** Cuntooyinka taariikhiga ah ee khatarta ah - ha isku dayin hababka la sharraxay:** maqaalku wuxuu ilaaliyaa qoraalka asalka ah iyo tirada, laakiin maaha borotokoolka shaybaadhka, qiimaynta khatarta, ama tilmaamaha casriga ah. Waxay sheegaysaa, waxyaabo kale, hydrogen fluoride ama hydrofluoric acid, sodium cyanide, mercury, lead, cadmium iyo chromium (VI) xeryahooda, nitric, sulfuric iyo sodium acids, alkalis xoog leh, dareere guban kara iyo qubeyska lagu kululeeyo150°C. Isku dhafka khaldan, isku dhafka isku dhafka ah, weelka, hawo-qaadista, heerkulka ama xiriirka ayaa sababi kara suntan dilaa ah, gubasho qoto dheer, gaas sun ah, dab, qarax iyo qashinka khatarta ah. Ha ku diyaarsanin ama ha ku isticmaalin waxyaabahan isku dhafka ah ee gurigaaga ama goobta shaqada Shaqadan oo kale waxay ka tirsan tahay warshadaha ama shaybaadhka la oggolaaday oo leh kormeer kiimiko oo khabiir ah, nidaam xidhan, hawo ku filan, qorshe degdeg ah, xaashi xog badbaado oo sax ah iyo qashin qub ah.
Xogta la xidhiidha: Daaqadaha alwaaxa ah ee loo sameeyay si waafaqsan mashruucaaga. · Daaqadaha alwaax-aluminiumka ah ee sida gaarka ah loo sameeyay. · Daaqadaha gaarka ah ee guryaha, mashaariicda iyo dhoofinta · Albaabada alwaax iyo alwaax-aluminium-albaabada loo sameeyay. · Soo dir codsi xigasho
Daxalka
Etching waa milanka kiimikada ee lakabyada dusha sare ee biraha. Sidaa darteed, tusaale ahaan, marka la samaynayo xardho naxaas ah, saxan naxaas ah ayaa lagu dahaadhay shamac, sawirka ama qoraalka la rabo waxaa lagu sawiraa irbad, iyo nitric acid ayaa lagu shubaa. Asiidhku waxa uu daxalinayaa sagxadaha aan dhuxusha lahayn. Nidaam la mid ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa xoqidda dhalada. Kiimikooyinka daxaloobay aad bay khatar u yihiin, sidaa awgeed isticmaalka galoofyada caagga ah, faashashka iyo muraayadaha badbaadada waa lama huraan.
Xal-u-yeelid taariikhi ah
Dhammaan tirooyinka hoose waxaa loo wareejiyaa si loo ilaaliyo nuxurka asalka ah ee looma baahna codsi la taaban karo. Gaar ahaan, fluoride hydrogen wuxuu keeni karaa dhaawac qoto dheer iyo sunta habdhiska xitaa marka xanuunku aanu isla markiiba muuqan; nitric acid waxay abuurtaa uuro aad khatar u ah. Gacan-gashiyada caadiga ah iyo muraayadaha indhaha ma aha nidaam ilaalin ku filan keligood.
Taarikada birta ah waxaa lagu farsameeyaa:
120Mr80%khamriga,
8g nitric acid i
1g oo ah Nitrate lacag ah, oo lagu milmay biyo.
Zinc waxaa lagu daaweeyaa:
1000 ml biyo ah,
100alum potassium,
30-100 ml nitric acid.
Etching galaas waxaan u isticmaalnaa:
1qayb ka mid ah hydrogen fluoride iyo
1-6qaybo ka mid ah biyaha.
Si aad meesha uga saarto, ka saar rinjiga hore ee dusha:
2qaybo ka mid ah daamurka ayaa ku milmay
5qaybo ka mid ah turpentine (qabow).
(qubeyska diiran):
5qaybo ka mid ah asphalt,
10xabbado dhux,
3qaybaha resin,
8qaybo mastic ah,
2shuqullada tallow.
Oxidation
Dahaarka sagxadaha birta ah ee leh lakabka difaaca, oksaydhka waxa loo yaqaan oksaydhaynta. Ka hor inta aanad daboolin birta lakabkan, kaas oo sidoo kale loo isticmaali karo qurxinta, dusha sare waa in si taxadar leh loo nadiifiyaa dufan.
Iska caabinta daxalka ee sagxadaha rinji-ilaaliya ayaa badanaaba daciifa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, iska caabbinta waxa kordhisa iyada oo daloolada yaryar lagu buuxiyo muraayadda biyaha ama faashiish cad.
Xalalka oksaydhka taariikhiga ah
Daahan buluugga ah ee naxaasta ah waxaa lagu sameeyaa:
20-30g / l oo ah acetate lead,
60g / l oo ah sodium thiosulfate,
30g/l95%ee xal acetic acid.
Heerkulka qubayska:80°C. Waqtiga oksidaynta:5 minuta.
Daahan madow ee naxaasta ah:
9,4g / l ee sodium hydroxide i
3,1g / l oo ah ammonium persulfate.
