** Ezi ntụziaka akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ize ndụ - anwala usoro akọwara: *** akụkọ ahụ na-echekwa ederede na ọnụọgụ nke mbụ, mana ọ bụghị ụkpụrụ ụlọ nyocha, nyocha ihe ize ndụ, ma ọ bụ nkuzi ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ọ na-ekwu, n’etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, hydrogen fluoride ma ọ bụ hydrofluoric acid, sodium cyanide, mercury, lead, cadmium na chromium (VI) ogige, nitric, sulfuric na sodium acids, ike alkalis, flammable solvents na baths kpụ ọkụ n’ọnụ ka.150°C. Ntinye uche na-ezighi ezi, usoro ịgwakọta, akpa, ikuku ikuku, okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ kọntaktị nwere ike ime ka nsị na-egbu egbu, ọkụ miri emi, gas na-egbu egbu, ọkụ, mgbawa na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ. Adịla njikere ma ọ bụ jiri ngwakọta ndị a n’ụlọ gị ma ọ bụ ebe a na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ. Ọrụ dị otú ahụ bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ ụlọ nyocha nwere ikike nke nwere nlekọta kemịkalụ ọkachamara, usoro mechiri emechi, ikuku ikuku zuru oke, atụmatụ mberede, akwụkwọ data nchekwa dị mma na mkpofu mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị.
Taa, Savo Kusić lekwasịrị anya na window osisi, osisi-aluminom windo, windo omenala, ọnụ ụzọ na arịrịọ maka nhota okwu. Edemede a ka bụ ebe nchekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme na anaghị anọchite anya onyinye nke ịrụ ọrụ igwe kemịkal.
Corrosion
Etching bụ mgbasa kemịkalụ nke elu igwe nke ọla. Ya mere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ị na-ese ihe osise ọla kọpa, a na-ekpuchi efere ọla kọpa na wax, a na-ese ihe oyiyi ma ọ bụ ederede a chọrọ na agịga, na-awụsa nitric acid n’elu ya. Acid ahụ ga-emebi ebe ndị na-abụghị waks. A na-eji usoro yiri nke ahụ maka etching iko. Kemịkalụ na-emebi emebi dị oke egwu, yabụ iji uwe mkpuchi roba, akwa mkpuchi na enyo nchekwa dị mkpa.
Ihe ngwọta etching akụkọ ihe mere eme
A na-ebufe ọnụọgụ niile dị n’okpuru iji chekwaa ọdịnaya mbụ ọ bụghị maka ngwa bara uru. Karịsịa, hydrogen fluoride nwere ike ime ka mmebi dị ukwuu na nsị usoro ọbụna mgbe mgbu na-apụtaghị ozugbo; nitric acid na-emepụta uzuzu dị oke egwu. gloves nkịtị na enyo enyo abụghị usoro nchekwa zuru oke n’onwe ha.
A na-eji:
120 g nke mmanya 80% mmanya,
8 g nitric acid na
1g nke ọlaọcha nitrate, etisasịwo na mmiri.
A na-agwọ Zinc na:
1000 ml mmiri,
100g nke potassium alum,
30-100 ml nitric acid.
Maka etching glass anyị na-eji:
1akụkụ nke hydrogen fluoride na
1-6 akụkụ mmiri.
N’ihi na yipụ, na-ewepụ ochie agba n’elu:
2 Akụkụ asphalt agbazere na
5 akụkụ nke turpentine (oyi).
(ịsa ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ):
5 Akụkụ nke asphalt,
10 Akụkụ nke wax,
3 akụkụ resin,
8 akụkụ nke mastic,
2ọrụ nke tallow.
Oxidation
A na-akpọ akwa mkpuchi oxide na-ekpuchi elu igwe na ihe nchebe. Tupu ikpuchi ígwè na oyi akwa a, nke nwekwara ike iji mee ihe ịchọ mma, a ghaghị iji nlezianya kpochapụ ihe ndị dị na griiz.
Nguzogide corrosion nke elu-echebe agba na-esikarị ike, agbanyeghị, a na-abawanye nguzogide ya site na iji iko mmiri mejuo oghere dị mma ma ọ bụ varnish doro anya.
Ihe ngwọta oxidation akụkọ ihe mere eme
A na-eji mkpuchi ọla na-acha anụnụ anụnụ mee ihe:
20-30g / l nke ndu acetate,
60g / l nke sodium thiosulfate,
30g/l95%nke acetic acid ngwọta.
Okpomọkụ ịsa ahụ:80°C. Oge oxidation:5 minuta.
Ihe mkpuchi ojii nke ọla kọpa:
9,4g / l nke sodium hydroxide i
3,1g / l nke ammonium persulfate.
Okpomọkụ:100°C, oge oxidation:5 minuta.
