Izindlela zokupheka zomlando eziyingozi — ungazami izinqubo ezichaziwe: i-athikili igcina umbhalo wokuqala wengobo yomlando kanye nenani, kodwa ayiyona iphrothokholi yaselabhorethri, ukuhlola ubungozi, noma iziyalezo zesimanjemanje. Ibala, phakathi kokunye, i-hydrogen fluoride noma i-hydrofluoric acid, i-sodium cyanide, i-mercury, i-lead, i-cadmium ne-chromium (VI), i-nitric, i-sulfuric kanye ne-sodium acid, ama-alkali anamandla, izinyibilikisi ezivuthayo kanye nokugeza okufudunyezwayo.150°C. Ukugxilisa ingqondo okungalungile, ukulandelana kokuxuba, isitsha, ukungena komoya, izinga lokushisa noma ukuthintana kungabangela ushevu obulalayo, ukushisa okujulile, amagesi anobuthi, umlilo, ukuqhuma kanye nemfucuza eyingozi. Ungalungiseleli noma usebenzise lezi zingxube ekhaya lakho noma indawo yokusebenzela yesikhashana. Umsebenzi onjalo ungowasendaweni egunyaziwe yezimboni noma yaselabhorethri eqondiswa uchwepheshe bamakhemikhali, inqubo evaliwe, umoya owanele, uhlelo oluphuthumayo, amaphepha edatha okuphepha asemthethweni kanye nokulahlwa kwemfucuza okufanele.
Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lesi sihloko sihlala siyingobo yomlando futhi asimeleli isithembiso sokusebenza kwensimbi ngamakhemikhali.
Corrosion
Sibiza i-etching ukuhlakazeka kwamakhemikhali kwezendlalelo ezingaphezulu zezinsimbi. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, lapho wenza ukuqoshwa kwethusi, ipuleti yethusi iboshwe nge-wax, isithombe noma umbhalo oyifunayo udwetshwa ngenaliti, futhi i-nitric acid ithululelwa phezu kwayo. I-asidi izogqwalisa izindawo ezingewona ama-wax. Inqubo efanayo isetshenziselwa ukunamathisela ingilazi. Amakhemikhali abolayo ayingozi kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwamagilavu enjoloba, amaphinifa kanye nezibuko zokuphepha kubalulekile.
Izixazululo zokuqopha umlando
Wonke amanani angezansi adluliselwa ukuze kulondolozwe okuqukethwe kwangempela hhayi ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo. Ikakhulukazi, i-hydrogen fluoride ingabangela umonakalo omkhulu kanye ne-systemic poisoning ngisho nalapho ubuhlungu bungabonakali ngokushesha; i-nitric acid idala intuthu eyingozi kakhulu. Amagilavu ajwayelekile kanye nezibuko zodwa azilona uhlelo olwanele lokuvikela.
Amapuleti ensimbi acutshungulwa ngokuthi:
120 g 80% utshwala,
8 g i-nitric acid kanye
1 g ye-nitrate esiliva, encibilikiswe emanzini.
I-Zinc iphathwa nge:
1000 ml amanzi,
100 g i-potassium alum,
30-100 ml i-nitric acid.
Ukufaka ingilazi sisebenzisa:
1ingxenye ye-hydrogen fluoride kanye
1-6 izingxenye zamanzi.
Ukuhlubula, ukususa upende omdala endaweni:
2 izingxenye zetiyela ezincibilike kokuthi
5 izingxenye ze-turpentine (kubanda).
(ukugeza okufudumele):
5 izingxenye zetiyela,
10 izingxenye ze-wax,
3 izingxenye zenhlaka,
8 izingxenye ze-mastic,
2 izingxenye ze-tallow.
Oxidation
Ukunameka kwezindawo zensimbi ezinongqimba oluvikelayo, lwe-oxide kubizwa nge-oxidation. Ngaphambi kokumboza insimbi ngalolu ungqimba, olungasetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa, izindawo ezingaphezulu kufanele zihlanzwe ngokucophelela ngamafutha.
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwezindawo ezivikelwe ngopende kuvamise ukuba buthakathaka, nokho, ukumelana kuyenyuka ngokugcwalisa izimbotshana ezincane ngengilazi yamanzi noma ivanishi engenambala.
Izixazululo ze-oxidation zomlando
Ukunameka kwethusi okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwenziwa ngale:
20-30 g / l i-acetate eholayo,
60 g / l sodium thiosulfate,
30 g / l ye-95% isixazululo se-acetic acid.
Izinga lokushisa legumbi lokugeza: 80°C. Isikhathi se-oxidation: 5 min.
Isimbozo sethusi esinopende omnyama:
9,4g/l ye-sodium hydroxide i
3,1g / l ye-ammonium persulfate.
Izinga lokushisa:100°C, isikhathi se-oxidation:5 mithutha.
