Mabikirwo enhoroondo ane ngozi — usaedze maitirwo akatsanangurwa: chinyorwa chinochengetedza chinyorwa chezvinyorwa zvepakutanga uye huwandu, asi hachisi chirongwa cherabhoritari, kuongororwa kwenjodzi, kana kuraira kwemazuva ano. Inotaura, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, hydrogen fluoride kana hydrofluoric acid, sodium cyanide, mercury, lead, cadmium uye chromium (VI) makomisheni, nitric, sulfuric uye sodium acids, alkali yakasimba, zvinonyungudutsa zvinopisa uye mabhati anopisa kusvika.150°C. Kuisa pfungwa zvisirizvo, kusanganisa kutevedzana, mudziyo, kufefetedza, tembiricha kana kubata kunogona kukonzera chepfu inouraya, kupisa kwakadzika, magasi ane chepfu, moto, kuputika uye tsvina ine ngozi. Usagadzirire kana kushandisa musanganiswa uyu mumba mako kana musangano wekugadzirira. Basa rakadai nderemunzvimbo yakatenderwa maindasitiri kana marabhoritari ine nyanzvi yekuongorora makemikari, nzira yakavharwa, mhepo yakakwana, chirongwa chekukurumidzira, mapepa ekuchengetedza data ekuchengetedza uye kuraswa kwemarara kwakaringana.
Nhasi, Savo Kusić inotarisa pa mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo, mahwindo etsika, gonhi uye zvikumbiro zvekotesheni Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri chenhoroondo uye hachimiriri kupihwa kwemakemikari simbi.
Corrosion
Isu tinodaidza etching kunyungudika kwekemikari yezvikamu zvepasi zvesimbi. Saka, semuenzaniso, pakugadzira mifananidzo yemhangura, ndiro yemhangura inoputirwa newakisi, mufananidzo unodiwa kana chinyorwa chinodhirowa netsono, uye nitric acid inodururwa pamusoro payo. Asidhi inoparadza nzvimbo dzisina wax. Nzira yakafanana inoshandiswa pakugadzira girazi. Mishonga inoparadza ine ngozi zvikuru, saka kushandiswa kwemagurovhosi erabha, maapuroni uye magirazi ekuchengetedza kwakakosha.
Nhoroondo etching mhinduro
Huwandu hwese pazasi hunotamiswa kuchengetedza izvo zvekutanga kwete zvekushandisa. Kunyanya, hydrogen fluoride inogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya uye systemic chepfu kunyange kana marwadzo asingakurumidzi kuoneka; nitric acid inogadzira utsi hune njodzi. Magurovhosi nemagogi ega haisi nzira yekudzivirira yakakwana.
Simbi mahwendefa anogadziriswa ne:
120 g ye 80% doro,
8 g nitric acid uye
1 g ye silver nitrate, yakanyungudutswa mumvura.
Zinc inorapwa ne:
1000 ml mvura,
100 g potassium alum,
30-100 ml nitric asidhi.
Kune girazi etching tinoshandisa:
1chikamu chehydrogen fluoride uye
1-6 zvikamu zvemvura.
Kubvisa, kubvisa pendi yekare kubva panzvimbo:
2 zvikamu zveasphalt zvakanyungudutswa mu
5 zvikamu zveturpentine (kutonhora).
(kugeza inodziya):
5 zvikamu zveasphalt,
10 zvikamu zvenamo,
3 zvikamu zve resin,
8 zvikamu zve mastic,
2 zvikamu zvetallow.
Oxidation
Kupfekedzwa kwesimbi kune inodzivirira, oxide layer inonzi oxidation. Usati wavhara simbi nemucheka uyu, iyo inogonawo kushandiswa pakushongedza, nzvimbo yacho inofanira kunyatsocheneswa nemafuta.
Iyo yekudzivirira kwependi-yakachengetedzwa nzvimbo inowanzova isina simba, zvisinei, kupikisa kunowedzera nekuzadza maburi maduku negirazi remvura kana varnish isina ruvara.
Historical oxidation mhinduro
Kupfeka kwebhuruu kwebhurasi kunoitwa ne:
20-30 g / l lead acetate,
60 g / l sodium thiosulfate,
30 g / l ye 95% acetic acid solution.
Tembiricha yemumba yekugezera: 80°C. Nguva yeOxidation: 5 min.
Copper ine pendi nhema:
9,4g / l ye sodium hydroxide i
3,1g / l yeammonium persulfate.
Tembiricha:100°C, oxidation nguva:5 minuta.