Eserese gbara ọchịchịrị nke elu igwe:
120-150g / l nke sodium hydroxide,
30g / l nke sodium nitrate,
20g / l carbamide na
100 ml mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ140-150°Cna anyị na-eme oxidation n’oge nke20-30 minuta.
A na-eji agba gbara ọchịchịrị kpuchie ọla kọpa:
40-50g / l nke sodium-thioantimonate, na okpomọkụ nke 45-50°C.
ma ọ bụ ya na5-10g / l nke potassium sulfide na60-80°Cn’ime usoro10-15 minuta.
Ihe osise na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke elu igwe:
30g ferric chloride, FeCl3·6H20;
30g nke nitrate mercury, Hg (NO3)2;
30g sodium acid (22B°);
120g mmanya;
120g mmiri.
Okpomọkụ;20-25°C, oge;20 minuta.
Agba agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke efere ígwè a na-agwọ cadmium:
62g / l potassium bichromate,
3,1g / l nke nitric acid (njupụta a kapịrị ọnụ1,2)
Okpomọkụ:60-70°C.
** Ịdọ aka ná ntị pụrụ iche: *** Ezi ntụziaka dị na ngalaba a gụnyere lead, mercury, cadmium, na chromium ogige, yana acid na ntọala siri ike na okpomọkụ dị elu. Enweghị nchekwa “ụlọ” nọchiri anya usoro mmepụta ihe, mkpughe na njikwa mkpofu. Ejila ọkụ, kpalite ma ọ bụ nwalee bat ndị a.
Mmebi nke elu igwe
Tupu itinye ihe mkpuchi ọla, ekwesịrị ịwetu elu igwe (Fig1).
Foto1- akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọtụtụ bath nkwadebe elu na-esochi.
Ihe ngwọta alkaline maka ígwè na ígwè:
40g / l sodium hydroxide, NaOH,
50g / l nke sodium carbonate, Na2CO3soda,
4g / l trisodium phosphate, Na3PO4 ·12H2Oh,
1g / l mmanya na-aba n’anya-sulfate.
Okpomọkụ:80°C.
55 g / l sodium silicate,
60 g/l trisodium phosphate.
Okpomọkụ:80°C.
Iwetu ọla kọpa na ọla ọla site na kpo oku:
8 g/l sodium hydroxide,
25 g/l sodium carbonate,
65 g/l trisodium phosphate na
1 g / l fatty alcohol sulfate.
Okpomọkụ:80°C.
Mwepu nke aluminom na galvanized elu site na kpo oku
25 g / l mmiri iko,
60 g / l sodium carbonate na
20g / l trisodium phosphate,
Okpomọkụ:80°C.
Dereasing bath na-enweghị kpo oku.
Kemịkal ndị a depụtara na-egbu egbu, a na-atụkwa aro ịkpachara anya. Amachibidoro idobe ihe oriri na ogbako a. Ịsacha aka dị mkpa ka a rụchaa ọrụ. Kemịkalụ, mkpuchi mkpuchi, uwe, ngwa, dobe n’okpuru mkpọchi na igodo.
** Sodium cyanide nwere ike igbu mmadụ ma nwee ike ịhapụ hydrogen cyanide gas, karịsịa na kọntaktị na acids.** Enwetala, chekwaa, jikọta ma ọ bụ jiri ntụziaka cyanide mee ihe. Ọ bụrụ na enyo enyo na-enyo enyo, anwala mkpochapụ ma ọ bụ nnapụta na-enweghị nchebe; pụọ wee kpọọ ndị ọrụ mberede kwesịrị ekwesị ozugbo dịka atụmatụ mpụta kemịkalụ mpaghara siri dị.
Maka ígwè na ígwè:
85g / l nke sodium hydroxide,
45g / l nke sodium cyanide,
75g / l nke sodium carbonate.
Maka ọla kọpa na ọla:
15g / l nke sodium hydroxide,
20g / l trisodium phosphate,
25g / l nke sodium carbonate na
10 g/l sodium cyanide.
Maka aluminium, zinc na tin:
5 g / l nke sodium carbonate na
5 g/l trisodium phosphate.
Degreasing na-aga nke ọma, ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nkiri mmiri na-aga n’ihu na-etolite n’elu ala a na-agwọ.
Ekwesịrị iji enyo nchekwa na uwe aka n’oge mmebi alkaline, n’ihi na alkalis bụ ihe na-emebi emebi na ihe na-egbu egbu. Maka ngwa elektrọnik nke mkpuchi ọla, anyị na-eji iko ọkụ ma ọ bụ igbe enamel.
