Maphikidwe owopsa a mbiri yakale - osayesa njira zomwe zafotokozedwa: nkhaniyo imasunga zolemba zakale ndi kuchuluka kwake, koma si protocol ya labotale, kuwunika zoopsa, kapena malangizo amakono. Amatchula, mwa zina, hydrogen fluoride kapena hydrofluoric acid, sodium cyanide, mercury, lead, cadmium ndi chromium (VI) mankhwala, nitric, sulfuric ndi sodium zidulo, alkali amphamvu, zosungunulira zoyaka ndi malo osambira otenthetsera.150°C. Kusakanizika kolakwika, kusakanikirana kosakanikirana, chidebe, mpweya wabwino, kutentha kapena kukhudzana kungayambitse poizoni wakupha, kuyaka kwambiri, mpweya wapoizoni, moto, kuphulika ndi zinyalala zowopsa. Osakonzekera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza izi m’nyumba mwanu kapena malo ochitira zinthu mongoyembekezera. Ntchito yotereyi ili m’malo ovomerezeka a mafakitale kapena ma labotale omwe ali ndi akatswiri oyang’anira mankhwala, njira yotsekedwa, mpweya wokwanira, dongosolo ladzidzidzi, mapepala ovomerezeka a chitetezo ndi kutaya zinyalala koyenera.
Masiku ano, Savo Kusić amayang’ana kwambiri mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo, khomo ndi zopempha za mawu. Nkhaniyi ikhalabe mbiri yakale ndipo siyikuyimira mwayi wopanga zitsulo zamankhwala.
Corrosion
Timatcha etching kusungunuka kwa mankhwala kwa zigawo za pamwamba pazitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, popanga zojambula zamkuwa, mbale yamkuwa imakutidwa ndi sera, chithunzi chomwe mukufuna kapena mawu amakokedwa ndi singano, ndipo nitric acid imatsanuliridwa pamwamba pake. Asidiyo amawononga malo omwe sanapangidwe phula. Njira yofananayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira magalasi. Mankhwala owononga ndi owopsa kwambiri, choncho kugwiritsa ntchito magolovesi a labala, ma aproni ndi magalasi otetezera ndikofunikira.
Mayankho a mbiri yakale
Zochulukira zonse zomwe zili pansipa zimasamutsidwa kuti zisungidwe zoyambira osati kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Makamaka, hydrogen fluoride ikhoza kuwononga kwambiri komanso poizoni wamtundu uliwonse ngakhale ululu suwoneka nthawi yomweyo; asidi wa nitric amapanga utsi woopsa kwambiri. Magolovesi wamba ndi magalasi okha si njira yodzitetezera yokwanira.
Mambale achitsulo amakonzedwa ndi:
120 g wa 80% mowa,
8 g asidi wa nitric ndi
1 g wa silver nitrate, wosungunuka m’madzi.
Zinc imathandizidwa ndi:
1000 ml madzi,
100 g potaziyamu alum,
30-100 ml nitric asidi.
Kuyika magalasi timagwiritsa ntchito:
1gawo la hydrogen fluoride ndi
1-6 magawo amadzi.
Povula, kuchotsa utoto wakale pamalopo:
2 magawo a asphalt osungunuka mu
5 magawo a turpentine (ozizira).
(bafa lofunda):
5 magawo a asphalt,
10 zigawo za sera,
3 zigawo za utomoni,
8 zigawo za mastic,
2 magawo a tallow.
Oxidation
Kukutira kwachitsulo komwe kumakhala ndi chitetezo, chosanjikiza cha okusayidi kumatchedwa oxidation. Musanaphimbe zitsulo ndi wosanjikiza uwu, womwe ungagwiritsidwenso ntchito kukongoletsa, malo ayenera kutsukidwa bwino ndi mafuta.
Kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa malo otetezedwa ndi utoto nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofooka, komabe, kukana kumawonjezeka podzaza timabowo tating’ono ndi galasi lamadzi kapena vanishi wopanda mtundu.
Historical oxidation solutions
Kutikita kwa buluu wamkuwa kumapangidwa ndi:
20-30 g / l lead acetate,
60 g / l sodium thiosulfate,
30 g / l wa 95% acetic acid solution.
Kutentha kwa bafa: 80°C. Nthawi ya okosijeni: 5 min.
Kupaka mkuwa ndi utoto wakuda:
9,4g/l ya sodium hydroxide i
3,1g / l wa ammonium sulfate.
Kutentha:100°C, nthawi ya okosijeni:5 minuta.