Umdwebo omnyama wezindawo zensimbi:
120-150g / l ye-sodium hydroxide,
30g / l ye-nitrate ye-sodium,
20g/l carbamide kanye
100 ml amanzi ashiselwe140-150°Cfuthi senza i-oxidation phakathi20-30 mithutha.
Ukumboza ithusi ngombala omnyama kwenziwa nge:
40-50g / l ye-sodium-thioantimonate, ekushiseni kwe 45-50°C.
noma nge5-10g/l potassium sulfide at60-80°Cekuhambeni kwe10-15 mithutha.
Ukudweba okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwezindawo zensimbi:
30 g iron chloride, FeCl3 · 6H20;
30 g i-mercuric nitrate, Hg(NO3)2;
30g i-sodium acid (22B°);
120 g utshwala;
120 g amanzi.
Izinga lokushisa; 20-25°C, isikhathi; 20 minuta.
Umbala omnyama wepuleti lensimbi elakhiwe nge-cadmium:
62 g / l i-potassium bichromate,
3,1 g / l i-nitric acid (ukuminyana okukhethekile 1,2)
Izinga lokushisa: 60–70°C.
Isexwayiso Esikhethekile: izindlela zokupheka kulesi sigaba zihlanganisa umthofu, i-mercury, i-cadmium, nezinhlanganisela ze-chromium, kanye nama-acid aqinile nezisekelo kumazinga okushisa aphezulu. Asikho “ikhaya” eliphephile elingathatha indawo yenqubo yezimboni, ukuchayeka kanye nokulawulwa kwemfucuza. Ungawashisi, ungawanyakazi noma uzame lawa okugeza.
Ukuncipha kwezindawo zensimbi
Ngaphambi kokufaka izimbotshana zensimbi, izindawo zensimbi kufanele zisuswe amafutha (isithombe 1).
Figure 1 — ukubuka komlando kwamabhavu amaningana okulungisa alandelanayo.
Izixazululo ze-alkaline zensimbi nensimbi:
40 g / l i-sodium hydroxide, i-NaOH,
50 g / l sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (soda),
4 g / l trisodium phosphate, Na3PO4 · 12H2O,
1 g / l i-alcohol sulfate enamafutha.
Izinga lokushisa: 80°C.
55 g / l i-sodium silicate,
60 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Izinga lokushisa: 80°C.
Ukwehlisa indawo yethusi neyethusi ngokushisisa:
8 g / l i-sodium hydroxide,
25 g / l sodium carbonate,
65 g / l trisodium phosphate kanye
1 g / l i-alcohol sulfate enamafutha.
Izinga lokushisa: 80°C.
Ukwehlisa i-aluminiyamu nezindawo ezifakwe uthayela ngokushisisa
25 g / l ingilazi yamanzi,
60 g / l sodium carbonate kanye
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
Izinga lokushisa: 80°C.
Ukugeza okugeza ngaphandle kokushisisa.
Lawa makhemikhali anobuthi futhi ukuqapha okukhulu kuyanconywa. Akuvunyelwe ukugcina izinto zokudla endaweni yokusebenzela. Ukugeza izandla kuyimpoqo ngemva komsebenzi. Amakhemikhali, amagilavu okuzivikela, amasudi, izinsiza, gcina ungaphansi kokukhiya nokhiye.
I-sodium cyanide ingaba yingozi futhi ingakhulula igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, ikakhulukazi lapho ithintana nama-acids. Ungawatholi, uwagcine, uhlanganise noma usebenzise amaresiphi e-cyanide. Uma ukuchayeka kusolakala, ungazami ukunethezeka okuthuthukisiwe noma ukuhlenga ngaphandle kokuvikela; suka uye ngokushesha ushayele abezimo eziphuthumayo abafanelekile ngokohlelo lwasendaweni lwesigameko samakhemikhali.
Okwensimbi nensimbi:
85 g / l i-sodium hydroxide,
45 g / l sodium cyanide,
75 g / l sodium carbonate.
Okwethusi nethusi:
15 g / l i-sodium hydroxide,
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
25 g / l sodium carbonate kanye
10 g / l sodium cyanide.
Okwe-aluminium, i-zinc nethini:
5 g / l ye-sodium carbonate kanye
5 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Ukwehlisa amafutha kuba yimpumelelo, uma ifilimu yamanzi eqhubekayo yakheka endaweni ehlanziwe.
Izingilazi zokuphepha namagilavu kufanele kusetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokususwa kwe-alkaline, njengoba ama-alkali ayizimo ezigqwalile futhi ezinobuthi. Ukuze sifake izinto zensimbi ezingenagesi, sisebenzisa ingilazi engashi noma iziqukathi zoqweqwe lwawo.