Pendi yakasviba yemasimbi epamusoro:
120-150g / l ye sodium hydroxide,
30g / l ye sodium nitrate,
20g/l carbamide uye
100 ml yemvura inopisa140-150°Cuye tinoita oxidation mukati menguva20-30 minuta.
Kuvhara mhangura nemuvara wakasviba kunoitwa ne:
40-50g / l ye sodium-thioantimonate, pane tembiricha ye 45-50°C.
kana ne5-10g / l ye potassium sulfide pa60-80°Cmukufamba kwe10-15 minuta.
Pendi yebhuruu yenzvimbo dzesimbi:
30 g iron chloride, FeCl3 · 6H20;
30 g mercuric nitrate, Hg(NO3)2;
30g sodium acid (22B°);
120 g yedoro;
120 g yemvura.
Tembiricha; 20-25°C, nguva; 20 minuta.
Ruvara rwakasviba rwesimbi yakashongedzwa necadmium:
62 g / l potassium bichromate,
3,1 g / l nitric acid (specific density 1,2)
Tembiricha: 60–70°C.
Yambiro Yakakosha: mabikirwo ari muchikamu chino anosanganisira lead, mercury, cadmium, uye chromium compounds, pamwe nemaasidhi akasimba nemabhesi pakupisa kwakanyanya. Iko hakuna yakachengeteka “imba” inotsiva maindasitiri maitiro, kuratidzwa uye kudzora marara. Usadzise, kumutsa kana kuedza mabhavhu aya.
Kuderera kwenzvimbo dzesimbi
Usati waisa marata esimbi, nzvimbo dzesimbi dzinofanirwa kubviswa mafuta (mufananidzo 1).
Mufananidzo 1 — maonerwo enhoroondo emabhafu ekugadzirira epamusoro akati wandei akatevedzana.
Alkaline mhinduro dzesimbi nesimbi:
40 g / l sodium hydroxide, NaOH,
50 g / l sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (soda),
4 g / l trisodium phosphate, Na3PO4 · 12H2O,
1 g / l fatty alcohol sulfate.
Tembiricha: 80°C.
55 g / l sodium silicate,
60 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Tembiricha: 80°C.
Kudzikira kwemhangura nebhurasi nekudziisa:
8 g / l sodium hydroxide,
25 g / l sodium carbonate,
65 g / l trisodium phosphate uye
1 g / l fatty alcohol sulfate.
Tembiricha: 80°C.
Kudzikisira kwealuminum uye nzvimbo dzakaiswa malavhani nekudziisa
25 g / l girazi remvura,
60 g / l sodium carbonate uye
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
Tembiricha: 80°C.
Kubvisa mafuta ekugezera pasina kudziyisa.
Makemikoro aya ane chepfu uye kungwarira kwakanyanya kunokurudzirwa. Zvinorambidzwa kuchengeta zvinhu zvekudya mumusangano. Kugeza maoko kunosungirwa kana wapedza basa. Makemikari, magirovhosi ekudzivirira, masutu, zvishongedzo, gara wakakiyiwa nekiyi.
Sodium cyanide inogona kuuraya uye inogona kuburitsa gasi rehydrogen cyanide, kunyanya kana rasangana nemaasidhi. Usatora, kuchengeta, kusanganisa kana kushandisa mabikirwo ecyanide. Kana kuratidzwa kuchifungidzirwa, usaedze kuvandudza kusarerekera kana kununura pasina dziviriro; ibvapo uye nekukasika fonera vezve emergency emergency zvinoenderana nechirongwa chechiitiko chemakemikari.
Yesimbi nesimbi:
85 g / l sodium hydroxide,
45 g / l sodium cyanide,
75 g / l sodium carbonate.
Yemhangura nendarira:
15 g / l sodium hydroxide,
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
25 g / l sodium carbonate uye
10 g / l sodium cyanide.
Yealuminium, zingi uye tini:
5 g / l ye sodium carbonate uye
5 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Kubvisa mafuta kunobva kwabudirira, kana firimu remvura rikaramba rikaita panzvimbo yakacheneswa.
Magirazi ekuchengetedza uye magirovhosi anofanirwa kushandiswa panguva yekubvisa alkaline, sezvo alkalis ari corrosive uye chepfu zvinhu. Pakuiswa kwesimbi kwesimbi isina magetsi, tinoshandisa magirazi asingapindi moto kana magaba enamel.