Kupenta kwakuda pazitsulo zachitsulo:
120-150g / l ya sodium hydroxide,
30g / l sodium nitrate,
20g/l carbamide ndi
100 ml madzi amatenthedwa140-150°Cndipo timapanga oxidation mkati mwa20-30 minuta.
Kuphimba mkuwa ndi mtundu wakuda kumachitidwa ndi:
40-50g/l ya sodium-thioantimonate, pa kutentha kwa 45-50°C.
kapena ndi5-10g/l wa potassium sulfide pa60-80°Cm’kati mwa10-15 minuta.
Penti yabuluu pamalo achitsulo:
30 g iron chloride, FeCl3 · 6H20;
30 g mercuric nitrate, Hg(NO3)2;
30g asidi wa sodium (22B°);
120 g mowa;
120 g madzi.
Kutentha; 20-25°C, nthawi; 20 minuta.
Utoto wakuda wa mbale yachitsulo yokhala ndi cadmium:
62 g / l potaziyamu bichromate,
3,1 g / l asidi wa nitric (kuchuluka kwapadera 1,2)
Kutentha: 60–70°C.
Chenjezo Lapadera: Maphikidwe a m’chigawo chino akuphatikizapo lead, mercury, cadmium, ndi chromium compounds, komanso ma asidi amphamvu ndi zoyambira pa kutentha kwakukulu. Palibe “nyumba” yotetezeka m’malo mwa njira zamafakitale, zowonekera komanso zowongolera zinyalala. Osatenthetsa, kusonkhezera kapena kuyesa mabafa awa.
Kuwotcha kwazitsulo
Musanathire zokutira zitsulo, pamwamba pazitsulo ziyenera kuchotsedwa mafuta (chithunzi 1).
Figure 1 — Mbiri yakale ya mabafa angapo otsatizana okonzekera pamwamba.
Mayankho amchere achitsulo ndi chitsulo:
40 g / l sodium hydroxide, NaOH,
50 g / l sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (soda),
4 g / l trisodium phosphate, Na3PO4 · 12H2O,
1 g/l mafuta a sulfate.
Kutentha: 80°C.
55 g / l sodium silicate,
60 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Kutentha: 80°C.
Kutsika kwa mkuwa ndi mkuwa potenthetsa:
8 g / l sodium hydroxide,
25 g / l sodium carbonate,
65 g / l trisodium phosphate ndi
1 g/l mafuta a sulfate.
Kutentha: 80°C.
Kutsika kwa aluminiyamu ndi malata potenthetsa
25 g / l galasi lamadzi,
60 g / l sodium carbonate ndi
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
Kutentha: 80°C.
Mabafa ochotsa mafuta osatenthetsa.
Mamankhwalawa ndi owopsa ndipo tiyenera kusamala kwambiri. Ndizoletsedwa kusunga zakudya mumsonkhanowu. Kusamba m’manja kumaloledwa pambuyo pa ntchito. Mankhwala, magolovesi oteteza, masuti, zida, sungani loko ndi kiyi.
Sodium cyanide imatha kupha ndipo imatha kutulutsa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, makamaka ikakumana ndi ma asidi. Osapeza, kusunga, kusakaniza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito maphikidwe a cyanide. Ngati kuwonekera kukukayikira, musayese kusalowerera ndale kapena kupulumutsa popanda chitetezo; chokani ndikuyimbira anthu odziwa zadzidzidzi nthawi yomweyo malinga ndi dongosolo lachidziwitso chamankhwala.
Zachitsulo ndi chitsulo:
85 g / l sodium hydroxide,
45 g / l sodium cyanide,
75 g / l sodium carbonate.
Kwa mkuwa ndi mkuwa:
15 g / l sodium hydroxide,
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
25 g / l sodium carbonate ndi
10 g / l sodium cyanide.
Kwa aluminiyumu, zinki ndi malata:
5 g/l ya sodium carbonate ndi
5 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Degreasing ndiye bwino, ngati filimu yamadzi yosalekeza ipangika pamalo opakidwa.
Magalasi oteteza chitetezo ndi magolovesi ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mchere wa alkaline, chifukwa ma alkali ndi zinthu zowononga komanso zakupha. Pogwiritsa ntchito zokutira zitsulo zopanda magetsi, timagwiritsa ntchito magalasi osayaka kapena zotengera za enamel.
Kupaka zitsulo
Nickel plating popanda magetsi
20g/l wa nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2O,
20g/l sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2H2O,
45g/l trisodium citrate, Na3C4H3O7·5H2O,
30g / l ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
50-55 ml 25% ammonium hydroxide solution,
PH: 8-9%. Kutentha: 85°C +/- 3%.
