska, zafin jiki ko tuntuɓar juna na iya haifar da guba mai ƙima, konewa mai zurfi, iskar gas mai guba, wuta, fashewa da datti mai haɗari. Kada ku shirya ko amfani da waɗannan gaurayawan a cikin gidanku ko taron bita na wucin gadi. Irin wannan aikin yana cikin wurin masana’antu ko dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka ba da izini tare da ƙwararrun sinadarai masu sa ido, rufaffiyar tsari, isassun iska, shirin gaggawa, ingantattun takaddun bayanan aminci da zubar da shara mai kyau.
A yau, Savo Kusić yana mai da hankali kan gilashin katako, itace-aluminum Taga, Taga na al’ada, kofa da buƙatun magana. Wannan labarin ya kasance tarihin tarihi kuma baya wakiltar tayin aikin ƙarfe na sinadari.
Lalata
Etching shine rushewar sinadarai na saman yadudduka na karafa. Don haka, alal misali, lokacin yin zane-zane na jan karfe, ana lullube farantin tagulla da kakin zuma, ana zana hoton da ake so ko rubutu da allura, sannan a zuba nitric acid a kai. Acid ɗin zai lalata wuraren da ba su da kakin zuma. Ana amfani da irin wannan hanya don gilashin etching. Magunguna masu lalata suna da haɗari sosai, don haka amfani da safar hannu na roba, atamfa da gilashin aminci yana da mahimmanci.
Maganin etching na Tarihi
Dukkanin adadin da ke ƙasa ana canjawa wuri don adana ainihin abun ciki ba don aikace-aikacen aiki ba. Musamman ma, hydrogen fluoride na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa da guba na tsarin koda lokacin da ciwo ba a bayyana nan da nan ba; nitric acid yana haifar da hayaki mai haɗari. Safofin hannu na yau da kullun da tabarau kadai ba isassun tsarin kariya ba ne.
Ana sarrafa farantin karfe da:
120Mr80%na barasa,
8g nitric acid i
1g na nitrate na azurfa, narkar da cikin ruwa.
Ana maganin Zinc da:
1000 ml ruwa,
100g potassium alli,
30-100 ml nitric acid.
Don etching gilashin muna amfani da:
1wani bangare na hydrogen fluoride da
1-6sassan ruwa.
Don cirewa, cire tsohon fenti daga saman:
2sassan kwalta ya narke a ciki
5sassan turpentine (sanyi).
(wanka mai dumi):
5sassa na kwalta,
10guda kakin zuma,
3resin sassa,
8guda na mastic,
2 sassan tallow.
Oxidation
Rufe saman karfe tare da kariya, oxide Layer ana kiransa oxidation. Kafin rufe karfe tare da wannan Layer, wanda kuma za’a iya amfani dashi don ado, dole ne a tsabtace saman da man shafawa a hankali.
Juriya na lalata kayan fenti yawanci ya fi rauni, duk da haka, ana ƙara juriya ta hanyar cika raƙuman ruwa masu kyau da gilashin ruwa ko bayyanannen varnish.
Maganinta oxidation na tarihi
Ana yin suturar shuɗi na tagulla tare da:
20-30 g / l na gubar acetate,
60g / l na sodium thiosulfate,
30 g/l 95%– Magani daya na acetic acid.
Yanayin wanka: 80°C. Lokacin Oxidation: 5 mminti.
Baƙar fata na jan karfe:
9,4g / l na sodium hydroxide i
3,1g / l na ammonium persulfate.
Zazzabi:100°C, lokacin oxidation:5 mciki.
Zane mai duhu na saman karfe:
120-150g / l na sodium hydroxide,
30g / l na sodium nitrate,
20g / l carbamide da
100 ml na ruwa yana zafi zuwa140-150°Ckuma muna aiwatar da oxidation a cikin yanayin20-30 mciki.
Rufe jan karfe da launin duhu ana yin shi da:
40-50g / l na sodium-thioantimonate, a zazzabi na 45-50°C.
ko tare da5-10g / l na potassium sulfide60-80°Ca cikin hanya na10-15 mciki.
