Litlhahiso tse kotsi tsa histori - u se ke ua leka mekhoa e hlalositsoeng: sengoloa se boloka mongolo oa khale oa polokelo le palo, empa ha se protocol ea laboratori, tlhahlobo ea kotsi kapa taeo ea sejoale-joale. E bolela, har’a lintho tse ling, hydrogen fluoride kapa hydrofluoric acid, sodium cyanide, mercury, lead, cadmium le chromium(VI) metsoako, nitric, sulfuric le sonic acids, alkalis e matla, solvents e tukang le libate tse futhumetseng ho 150°C. Ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho fosahetseng, tatellano ea ho kopanya, setshelo, moea oa moea, mocheso kapa ho kopana ho ka baka chefo e bolaeang, ho chesa ho tebileng, likhase tse chefo, mollo, ho phatloha le litšila tse kotsi. Se ke oa lokisa kapa oa sebelisa metsoako ena lapeng la hau kapa setsing sa mosebetsi sa nakoana. Mosebetsi o joalo ke oa tikolohong e lumelletsoeng ea liindasteri kapa ea laboratori e nang le tlhokomelo ea litsebi tsa lik’hemik’hale, ts’ebetso e koetsoeng, moea o lekaneng, moralo oa tšohanyetso, maqephe a nepahetseng a ts’ireletso le ho lahla litšila ka nepo.
Kajeno, Savo Kusić e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho lifensetere tsa lehong, lifensetere tsa lehong-aluminium, fensetere ea tloaelo, lemati le likopo tsa khotheishene. Sengoliloeng sena e ntse e le polokelo ea nalane ’me ha e emele tlhahiso ea ho sebetsa ka tšepe ka lik’hemik’hale.
Corrosion
Re bitsa etching ho qhibiliha ha lik’hemik’hale tsa likarolo tse ka holimo tsa tšepe. Kahoo, ka mohlala, ha ho etsoa litšoantšo tsa koporo, poleiti ea koporo e koahetsoe ka boka, setšoantšo kapa mongolo o lakatsehang o huloa ka nale, ’me acid ea nitric e tšeloa holim’a eona. Asiti e tla senya libaka tse se nang boka. Mokhoa o tšoanang o sebelisoa bakeng sa ho khabisa khalase. Lik’hemik’hale tse senyang li kotsi haholo, kahoo tšebeliso ea liatlana tsa rabara, li-aprone le likhalase tsa tšireletso ke tsa bohlokoa.
Litharollo tsa nalane ea nalane
Lipalo tsohle tse ka tlase li fetisetsoa ho boloka litaba tsa mantlha eseng bakeng sa ts’ebeliso e sebetsang. Haholo-holo, hydrogen fluoride e ka baka tšenyo e tebileng le chefo ea tsamaiso esita le ha bohloko bo sa bonahale hang-hang; asiti ya nitric e baka mosi o kotsi haholo. Liatlana tse tloaelehileng le likhalase feela ha se mokhoa o lekaneng oa tšireletso.
Lipoleiti tsa tšepe li sebetsoa ka:
120 g ya 80% jwala,
8 g asiti ya nitric le
1 g ea silver nitrate, e qhibilihisitsoeng ka metsing.
Zinc e phekoloa ka:
1000 ml ea metsi,
100 g potasiamo alum,
30-100 ml asiti ea nitric.
Bakeng sa ho khabisa khalase re sebelisa:
1karolo ea hydrogen fluoride le
1-6 likarolo tsa metsi.
Ho hlobola, ho tlosa pente ea khale holim’a metsi:
2 likarolo tsa asphalt tse qhibilihisitsoeng ka
5 likarolo tsa turpentine (e batang).
(bata e futhumetseng):
5 likarolo tsa asphalt,
10 likarolo tsa boka,
3 likarolo tsa resin,
8 likarolo tsa mastic,
2 likarolo tsa tallow.
Oxidation
Maraba a tšepe a nang le lera le sireletsang, la oxide e bitsoa oxidation. Pele o koahela tšepe ka lera lena, le ka boela la sebelisoa bakeng sa mokhabiso, libaka li tlameha ho hloekisoa ka hloko ka mafura.
Ho hanyetsa ha kutu ea libaka tse sirelelitsoeng ka pente hangata ho fokola, leha ho le joalo, ho hanyetsa ho eketseha ka ho tlatsa masoba a manyenyane ka khalase ea metsi kapa varnish e se nang mebala.
Litharollo tsa nalane ea oxidation
Ho roala boputsoa ba koporo ho entsoe ka:
20-30 g / l lead acetate,
60 g / l sodium thiosulfate,
30 g / l ea 95% acetic acid solution.
Mocheso oa kamore ea ho hlapela: 80°C. Nako ea oxidation: 5 min.
Ho roala ka koporo ka pente e ntšo:
9,4g / l ea sodium hydroxide i
3,1g / l ea ammonium persulfate.
