Iiresiphi zembali eziyingozi — ungazami iinkqubo ezichaziweyo: inqaku ligcina isicatshulwa soovimba bokuqala kunye nobungakanani, kodwa asiyoprothokholi yaselabhoratri, uvavanyo lomngcipheko, okanye imiyalelo yale mihla. Ikhankanya, phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-hydrogen fluoride okanye i-hydrofluoric acid, i-sodium cyanide, i-mercury, i-lead, i-cadmium kunye ne-chromium (VI) iikhompawundi, i-nitric, i-sulfuric kunye ne-sodium acids, i-alkali eyomeleleyo, izinyibilikisi ezinokutsha kunye neebhafu ezifudunyeziweyo.150°C. Ukugxila okungalunganga, ulandelelwano lokuxuba, isikhongozeli, umoya, ubushushu okanye ukudibana kunokubangela ityhefu ebulalayo, ukutshisa okunzulu, iigesi ezinetyhefu, umlilo, ugqabhuko-dubulo kunye nenkunkuma enobungozi. Sukulungisa okanye usebenzise le mixube ekhayeni lakho okanye kwindawo yokusebenzela. Umsebenzi ololo hlobo ngowommandla ogunyazisiweyo wemizi-mveliso okanye elabhoratri onolawulo lweekhemikhali ezichubekileyo, inkqubo evaliweyo, ukungena komoya okwaneleyo, isicwangciso sexesha likaxakeka, amaxwebhu edatha yokhuseleko asebenzayo kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma ngokufanelekileyo.
Namhlanje, i-Savo Kusić igxile kwi ifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiko, umnyango kunye nezicelo zekoteyishini. Eli nqaku lihlala liyindawo yogcino lwembali kwaye aliyimeli isibonelelo sokusebenza kwekhemikhali.
Corrosion
Sibiza i-etching i-chemical dissolution ye-face layers yesinyithi. Ngoko, umzekelo, xa usenza imizobo yobhedu, ipleyiti yobhedu ifakwe nge-wax, umfanekiso ofunekayo okanye umbhalo utsalwa ngenaliti, kwaye i-asidi ye-nitric igalelwe phezu kwayo. Iasidi iya konakalisa imiphezulu engafakwanga wax. Inkqubo efanayo isetyenziselwa ukuthungwa kweglasi. Iikhemikhali ezonakalisayo ziyingozi kakhulu, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kweeglavu zerabha, iifaskoti kunye neeglasi zokhuseleko kubalulekile.
Izisombululo zokubhala ngokwembali
Zonke izixa ezingezantsi zigqithiselwa ukugcina umxholo wokuqala kwaye kungekhona ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo. Ngokukodwa, i-hydrogen fluoride inokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kunye ne-systemic poisoning nangona intlungu ingabonakali ngokukhawuleza; i-nitric acid idala imisi eyingozi kakhulu. Iiglavu eziqhelekileyo kunye neeglavu zodwa aziyondlela yokukhusela ngokwaneleyo.
Iipleyiti zentsimbi zilungiswa nge:
120 g ye 80% utywala,
8 g asidi yenitric kunye
1 g yesilivere nitrate, inyibilikiswe emanzini.
I-Zinc iphathwa nge:
1000 ml yamanzi,
100 g potassium alum,
30-100 ml i-nitric acid.
Ukulungisa iglasi sisebenzisa:
1inxalenye yehydrogen fluoride kunye
1-6 iindawo zamanzi.
Ukukhulula, ukususa ipeyinti endala kumphezulu:
2 iindawo ze-asphalt ezinyibilikiswe
5 iindawo zeturpentine (ezibandayo).
(ibhafu eshushu):
5 iinxalenye ze asphalt,
10 iindawo zewax,
3 iinxalenye zentlaka,
8 iindawo zemastic,
2 iindawo zetallow.
Oxidation
Ukugquma kweendawo zetsimbi ezinokhuselo, umaleko we-oxide kuthiwa yi-oxidation. Ngaphambi kokugubungela isinyithi kunye nolu luhlu, olungasetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa, iindawo kufuneka zihlanjululwe ngokucophelela kwigrisi.
Ukumelana ne-corrosion yeendawo ezikhuselwe ngepeyinti zihlala zibuthathaka, nangona kunjalo, ukuxhathisa kuyanda ngokuzalisa iimbobo ezincinci ngeglasi yamanzi okanye ivanishi engenambala.
Izisombululo zembali ze-oxidation
Ukugquma kobhedu kwenziwa ngolu hlobo:
20-30 g / l lead acetate,
60 g / l sodium thiosulfate,
30 g / l ye-95% isisombululo se-acetic acid.
Ubushushu begumbi lokuhlambela: 80°C. Ixesha le-oxidation: 5 min.
Ukutyabeka kobhedu ngepeyinti emnyama:
9,4g / l yesodium hydroxide i
3,1g / l ye-ammonium persulfate.
Ubushushu:100°CIxesha le-oxidation:5 minutha.