Ukufakwa kwensimbi
I-nickel plating ngaphandle kukagesi
20g/l ye-nickel chloride, i-NiCl2·6H2O,
20g/l sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2H2O,
45g/l trisodium citrate, Na3C4H3O7·5H2O,
30g/l ye-ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
50-55 ml 25% isixazululo se-ammonium hydroxide,
PH: 8-9%. Izinga lokushisa: 85°C +/- 3%.
Isikhathi: ngobukhulu obungu-12 micron cishe amahora angu-1.
I-Copper Plating ngaphandle kukagesi
Izindawo zensimbi ezihlanzwe kahle ngaphambili noma zensimbi zifakwa kusixazululo, zigezwe futhi zomiswe. Isixazululo sakhiwe yilokhu:
104 g / l potassium-sodium-tartrate, KNaC4H4O6,
70 g / l i-sodium hydroxide NaOH,
35 g / l i-copper sulfate, CuSO4 · 6H2O.
Isikhathi: 5 mimizuzu, Izinga lokushisa: 50°C.
Ngaphambili, sifaka izinto zensimbi kwisixazululo esenziwe 20 g / l se-copper sulfate ne-sulfuric acid, ezisesilinganisweni 1:1.
Ithusi ne-nickel plating yezindawo ze-aluminium ngokucwilisa
Ngemva kokukhipha i-oxide ne-fat layer, izinto zifakwa kubhavu wokuqala 4-5 minutes - ngokunyakaziswa njalo - bese ziyawashwa futhi zomiswe. Inqubo efanayo yenziwa kubhavu wesibili. Inqubo ye-nickel plating iyafana. Yonke imisebenzi kufanele yenziwe ngamagilavu enjoloba, ngezibuko zokuzivikela, ngoba amakhemikhali ashiwo ayingozi kakhulu.
I-Aluminium yethusi yokucwenga:
1. Faka 1000ml yamanzi
145 ml i-sodium acid (20 B°),
35 ml 98%–ayikho i-sulfuric acid,
15 g ye-copper sulfate (itshe eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka).
2. Faka 1000 ml yamanzi
110 g ye-copper sulfate i
2 g we-potassium chloride.
Izinga lokushisa: izinga lokushisa legumbi.
I-Aluminium nickel plating:
U1000 ml amanzi abeke:
15g ye-nickel chloride, i-NiCl2·6H2O,
20g ye-ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
3g ye-sodium sulfate, Na2SO4,
10g ye-sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
10g ye-ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3.
Izinga lokushisa: izinga lokushisa legumbi.
Insimbi enezinki (Fig2)
Isithombe2- i-akhawunti yomlando yokunameka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi nge-zinc.
Ngo1000 ml amanzi afika:
10g ye-zinc chloride, i-ZnCl2,
20g we-tartaric acid, C4H6O6.
Izinga lokushisa:100°C.
I-Copper galvanizing:
U1000 ml amanzi abeke:
10g ye-zinc chloride kanye
200g ye-sodium hydroxide
Izinga lokushisa:100°C.
Sibheka izinto zensimbi, esifuna ukuzigcoba nge-zinc, ngokuvuselela njalo10-15 mngaphakathi endlini yokugezela. Kwenzeka ukuthi kufanele sisuse ama-coatings ahlulekile ezindaweni ezingaphezulu. Isixazululo sokususa i-nickel endaweni eyi-ferrous, steel is fuming nitric acid (HNO3).
Sisebenzisa i-concentrated sodium cyanide (NaCN) ukuze sisuse ithusi endaweni yensimbi200g/l, kwe 60-70°C. I-sodium cyanide inobuthi kakhulu.
Ukususwa kwe-zinc ezindaweni zensimbi noma zensimbi kwenziwa ekamelweni lokushisa nge10%acid noma nge20%ngesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide 100°C, noma ekamelweni lokushisa eline-chromium trioxide (CrO3) ngokugxilisa ingqondo20g/l +15g / l ye-sulfuric acid.
Sisusa i-zinc ezindaweni zethusi10%ngesisombululo se-sulfuric acid.
Izindlela ezingashiwongo zidlulela ngalé kokuthi kungenzeka zenziwe ekhaya, ngoba zidinga ilabhorethri efakwe kahle noma indawo yokusebenzela.
Isiphetho samanje: ngisho nezindlela ezishiwo azifanele ukusetshenziswa ezimeni zasekhaya. Ukwelashwa okungaphezulu kudinga amakhemikhali nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezihlonzwe ngokunembile, inqubo eklanywe ngobungcweti, ukukalwa kokuchayeka, iziqukathi ezihambisanayo, ukungena komoya wendawo, izinga lokushisa nokulawulwa kwe-pH, abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe, izinto ezisetshenziswa ezimweni eziphuthumayo, kanye nokwelashwa okulawulwa ngokusemthethweni kwezisombululo, ama-leachates, nezinsalela. Ukuze uthole imiphumela kanye nokuvikela abantu kanye nemvelo, sebenzisa usonkontileka wezimboni oqeqeshiwe.