Zanen shudi na saman karfe:
30g ferric chloride, FeCl3·6H20;
30g na mercury nitrate, Hg (NO3)2;
30g sodium acid (22B°);
120g barasa;
120g ruwa.
Zazzabi;20-25°C, lokaci;20 mciki.
Launi mai duhu na farantin karfe da aka yi wa cadmium:
62g / l na potassium bichromate,
3,1g / l na nitric acid (takamaiman yawa1,2)
Zazzabi:60-70°C.
** Gargaɗi na Musamman:** girke-girke a wannan sashe sun haɗa da gubar, mercury, cadmium, da chromium mahadi, da kuma acid mai ƙarfi da tushe a yanayin zafi mai yawa. Babu amintaccen “gida” maimakon tsarin masana’antu, fallasa da sarrafa sharar gida. Kar a yi zafi, motsawa ko gwada waɗannan wanka.
Rage saman karafa
Kafin yin amfani da suturar ƙarfe, ya kamata a lalatar da saman ƙarfe (Fig1).
Hoto1- lissafin tarihi na wanka na shiri da yawa a jere.
Maganin alkaline don karfe da ƙarfe:
40g / l sodium hydroxide, NaOH,
50g / l na sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(soda),
4g / l trisodium phosphate, Na3PO4 ·12H2Oh,
1g / l m barasa-sulfate.
Zazzabi:80°C.
55g / l na sodium silicate,
60g / l trisodium phosphate.
Zazzabi:80°C.
Rage saman jan karfe da tagulla ta dumama:
8g / l na sodium hydroxide,
25g / l sodium carbonate,
65g / l na trisodium phosphate da
1g / l m barasa-sulfate.
Zazzabi:80°C.
Degreeasing aluminum da galvanized saman ta dumama
25g / l gilashin ruwa,
60g / l na sodium carbonate da
20g / l trisodium phosphate,
Zazzabi:80°C.
Degreeasing wanka ba tare da dumama.
Abubuwan da aka lissafa suna da guba kuma ana ba da shawarar yin taka tsantsan. An haramta ajiye kayan abinci a cikin bita. Wanke hannu ya zama tilas bayan aiki. Chemicals, safofin hannu masu kariya, kwat da wando, na’urorin haɗi, kiyayewa a ƙarƙashin kulle da maɓalli.
Sodium cyanide na iya zama mai kisa kuma yana iya sakin iskar hydrogen cyanide, musamman idan aka hadu da acid. Kada a samu, adana, hadawa ko amfani da girke-girke na cyanide. Idan ana zargin fallasa, kar a yunƙurin kawar da kai ko ceto ba tare da kariya ba; tashi kuma nan da nan kira ma’aikatan gaggawa da suka dace bisa ga tsarin abin da ya faru na sinadarai na gida.
Don karfe da ƙarfe:
85g / l na sodium hydroxide,
45g / l na sodium cyanide,
75g / l na sodium carbonate.
Don jan karfe da tagulla:
15g / l na sodium hydroxide,
20g / l trisodium phosphate,
25g / l na sodium carbonate da
10g / l na sodium cyanide.
Don aluminium, zinc da tin:
5g / l na sodium carbonate da
5g / l trisodium phosphate.
Bayan haka, raguwa ya yi nasara, idan an kafa fim din ruwa mai ci gaba a saman da aka bi da shi.
Ya kamata a yi amfani da gilashin kariya da safofin hannu a lokacin raguwar alkaline, kamar yadda alkalis abubuwa ne masu lalata da guba. Don aikace-aikacen da ba a amfani da wutar lantarki na suturar ƙarfe, muna amfani da gilashin hana wuta ko kwantena na enamel.
Metal shafi
Nickel plating ba tare da wutar lantarki ba
20g / l na nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2Oh,
20g / l sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2H2Oh,
45g / l trisodium citrate, Na3C4H3O7·5H2Oh,
30g / l na ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
50-55 ml25%- ammonium hydroxide bayani,
pH:8-9%. Zazzabi:85°C+/-3%.