Metal coating
Nickel plating pasina magetsi
20g / l ye nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2Oo,
20g/l sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2H2Oo,
45g/l trisodium citrate, Na3C4H3O7·5H2Oo,
30g/l yeammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
50-55 ml 25% ammonium hydroxide solution,
PH: 8-9%. Tembiricha: 85°C +/- 3%.
Nguva: yehukobvu hwe 12 micron inenge 1 maawa.
Copper plating isina magetsi
Masimbi ekare akanyatsocheneswa kana masimbi anoiswa mumushonga, akashambidzwa uye akaomeswa. Mhinduro yacho inoumbwa ne:
104 g / l potassium-sodium-tartrate, KNaC4H4O6,
70 g / l sodium hydroxide NaOH,
35 g / l copper sulfate, CuSO4 · 6H2O.
Nguva: 5 mmaminetsi, Tembiricha: 50°C.
Kare, tinoisa zvinhu zvesimbi mune mhinduro yakagadzirwa 20 g / l yemhangura sulfate uye sulfuric acid, iyo iri muchiyero 1:1.
Mhangura uye nickel plating yearuminiyamu pamusoro nekunyudza
Mushure mokubvisa oxide uye mafuta layer, zvinhu zvinoiswa mubhati yekutanga ye 4-5 minutes - nekugara ichikurudzira - zvino zvinoshambidzwa nekuomeswa. Maitirwo akafanana anoitwa mukugeza kechipiri. Iyo nickel plating process yakafanana. Zvose zvinoshandiswa zvinofanira kuitwa mumagurovhosi erubha, ane magirazi ekudzivirira, nokuti makemikari ataurwa ane ngozi zvikuru.
Aluminium copper plating:
1. Isa mu 1000ml yemvura
145 ml sodium acid (20 B°),
35 ml 98%–hapana sulfuric acid,
15 g yemhangura sulfate (dombo rebhuruu).
2. Isa mu 1000 ml yemvura
110 g yecopper sulfate i
2 g ye potassium chloride.
Tembiricha: kamuri tembiricha.
Aluminium nickel plating:
U1000 ml yemvura kuisa:
15g ye nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2Oo,
20g yeammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
3g ye sodium sulfate, Na2SO4,
10g ye sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
10g yeammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3.
Tembiricha: kamuri tembiricha.
Iron coating ne zinc (Fig2)
Mufananidzo2- nhoroondo yenhoroondo yekuputirwa kwekemikari yesimbi ine zinc.
At1000 ml yemvura inouya:
10g ye zinc chloride, ZnCl2,
20g ye tartaric acid, C4H6O6.
Tembiricha:100°C.
Copper galvanizing:
U1000 ml yemvura kuisa:
10g ye zinc chloride uye
200g ye sodium hydroxide
Tembiricha:100°C.
Tinoramba takatarisa zvinhu zvesimbi, izvo zvatinoda kupfekedza zinc, nekugara tichikurudzira10-15 mmukati meimba yekugezera. Izvo zvinoitika kuti tinofanira kubvisa zvipfeko zvakakundikana kubva panzvimbo. Mhinduro yekubvisa nickel kubva kune ferrous, simbi inopfungaira iri fuming nitric acid (HNO3)
Isu tinoshandisa concentrated sodium cyanide (NaCN) kubvisa mhangura kubva panzvimbo dzesimbi200g/l, pa 60-70°C. Sodium cyanide ine chepfu zvikuru.
Kubviswa kwezingi kubva kune simbi kana simbi kunoitwa pakupisa kwekamuri ne10%asidhi kana ne20%ne sodium hydroxide solution 100°C, kana pakamuri tembiricha ine chromium trioxide (CrO3) mukuteerera20g/l +15g / l ye sulfuric acid.
Tinobvisa zinc kubva pamhangura10%ne sulfuric acid solution.
Nzira dzisina kutaurwa dzinopfuura mukana wekuita mudzimba, nekuti dzinoda marabhoritari yakashongedzerwa kana wekishopu.
Mhedziso yemazuva ano: kunyangwe nzira dzakataurwa hadzina kukodzera kuitiswa mumamiriro epamba. Kurapa kwepamusoro kunoda kunyatsozivikanwa makemikari uye zvigadzirwa, maitiro akagadzirwa nehunyanzvi, kuyerwa kwekuratidzwa, midziyo inoenderana, mhepo yemuno, tembiricha uye pH kutonga, vashandi vakadzidziswa, zvechimbichimbi, uye zviri pamutemo kurapwa kwemhinduro, leachates, uye sediments. Kuti uwane mibairo uye kuchengetedza vanhu nenharaunda, shandisa mugadziri ane hunyanzvi.