Mkpuchi metal
Nickel plating enweghị ọkụ eletrik
20g / l nke nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2Oh,
20g / l sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2H2Oh,
45g / l trisodium citrate, Na3C4H3O7·5H2Oh,
30g / l nke ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
50-55 ml25%- ammonium hydroxide ngwọta,
pH:8-9%. Okpomọkụ:85°C+/-3%.
Oge: maka ọkpụrụkpụ nke12 microna anya1klas
Ọla kọpa na-enweghị ọkụ eletrik
Debe nchara ma ọ bụ n’elu igwe kpochara nke ọma na ngwọta, saa ma kpoo. Ihe ngwọta mejupụtara ya bụ:
104g / l potassium-sodium-tartrate, KNaC4H4O6,
70g / l sodium hydroxide NaOH,
35g / l nke ọla kọpa sulfate, CuSO4·6H2O.
Oge:5 minuta, okpomọkụ:50°C.
Na mbụ, anyị na-etinye ihe ndị dị na ígwè na ngwọta nke mere20g / l nke ọla kọpa sulfate na sulfuric acid, nke dị na oke1:1.
Ọla kọpa na nickel plating nke aluminom na-ebupụta site n’itinye
Mgbe iwepu oxide na abụba oyi akwa, ihe na-etinye na mbụ bat ke N’ezie nke4-5 minuta - na-akpalite mgbe niile - a na-asachaa ma kpoo ya. A na-eme otu usoro ahụ na ịsa ahụ nke abụọ. Usoro ntinye nickel bụ otu. Ekwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ niile na gloves roba, na iko nchebe, n’ihi na kemịkalụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha dị oke egwu.
Aluminom ọla kọpa plain:
1. U1000mTinye l mmiri
145 ml sone acid (20B°),
35 ml98%- ọ bụghị sulfuric acid;
15g nke ọla kọpa sulfate (nkume na-acha anụnụ anụnụ).
2. U1000 mTinye l mmiri
110g nke ọla kọpa sulfate na
2g nke potassium chloride.
Okpomọkụ: okpomọkụ ụlọ.
Aluminom nickel plating:
U1000 ml mmiri tinye:
15g nke nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2Oh,
20g nke ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
3g nke sodium sulfate, Na2SO4,
10g nke sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
10g nke ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3.
Okpomọkụ: okpomọkụ ụlọ.
Mkpuchi ígwè na zinc (Fig2)
_Foto2- akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mkpuchi kemịkalụ nke ígwè na zinc.
Na1000 ml mmiri na-abịa:
10g nke zinc chloride, ZnCl2,
20g nke tartaric acid, C4H6O6.
Okpomọkụ:100Celsius C.
Ọla kọpa:
U1000 ml mmiri tinye:
10g nke zinc chloride na
200g nke sodium hydroxide
Okpomọkụ:100°C.
Anyị na-eleba anya na ihe ndị dị na ígwè, nke anyị chọrọ iji zinc kpuchie ya, na-akpali akpali mgbe niile10-15 mn’ime ime ụlọ ịwụ ahụ. Ọ na-eme na anyị ga-ewepụ ihe mkpuchi na-adaghị adaba na elu. Ihe ngwọta maka iwepụ nickel na ferrous, steel na-ebupụta nitric acid (HNO3).
Anyị na-eji sodium cyanide concentrated (NaCN) wepụ ọla kọpa n’elu ígwè200g/l, na 60-70°C. Sodium cyanide dị nnọọ nsi.
A na-eme iwepụ zinc site na ígwè ma ọ bụ nchara nchara na ụlọ okpomọkụ na10%acid ma ọ bụ ya20%na ngwọta sodium hydroxide 100°C, ma ọ bụ na ụlọ okpomọkụ nwere chromium trioxide (CrO3) na itinye uche20g/l +15g / l nke sulfuric acid.
Anyị na-ewepụ zinc n’elu ọla kọpa10%na ngwọta sulfuric acid.
Uzo ndị a na-akọwapụtaghị na-agabiga ohere nke ime n’ime ụlọ, n’ihi na ha chọrọ ụlọ nyocha ma ọ bụ ihe omumu nke ọma.
** Nkwubi okwu nke oge a: ** ọbụlagodi ụzọ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha adịghị mma maka mmejuputa na ọnọdụ ụlọ. Ngwọta dị n’elu chọrọ kemịkalụ na ihe ndị akọwapụtara nke ọma, usoro a haziri nke ọma, nha ekpughere, arịa dakọtara, ikuku ikuku mpaghara, njikwa okpomọkụ na pH, ndị ọrụ a zụrụ azụ, ngwa mberede, na ọgwụgwọ iwu kwadoro nke ngwọta, leachates, na sediments. Maka nsonaazụ yana iji chebe ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, jiri onye nkwekọrịta ụlọ ọrụ tozuru etozu.