Ipeyinti emnyama yemigangatho yentsimbi:
120-150g / l yesodium hydroxide,
30g / l yesodium nitrate,
20g / l carbamide kunye
100 ml amanzi afudunyezwe ukuya140-150°Ckwaye senza i-oxidation ekuhambeni20-30 minutha.
Ukugubungela ubhedu ngombala omnyama kwenziwa:
40-50g / l ye-sodium-thioantimonate, kwiqondo lokushisa 45-50°C.
okanye nge5-10g / l sulfide potassium kwi60-80°Cekuhambeni kwe10-15 minutha.
Ipeyinti eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yemigangatho yentsimbi:
30 g iron chloride, FeCl3 · 6H20;
30 g mercuric nitrate, Hg(NO3)2;
30g sodium acid (22B°);
120 g yotywala;
120 g yamanzi.
Ubushushu; 20-25°C, ixesha; 20 minuta.
Umbala omnyama wepleyiti yentsimbi enecadmium:
62 g / l potassium bichromate,
3,1 g / l i-nitric acid (uxinzelelo oluthile 1,2)
Ubushushu: 60–70°C.
Isilumkiso esiKhethekileyo: iindlela zokupheka kweli candelo ziquka ilothe, imekyuri, i-cadmium, iikhompawundi zechromium, kunye neeasidi ezomeleleyo kunye neziseko kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Akukho “ikhaya” elikhuselekileyo elithatha indawo yenkqubo yemizi-mveliso, ukuvezwa kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma. Musa ukufudumala, ukuzishukumisa okanye uzame ezi bhafu.
Ukunciphisa umphezulu wentsimbi
Phambi kokufaka iingubo zentsimbi, umgangatho wesinyithi kufuneka uthotywe (umfanekiso 1).
Figure 1 — imbono yembali yeebhafu ezininzi zokulungiselela umphezulu olandelelanayo.
Izisombululo zealkaline zentsimbi kunye nentsimbi:
40 g / l sodium hydroxide, NaOH,
50 g / l sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (soda),
4 g / l trisodium phosphate, Na3PO4 · 12H2O,
1 g / l fatty alcohol sulfate.
Ubushushu: 80°C.
55 g / l isodium silicate,
60 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Ubushushu: 80°C.
Ukwehlisa umgangatho wobhedu kunye nobhedu ngokufudumeza:
8 g / l sodium hydroxide,
25 g / l sodium carbonate,
65 g / l trisodium phosphate kunye
1 g / l fatty alcohol sulfate.
Ubushushu: 80°C.
Ukuthotywa kwealuminiyam kunye nomphezulu ofakwe igalvanized ngokufudumeza
25 g / l iglasi yamanzi,
60 g / l sodium carbonate kunye
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
Ubushushu: 80°C.
Ukuhlamba iibhafu ngaphandle kokufudumeza.
Ezi khemikhali zinetyhefu kwaye kucetyiswa ukuba kulumke kakhulu. Akuvumelekanga ukugcina izinto zokutya kwindawo yokusebenzela. Ukuhlamba izandla kunyanzelekile emva komsebenzi. Iikhemikhali, iiglavu ezikhuselayo, iisuti, izincedisi, gcina ngaphantsi kwesitshixo kunye nesitshixo.
Isodium cyanide inokubulala kwaye inokukhupha igesi yehydrogen cyanide, ngakumbi xa idibana neeasidi. Musa ukufumana, ukugcina, ukuxuba okanye ukusebenzisa iiresiphi zecyanide. Ukuba ukuvezwa kukrokreleka, musa ukuzama ukungathathi hlangothi okuphuculweyo okanye ukuhlangula ngaphandle kokhuseleko; Suka kwaye ngokukhawuleza ubize iinkonzo ezingxamisekileyo ezifanelekileyo ngokwesicwangciso sesiganeko sekhemikhali sendawo.
Yentsimbi kunye nentsimbi:
85 g / l sodium hydroxide,
45 g / l isodium cyanide,
75 g / l sodium carbonate.
Eyobhedu nobhedu:
15 g / l sodium hydroxide,
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
25 g / l sodium carbonate kunye
10 g / l isodium cyanide.
Ye-aluminium, i-zinc kunye ne-tin:
5 g / l yesodium carbonate kunye
5 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Ukwehlisa igrisi kuba yimpumelelo, ukuba ifilim eqhubekayo yamanzi ibumba kumphezulu ocociweyo.
Iiglasi zokhuseleko kunye neeglavu kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngexesha lokuthotywa kwe-alkaline, njengoko iialkali zinoburharha kunye nezinto ezinetyhefu. Ukusetyenziswa kombane wentsimbi, sisebenzisa iglasi engatshiyo okanye izikhongozeli ze-enamel.