Heerkulka:100°C, waqtiga oksaydhka:5 minuta.
Rinjiyeynta madow ee dusha birta ah:
120-150g / l oo ah sodium hydroxide,
30g / l oo ah nitrate sodium,
20g / l carbamide iyo
100 ml biyo ah ayaa lagu kululeeyaa140-150°Cwaxaanan fulineynaa oxidation inta lagu guda jiro20-30 minuta.
Ku daboolida naxaasta midab madow waxaa lagu sameeyaa:
40-50g / l ee sodium-thioantimonate, heerkulka 45-50°C.
ama leh5-10g / l oo ah potassium sulfide at60-80°Cinta lagu guda jiro10-15 minuta.
Rinjiyeynta buluugga ah ee dusha birta ah:
30g ferric chloride, FeCl3·6H20;
30g of Nitrate meerkuri, Hg (MAYA3)2;
30g sodium acid (22B°);
120g oo khamri ah;
120g oo biyo ah.
Heerkulka;20-25°C, waqti;20 minuta.
Midabaynta madow ee saxan bir ah oo cadmium lagu daweeyay:
62g / l oo ah potassium bichromate,
3,1g / l ee nitric acid (cufnaanta gaarka ah1,2)
Heerkulka:60-70°C.
** Digniin Gaar ah: *** Cuntooyinka qaybtan waxaa ka mid ah sunta rasaasta, meerkuriga, cadmium, iyo chromium xeryahooda, iyo sidoo kale asiidh iyo saldhigyo heerkul sare leh. Ma jiro “guri” badbaado leh oo lagu beddeli karo habka warshadaha, soo-gaadhista iyo xakamaynta qashinka. Ha kululayn, ha walaaqin ama ha isku dayin qubeyskan.
Duubista biraha oogada
Kahor inta aan la isticmaalin dahaarka birta, sagxadaha birta ah waa in la gooyaa (Sawir1).
_Sawirka1- xisaab taariikhi ah oo dhowr qubeys diyaarinta dusha ah oo isku xigta.
Xalalka alkaline ee birta iyo birta:
40g / l sodium hydroxide, NaOH,
50g / l ee sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(soodhada),
4g / l trisodium phosphate, Na3PO4 ·12H2Oh,
1g / l alkohol-sulfate dufan leh.
Heerkulka:80°C.
55g / l oo ah sodium silicate,
60g / l trisodium phosphate.
Heerkulka:80°C.
Xaalufinta naxaasta iyo naxaasta sagxadaha iyadoo kululaynta:
8g / l oo ah sodium hydroxide,
25g / l sodium carbonate,
65g / l ee trisodium phosphate iyo
1g / l alkohol-sulfate dufan leh.
Heerkulka:80°C.
Deyminta aluminiumka iyo sagxadaha galvanized by kululaynta
25g / l oo galaas biyo ah,
60g / l ee sodium carbonate iyo
20g / l trisodium phosphate,
Heerkulka:80°C.
Qubeyska hoos u dhiga iyada oo aan kululayn.
Kiimikada liiska ku qoran waa sun waxaana lagu talinayaa taxadar aad u daran. Waa mamnuuc in alaabta cuntada lagu hayo goobta aqoon-is-weydaarsiga. Gacmo-dhaqashada waa qasab shaqada kadib. Kiimikooyinka, galoofyada ilaalinta, suudadka, agabka, ku hay quful iyo furaha.
Sodium cyanide waxa ay noqon kartaa mid dilaa ah waxayna sii deyn kartaa gaaska hydrogen cyanide, gaar ahaan marka ay taabato asiidhka. Ha iibsan, kaydin, isku darin, hana isticmaalin cuntooyinka cyanide ah. Haddii soo-gaadhista la tuhunsan yahay, ha isku dayin dhexdhexaadin habboon ama samatabbixin la’aan; Ka bax oo isla markiiba wac adeegyada degdegga ah ee ku habboon sida uu qabo qorshaha shilka kiimikaad ee deegaanka.
Sida birta iyo birta:
85g / l oo ah sodium hydroxide,
45g / l oo ah sodium cyanide,
75g / l ee sodium carbonate.
Naxaasta iyo naxaasta:
15g / l oo ah sodium hydroxide,
20g / l trisodium phosphate,
25g / l ee sodium carbonate iyo
10g / l oo ah sodium cyanide.
Aluminium, zinc iyo tiin:
5g / l ee sodium carbonate iyo
5g / l trisodium phosphate.
Burburinta ayaa markaa ku guulaysatay, haddii filim biyo ah oo joogto ah lagu sameeyo dusha daweynta.
Muraayadaha difaaca iyo galoofyada waa in la isticmaalaa inta lagu guda jiro xaalufinta alkaline, maadaama alkalis ay yihiin walxo sun ah. Codsiga koronto la’aanta ah ee daahanka birta ah, waxaan isticmaalnaa dhalooyinka dabka-celiska ah ama weelasha dhaldhalaalka.