Nthawi: pa makulidwe a 12 mkroni pafupifupi 1 maola.
Copper plating popanda magetsi
Zitsulo zotsukidwa bwino kale kapena zitsulo zimayikidwa mumtsuko, kutsukidwa ndi kuuma. Yankho lake limapangidwa ndi:
104 g / l potaziyamu-sodium-tartrate, KNaC4H4O6,
70 g / l sodium hydroxide NaOH,
35 g / l copper sulfate, CuSO4 · 6H2O.
Nthawi: 5 mmphindi, Kutentha: 50°C.
M’mbuyomu, timayika zinthu zachitsulo mumtsuko wopangidwa ndi 20 g / l wa copper sulfate ndi sulfuric acid, zomwe zili mu chiŵerengero 1:1.
Mkuwa ndi nickel plating wa aluminiyamu pamwamba poviika
Mukachotsa oxide ndi mafuta wosanjikiza, zinthuzo zimayikidwa mubafa yoyamba 4-5 minutes - ndikugwedezeka kosalekeza - kenako amatsukidwa ndikuwumitsa. Mchitidwe womwewo umachitikira mubafa lachiwiri. Njira yopangira nickel ndi yofanana. Ntchito zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa mu magolovesi a mphira, ndi magalasi otetezera, chifukwa mankhwala otchulidwawo ndi owopsa kwambiri.
Aluminium Copper plating:
1. Ikani m’madzi 1000ml
145 ml sodium acid (20 B°),
35 ml 98%–palibe sulfuric acid,
15 g wa copper sulfate (mwala wabuluu).
2. Ikani m’madzi 1000 ml
110 g wa sulphate yamkuwa i
2 g wa potassium chloride.
Kutentha: kutentha kwa chipinda.
Aluminium nickel plating:
U1000 ml madzi owonjezera:
15g wa nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2O,
20g ammonium kloride, NH4Cl,
3g wa sodium sulphate, Na2SO4,
10g wa sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
10g wa ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3.
Kutentha: kutentha kwa chipinda.
Kupaka chitsulo ndi zinki (Mkuyu2)
Chithunzi2- Mbiri yakale ya zokutira zachitsulo ndi zinki.
Pa1000 ml madzi amabwera:
10g wa zinc chloride, ZnCl2,
20g wa tartaric acid, C4H6O6.
Kutentha:100°C.
Copper galvanizing:
U1000 ml madzi owonjezera:
10g wa zinc chloride ndi
200g wa sodium hydroxide
Kutentha:100°C.
Timayang’anitsitsa zinthu zachitsulo, zomwe tikufuna kuzivala ndi zinc, ndikugwedezeka nthawi zonse10-15 mmkati mwa bafa. Zimachitika kuti tiyenera kuchotsa zokutira zolephera pamtunda. Njira yothetsera nickel ku ferrous, zitsulo pamwamba ndi fuming nitric acid (HNO3).
Timagwiritsa ntchito concentrated sodium cyanide (NaCN) kuchotsa mkuwa pazitsulo zachitsulo200g/l, pa 60-70°C. Sodium cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri.
Kuchotsedwa kwa nthaka ku chitsulo kapena chitsulo pamwamba kumachitika kutentha ndi10%asidi kapena ndi20%ndi sodium hydroxide solution 100°C, kapena kutentha kwa firiji ndi chromium trioxide (CrO3) mu kukhazikika20g/l ndi15g / l wa sulfuric acid.
Timachotsa zinki pamalo amkuwa10%ndi sulfuric acid solution.
Njira zosazindikirika zimapitilira zomwe zingatheke m’banja, chifukwa zimafuna labotale yokhala ndi zida kapena malo ogwirira ntchito.
Mapeto amakono: ngakhale njira zomwe zatchulidwazi sizoyenera kukhazikitsidwa m’nyumba zapakhomo. Kuchiza pamwamba kumafuna mankhwala ndi zipangizo zodziwika bwino, ndondomeko yopangidwa mwaluso, kuyeza kwapoyera, zotengera zomwe zimagwirizana, mpweya wabwino wa m’deralo, kutentha ndi pH kulamulira, ogwira ntchito ophunzitsidwa bwino, zipangizo zadzidzidzi, ndi chithandizo chovomerezeka mwalamulo cha zothetsera, leachates, ndi matope. Kuti mupeze zotsatira komanso kuteteza anthu ndi chilengedwe, gwiritsani ntchito kontrakitala wodziwa ntchito zamakampani.