Mocheso:100°C, nako ea oxidation:5 mithata.
Pente e lefifi ea libaka tsa tšepe:
120-150g / l ea sodium hydroxide,
30g / l ea sodium nitrate,
20g / l carbamide le
100 ml ea metsi a futhumatsoa ho140-150°Cmme re etsa oxidation nakong ya20-30 mithata.
Ho koahela koporo ka ’mala o lefifi ho etsoa ka:
40-50g / l ea sodium-thioantimonate, ka mocheso oa 45-50°C.
kapa ka5-10g / l ea potassium sulfide ka60-80°Cnakong ea10-15 mithata.
Penta e putsoa ea bokaholimo ba tšepe:
30 g iron chloride, FeCl3 · 6H20;
30 g mercuric nitrate, Hg(NO3)2;
30g sodium acid (22B°);
120 g ya jwala;
120 g ya metsi.
Mocheso; 20-25°C, nako; 20 minuta.
Mmala o lefifi oa poleiti ea tšepe e entsoeng ka cadmium:
62 g / l potassium bichromate,
3,1 g / l asiti ea nitric (tekanyo e khethehileng 1,2)
Mocheso: 60–70°C.
Tlhokomeliso e Ikgethileng: diresepe karolong ena li kenyelletsa lead, mercury, cadmium, le metsoako ea chromium, hammoho le li-acid tse matla le lithempereichara tse phahameng. Ha ho na sebaka se sireletsehileng sa “ntlo” bakeng sa ts’ebetso ea indasteri, ho pepeseha le taolo ea litšila. Se ke oa futhumatsa, ua sisinya kapa ua leka libate tsena.
Ho theoha ha bokaholimo ba tšepe
Pele u sebelisa lirafshoa tsa tšepe, bokaholimo ba tšepe bo lokela ho tlotsoa (setšoantšo 1).
Figure 1 — chebo ea nalane ea libate tse ngata tse latellanang tsa ho lokisa holim’a metsi.
Litharollo tsa alkaline bakeng sa tšepe le tšepe:
40 g / l sodium hydroxide, NaOH,
50 g / l sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (soda),
4 g / l trisodium phosphate, Na3PO4 · 12H2O,
1 g / l sulfate ea joala e mafura.
Mocheso: 80°C.
55 g / l sodium silicate,
60 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Mocheso: 80°C.
Ho theoha ha bokaholimo ba koporo le koporo ka ho futhumatsa:
8 g / l sodium hydroxide,
25 g / l sodium carbonate,
65 g / l trisodium phosphate le
1 g / l sulfate ea joala e mafura.
Mocheso: 80°C.
Ho theoha ha aluminium le bokaholimo ba masenke ka ho futhumatsa
25 g / l khalase ea metsi,
60 g / l sodium carbonate le
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
Mocheso: 80°C.
Bateng ea ho futhumatsa ntle le ho futhumatsa.
Lik’hemik’hale tsena li chefo ’me ho khothaletsoa ho ba hlokolosi haholo. Ho thibetsoe ho boloka lijo ka har’a workshop. Ho hlatsoa matsoho ke tlamo ka mor’a mosebetsi. Lik’hemik’hale, liatlana tse sireletsang, lisutu, lisebelisoa, boloka linotlolo le linotlolo.
Sodium cyanide e ka bolaea ’me e ka ntša khase ea hydrogen cyanide, haholo-holo ha e kopana le acid. Se ke oa fumana, oa boloka, oa kopanya kapa oa sebelisa liresepe tsa cyanide. Haeba ts’oaetso e belaelloa, u se ke ua leka ho fokotsa kapa ho pholosa ntle le tšireletso; tloha ’me hang-hang u letsetse litšebeletso tsa tšohanyetso tse loketseng ho latela moralo oa sebaka sa heno oa liketsahalo tsa lik’hemik’hale.
Bakeng sa tšepe le tšepe:
85 g / l sodium hydroxide,
45 g / l sodium cyanide,
75 g / l sodium carbonate.
Bakeng sa koporo le koporo:
15 g / l sodium hydroxide,
20 g / l trisodium phosphate,
25 g / l sodium carbonate le
10 g / l sodium cyanide.
Bakeng sa aluminium, zinki le thini:
5 g / l ea sodium carbonate le
5 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Ho fokotsa mocheso ho tla atleha, haeba filimi ea metsi e tsoelang pele e hlaha sebakeng se hloekisitsoeng.
Likhalase tsa tšireletso le liatlana li lokela ho sebelisoa nakong ea ho tlosoa ha alkaline, kaha alkalis ke lintho tse senyang le tse chefo. Bakeng sa ho sebelisa litlolo tsa tšepe tse se nang motlakase, re sebelisa likhalase tse sa cheng kapa lijana tsa enamel.