Lokaci: don kauri na12 mmata ido1aji
Copper plating ba tare da wutar lantarki ba
Sanya karfe ko saman da aka tsabtace da kyau a baya a cikin maganin, wanke kuma bushe. Maganin ya ƙunshi:
104g / l potassium-sodium-tartrate, KNaC4H4O6,
70g / l sodium hydroxide NaOH,
35g / l na jan karfe sulfate, CuSO4·6H2O.
Lokaci:5 minuta, Zazzabi:50°C.
A baya can, mun sanya abubuwan ƙarfe a cikin wani bayani da aka yi da shi20g / l na jan karfe sulfate da sulfuric acid, wanda ke cikin rabo1:1.
Copper plating da nickel plating na aluminum saman ta tsoma
Bayan cire oxide da mai Layer, an sanya abubuwa a cikin wanka na farko a cikin hanya na4-5 minuta - tare da motsawa akai-akai - sai a wanke a bushe. Ana aiwatar da wannan hanya a cikin wanka na biyu. Tsarin saka nickel iri ɗaya ne. Dole ne a gudanar da dukkan ayyukan a cikin safofin hannu na roba, tare da gilashin kariya, saboda sinadarai da aka ambata suna da haɗari sosai.
Aluminum tagulla plating:
1. U1000mSaka l ruwa
145 ml acid (20B°),
35 ml98%- ba sulfuric acid;
15g na jan karfe sulfate (dutse blue).
2. U1000 mSaka l ruwa
110g na jan karfe sulfate da
2g na potassium chloride.
Zazzabi: zafin jiki.
Aluminum nickel plating:
U1000 ml ruwa:
15g na nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2Oh,
20g na ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
3g na sodium sulfate, Na2SO4,
10g na sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
10g na ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3.
Zazzabi: zafin jiki.
Iron shafi tare da zinc (Fig2)
_Hoto2- lissafin tarihi na sinadarai na rufin ƙarfe tare da zinc.
A1000 ml ruwa ya zo:
10g na zinc chloride, ZnCl2,
20g na tartaric acid, C4H6O6.
Zazzabi:100°C.
Tagulla galvanizing:
U1000 ml ruwa:
10g na zinc chloride
200g na sodium hydroxide
Zazzabi:100°C.
Muna sa ido akan abubuwan baƙin ƙarfe, waɗanda muke son sutura da zinc, tare da motsawa akai-akai10-15 mcikin bandaki. Yana faruwa cewa dole ne mu cire suturar da ta gaza daga saman. Maganin cire nickel daga saman ƙarfe na ƙarfe shine fuming nitric acid (HNO3).
Muna amfani da maida hankali sodium cyanide (NaCN) don cire jan karfe daga saman ƙarfe200g/l, yi 60-70°C. Sodium cyanide yana da guba sosai.
Ana cire zinc daga saman ƙarfe ko ƙarfe na ƙarfe a cikin dakin da zafin jiki tare da10%acid ko tare da20%tare da maganin sodium hydroxide 100°C, ko a dakin da zafin jiki tare da chromium trioxide (CrO3) a cikin maida hankali20g / l +15g / l na sulfuric acid.
Muna cire zinc daga saman jan karfe10%tare da maganin sulfuric acid.
Hanyoyin da ba a lissafa ba sun wuce yiwuwar yin su a gida, saboda suna buƙatar ingantacciyar dakin gwaje-gwaje ko bita.
** Ƙarshe na zamani: ** ba za a iya aiwatar da hanyoyin da aka ambata a cikin yanayin gida ba. Maganin saman yana buƙatar daidaitattun sinadarai da kayan da aka gano, tsarin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma’auni, kwantena masu dacewa, samun iska na gida, zafin jiki da sarrafa pH, ma’aikatan da aka horar da su, kayan aikin gaggawa, da ƙa’idodin ƙa’idodin doka na mafita, leachates, da sediments. Don sakamako da kuma kare mutane da muhalli, yi amfani da ƙwararren ɗan kwangilar masana’antu.