Ukwaleka kwentsimbi
I-Nickel plating ngaphandle kombane
20g / l ye-nickel chloride, i-NiCl2·6H2Owu,
20g / l sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2H2Owu,
45g / l trisodium citrate, Na3C4H3O7·5H2Owu,
30g / l ye-ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
50-55 ml 25%-ni isisombululo se-ammonium hydroxide,
PH: 8-9%. Iqondo lobushushu: 85°C +/- 3%.
Ixesha: kubukhulu be-12 mikron malunga ne-1 iiyure.
Ukufakwa kobhedu ngaphandle kombane
Beka intsimbi ecocekileyo okanye iindawo zentsimbi kwisisombululo, hlamba kwaye uyomise. Isisombululo siqulunqwe zezi:
104 g / l potassium-sodium-tartrate, KNaC4H4O6,
70 g / l sodium hydroxide NaOH,
35 g / l copper sulfate, CuSO4 · 6H2O.
Ixesha: 5 mumzuzu, Ubushushu: 50°C.
Ngaphambili, sibeka izinto zetsimbi kwisisombululo esenziwe nge-20 g / l i-copper sulfate kunye ne-sulfuric acid, ezikumlinganiselo 1:1.
I-Copper plating kunye ne-nickel plating yemigangatho ye-aluminiyam ngokudipha
Emva kokususa i-oxide kunye ne-fat layer, izinto zifakwe kwindawo yokuqala yokuhlambela 4-5 minutes - ngokuvuselela rhoqo - emva koko zihlanjwe kwaye zomiswe. Inkqubo efanayo yenziwa kwibhafu yesibini. Inkqubo yokubeka i-nickel iyafana. Yonke imisebenzi kufuneka iqhutywe kwiiglavu zerabha, kunye neeglasi zokukhusela, kuba iikhemikhali ezikhankanyiweyo ziyingozi kakhulu.
I-Aluminiyam yokubeka ubhedu:
1. Faka 1000ml yamanzi
145 ml sodium acid (20 B °),
35 ml 98%–akukho asidi yesulfuric,
15 g ye-copper sulfate (ilitye eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka).
2. Faka 1000 ml yamanzi
110 g yesulfate yobhedu i
2 g ye-potassium chloride.
Ubushushu: ubushushu begumbi.
Ukufakwa kwe-nickel ye-aluminiyam:
U1000 ml amanzi abeke:
15i-g ye-nickel chloride, i-NiCl2·6H2Owu,
20g ye ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
3g yesodium sulfate, Na2SO4,
10g yesodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
10ig yeammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3.
Ubushushu: ubushushu begumbi.
Intsimbi yokugquma ngezinc (Fig2)
Umfanekiso2-ingxelo yembali yokugqunywa kweekhemikhali zentsimbi kunye ne-zinc.
Nge1000 ml amanzi ayeza:
10g ye-zinc chloride, i-ZnCl2,
20g yeasidi yetartaric, C4H6O6.
Ubushushu:100°C.
Ukugalela ubhedu:
U1000 ml amanzi abeke:
10g ye-zinc chloride kunye
200g yesodium hydroxide
Ubushushu:100°C.
Sigcina iliso kwizinto zetsimbi, esifuna ukuzigubungela nge-zinc, ngokuvuselela rhoqo10-15 mngaphakathi kwigumbi lokuhlambela. Kwenzeka ukuba kufuneka sisuse iingubo zokungaphumeleli kwiindawo. Isisombululo sokususa i-nickel kwi-ferrous, imigangatho yentsimbi yi-nitric acid evuthayo (HNO3).
Sisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide (NaCN) egxininisiweyo ukususa ubhedu kwiindawo zentsimbi200g/l, qhubeka 60-70°C. Isodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu.
Ukususwa kwe-zinc kwintsimbi okanye kwimigangatho yentsimbi kuqhutyelwa kwiqondo lokushisa kunye10%acid okanye nge20%kunye nesisombululo sesodium hydroxide 100°C, okanye kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi elinechromium trioxide (CrO3) kugxininiso20g/l +15g / l ye-asidi ye-sulfuric.
Sisusa i-zinc kwiindawo zobhedu10%kunye nesisombululo se-sulfuric acid.
Iindlela ezingachazwanga zidlulela ngaphaya kokwenziwa ekhaya, kuba zifuna ilabhoratri exhotyiswe kakuhle okanye iworkshop.
Isiphelo sangoku: kwaneendlela ezikhankanyiweyo azifanelekanga ukuphunyezwa kwiimeko zasekhaya. Ukunyangwa komphezulu kufuna iikhemikhali ezichongiweyo ngokuchanekileyo kunye nezixhobo, inkqubo eyilwe ngobuchwephesha, umlinganiselo wokuvezwa, izikhongozeli ezihambelanayo, umoya wendawo, ubushushu kunye nolawulo lwe-pH, abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo, izixhobo ezingxamisekileyo, kunye nokuphathwa ngokusemthethweni kwezisombululo, i-leachates, kunye ne-sediments. Ukufumana iziphumo kunye nokukhusela abantu kunye nokusingqongileyo, sebenzisa ikontraka yoshishino eqeqeshiweyo.