Ho roala ka tšepe
Nickel plating ntle le motlakase
20 g / l nickel chloride, NiCl2 · 6H2O,
20 g / l sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2H2O,
45 g / l trisodium citrate, Na3C4H3O7 · 5H2O,
30 g / l ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
50-55 ml 25%-ni tharollo ea ammonium hydroxide,
PH: 8-9%. Mocheso: 85°C +/- 3%.
Nako: bakeng sa botenya ba 12 mikron e ka bang lihora tse 1.
Ho roala koporo ntle le motlakase
Beha libaka tsa tšepe tse hloekisitsoeng hantle kapa tsa tšepe ka har’a tharollo, li hlatsoe ’me u li omelle. Tharollo e entsoe ka:
104 g / l potasiamo-sodium-tartrate, KNaC4H4O6,
70 g / l sodium hydroxide NaOH,
35 g / l sulfate ea koporo, CuSO4 · 6H2O.
Nako: 5 mmetsotso, Mocheso: 50°C.
Nakong e fetileng, re ne re kenya lintho tsa tšepe ka tharollo e entsoeng ka 20 g / l sulfate ea koporo le sulfuric acid, e leng ka karolelano 1:1.
Copper plating le nickel plating ea bokaholimo ba aluminium ka ho qoelisoa
Ka mor’a ho tlosa oxide le lera la mafura, lintho li kenngoa ka bateng ea pele bakeng sa 4-5 minutes - ka ho sisinyeha kamehla - ebe lia hlatsuoa le ho omisoa. Mokhoa o ts’oanang o etsoa ka bateng ea bobeli. Ts’ebetso ea nickel plating e ts’oana. Mesebetsi eohle e lokela ho etsoa ka li-gloves tsa rabara, ka likhalase tse sireletsang, hobane lik’hemik’hale tse boletsoeng li kotsi haholo.
Aluminium koporo plating:
1. Kenya 1000ml ea metsi
145 ml sodium acid (20 B°),
35 ml 98%–ha ho na sulfuric acid,
15 g ea sulfate ea koporo (lejoe le leputsoa).
2. Kenya 1000 ml ea metsi
110 g ea sulfate ea koporo i
2 g ea potassium chloride.
Mocheso: mocheso oa kamore.
Aluminium nickel plating:
U1000 ml ho tšela metsi:
15g ea nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2Oh,
20g ea ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
3g ea sodium sulfate, Na2SO4,
10g ea sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
10g ea ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3.
Mocheso: mocheso oa kamore.
Ho roala tšepe ka zinki (Feie2)
Setšoantšo2- tlaleho ea histori ea ho roala lik’hemik’hale tsa tšepe ka zinki.
Ho1000 ml metsi a tla:
10g ea zinki chloride, ZnCl2,
20g ea tartaric acid, C4H6O6.
Mocheso:100°C.
Copper galvanizing:
U1000 ml ho tšela metsi:
10g ea zinki chloride le
200g ea sodium hydroxide
Mocheso:100°C.
Re beha leihlo linthong tsa tšepe, tseo re batlang ho li apara ka zinki, ka ho tsitsisa kamehla10-15 mka hare ho ntloana. Hoa etsahala hore re tlameha ho tlosa liaparo tse hlōlehileng ho tloha holimo. Tharollo ea ho ntša nickel holim’a ferrous, litšepe ke fuming nitric acid (HNO3).
Re sebelisa concentrated sodium cyanide (NaCN) ho tlosa koporo holim’a tšepe200g/l, ka 60-70°C. Sodium cyanide e chefo haholo.
Ho tlosoa ha zinki ho tloha holim’a tšepe kapa tšepe ho etsoa ka mocheso oa kamore ka10%acid kapa ka20%ka tharollo ea sodium hydroxide 100°C, kapa mocheso oa kamore o nang le chromium trioxide (CrO3) ka ho tsepamisa maikutlo20g/l +15g / l ea sulfuric acid.
Re tlosa zinki libakeng tsa koporo10%ka tharollo ea sulfuric acid.
Mekhoa e sa hlalosoang e feta monyetla oa ho etsoa ka har’a naha, hobane e hloka laboratori e nang le thepa e ntle kapa workshop.
** Qetello ea mehleng ea kajeno: ** esita le mekhoa e boletsoeng ha e tšoanelehe bakeng sa ts’ebetsong maemong a malapeng. Kalafo ea holim’a metsi e hloka lik’hemik’hale le lisebelisoa tse khethiloeng ka nepo, ts’ebetso e entsoeng ka bokhabane, tekanyo ea ho pepeseha, lijana tse lumellanang, moea o kenang sebakeng, mocheso le taolo ea pH, basebetsi ba koetlisitsoeng, lisebelisoa tsa tšohanyetso, le kalafo e laoloang ke molao ea tharollo, li-leachates, le sediments. Bakeng sa liphetho le ho sireletsa batho le tikoloho, sebelisa mokonteraka ea nang le tsebo.