Daahan bir ah
Ku dhejinta Nickelka oo aan lahayn koronto
20g / l ee chloride nikkel, NiCl2·6H2Oh,
20g / l sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2H2Oh,
45g / l trisodium citrate, Na3C4H3O7·5H2Oh,
30g / l oo ah ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
50-55 ml25%- xal ammonium hydroxide;
pH:8-9%. Heerkulka:85°C+/-3%.
Waqtiga: dhumucdiisuna waxay tahay12 misha icrona1fasalka
Naxaas lagu dahaadho koronto la’aan
Ku rid birta ama birta si fiican loo nadiifiyey xalka, dhaq oo qalaji. Xalku wuxuu ka kooban yahay:
104g / l potassium-sodium-tartrate, KNaC4H4O6,
70g / l sodium hydroxide NaOH,
35g / l of copper sulfate, CuSO4·6H2O.
Waqtiga:5 minuta, Heerkulka:50°C.
Markii hore, waxaan ku dhejineynaa walxaha birta ah xal ka samaysan20g / l ee copper sulfate iyo sulfuric acid, kuwaas oo ku jira saamiga1:1.
Dajinta naxaasta ah iyo dahaadhaynta nikkel ee sagxadaha aluminiumka adigoo dhex gelinaya
Ka dib markii ay ka saareen lakabka oxide iyo baruurta, walxaha waxaa la dhigayaa in qubayska ugu horeysay ee koorsada of4-5 minuta - oo leh walaaq joogto ah - ka dib waa la dhaqaa oo la qalajiyaa. Isla nidaamka waxa lagu fuliyaa qubeyska labaad. Habka dhejinta nikelku waa isku mid. Dhammaan hawlgallada waa in lagu sameeyaa galoofyada caagga ah, oo leh muraayado ilaalin ah, sababtoo ah kiimikooyinka la sheegay ayaa aad khatar u ah.
Dahaarka aluminiumka naxaasta ah:
1. U1000mKu shub l biyo
145 ml sone acid (20B°),
35 ml98%- ma aha sulfuric acid;
15g of copper sulfate (dhagaxa buluuga ah).
2. U1000 mKu shub l biyo
110g of copper sulfate iyo
2g oo ah chloride potassium.
Heerkulka: heerkulka qolka.
Aluminium nikkel dahaarka:
U1000 ml oo biyo ah:
15g oo ah nikkel chloride, NiCl2·6H2Oh,
20g oo ah ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
3g oo ah sodium sulfate, Na2SO4,
10g ee sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
10g oo ah ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3.
Heerkulka: heerkulka qolka.
Daahan bir ah oo leh zinc (Sawir2)
_Sawirka2- xisaab taariikhi ah oo ku saabsan daahan kiimikaad ee birta leh zinc.
Marka1000 ml biyaha ayaa yimaada:
10g of zinc chloride, ZnCl2,
20g oo ah tartaric acid, C4H6O6.
Heerkulka:100°C.
Galvaning Copper:
U1000 ml oo biyo ah:
10g oo ah zinc chloride iyo
200g oo ah sodium hydroxide
Heerkulka:100°C.
Waxaan isha ku haynaa walxaha birta ah, kuwaas oo aan rabno inaan ku daboolno zinc, oo leh walaaq joogto ah10-15 mgudaha musqusha. Waxay dhacdaa in aan ka saarno dahaarka fashilmay ee dusha sare. Xalka ka saarida nikkelka birta, sagxadaha birta ah ayaa qiiqaya nitric acid (HNO3).
Waxaan isticmaalnaa sodium cyanide (NaCN) si aan naxaasta uga saarno meelaha birta ah200g/l, waa 60-70°C. Sodium cyanide waa mid aad u sun ah.
Ka saarista zinc ee birta ama meelaha birta ah waxaa lagu fuliyaa heerkulka qolka10%aashito ama leh20%oo leh xal sodium hydroxide 100°C, ama heerkulka qolka leh chromium trioxide (CrO3) in xoogga saaraya20g / l +15g / l oo ah sulfuric acid.
Waxaan ka saareynaa zinc dushooda naxaasta ah10%oo leh xal sulfuric acid.
Hababka aan liiska ku jirin ayaa ka baxsan suurtagalnimada in lagu sameeyo guriga, maadaama ay u baahan yihiin shaybaar ama aqoon-is-weydaarsi si fiican u qalabaysan.
** Gabagabo Casri ah:** Midna hababka la sheegay laguma samayn karo xaaladaha gudaha. Daaweynta dusha sare waxay u baahan tahay kiimikooyin iyo agabyo si sax ah loo aqoonsaday, hannaan khibrad leh oo loo qaabeeyey, cabbiraadda soo-gaadhista, weelasha ku habboon, hawo-mareenka deegaanka, heerkulka iyo xakamaynta pH, shaqaale tababaran, qalabka degdegga ah, iyo daawaynta si sharci ah loo habeeyey ee xalalka, leachates, iyo sediments. Natiijooyinka iyo si loo ilaaliyo dadka iyo deegaanka, isticmaal qandaraasle warshadeed oo aqoon leh.