** Cov ntawv qhia keeb kwm phom sij - tsis txhob sim piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem:** tsab xov xwm khaws cov ntawv sau cia thiab ntau npaum li cas, tab sis tsis yog cov txheej txheem kuaj, kev ntsuas kev pheej hmoo, lossis cov lus qhia niaj hnub no. Nws hais txog, ntawm lwm yam, hydrogen fluoride los yog hydrofluoric acid, sodium cyanide, mercury, lead, cadmium thiab chromium (VI) tebchaw, nitric, sulfuric thiab sodium acids, muaj zog alkalis, flammable solvents thiab da dej rhuab rau150°C. Kev sib xyaw ua ke tsis raug, sib xyaw ua ke, ntim, qhov cua, qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij txaus ntshai, kub hnyiab, cov pa phem, hluav taws kub, tawg thiab pov tseg pov tseg. Tsis txhob npaj lossis siv cov khoom sib xyaw no hauv koj lub tsev lossis kev cob qhia ua haujlwm. Cov hauj lwm zoo li no yog nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam uas muaj kev tso cai los yog chaw soj ntsuam nrog cov kws tshaj lij tshuaj saib xyuas, txheej txheem kaw, qhov cua txaus, kev npaj xwm txheej ceev, cov ntaub ntawv kev nyab xeeb siv tau thiab pov tseg pov tseg kom raug.
Hnub no, Savo Kusić tau tsom mus rau qhov rais ntoo, wood-aluminium Qhov rais, kev cai Qhov rais, qhov rooj thiab thov lus hais. Kab lus no tseem yog keeb kwm archive thiab tsis sawv cev rau kev muab tshuaj hlau ua haujlwm.
Corrosion
Peb hu ua etching cov tshuaj lom neeg cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hlau. Yog li, piv txwv li, thaum ua tooj liab engravings, tooj liab phaj yog coated nrog ciab, cov duab los yog cov ntawv xav tau yog kos nrog ib rab koob, thiab nitric acid yog poured tshaj nws. Cov kua qaub yuav corrode tsis-waxed nto. Ib txoj kev zoo sib xws yog siv rau iav etching. Cov tshuaj corrosive yog qhov txaus ntshai heev, yog li kev siv cov hnab looj tes roj hmab, aprons thiab tsom iav kev nyab xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb.
keeb kwm etching daws
Tag nrho cov khoom hauv qab no raug xa mus los khaws cov ntsiab lus qub thiab tsis siv rau kev siv. Tshwj xeeb, hydrogen fluoride tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj thiab muaj kab mob lom txawm tias qhov mob tsis tshwm sim tam sim ntawd; nitric acid tsim cov pa phem heev. Cov hnab looj tes thiab tsom iav ib leeg tsis yog qhov kev tiv thaiv txaus.
Hlau daim hlau ua tiav nrog:
120 g ntawm 80% cawv,
8 g nitric acid thiab
1 g ntawm nyiaj nitrate, yaj hauv dej.
Zinc yog kho nrog:
1000 ml dej,
100 g poov tshuaj alum,
30-100 ml nitric acid.
Rau iav etching peb siv:
1ib feem ntawm hydrogen fluoride thiab
1-6 qhov dej.
Rau stripping, tshem cov xim qub ntawm qhov chaw:
2 qhov chaw ntawm asphalt yaj hauv
5 qhov chaw ntawm turpentine (txias).
( da dej sov):
5 qhov chaw ntawm asphalt,
10 qhov chaw ntawm wax,
3 resin qhov chaw,
8 qhov chaw ntawm mastic,
2 qhov chaw ntawm qhov siab.
Oxidation
txheej txheej ntawm cov hlau nto nrog kev tiv thaiv, oxide txheej hu ua oxidation. Ua ntej npog cov hlau nrog cov txheej txheem no, uas tuaj yeem siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj, qhov chaw yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo ntxuav cov roj.
Qhov corrosion tsis kam ntawm cov xim-tiv thaiv qhov chaw feem ntau tsis muaj zog, txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tiv thaiv tau nce los ntawm kev sau cov pores me me nrog cov iav dej lossis cov kua roj vanish tsis muaj xim.
keeb kwm oxidation daws
xiav txheej ntawm tooj dag yog ua tiav nrog:
20-30 g/l lead acetate,
60 g/l sodium thiosulfate,
30 g / l ntawm 95% acetic acid kua.
chav dej kub: 80°C. Oxidation lub sij hawm: 5 min.
Copper txheej nrog cov xim dub:
9,4g / l ntawm sodium hydroxide i
3,1g / l ntawm ammonium persulfate.
Kub:100°C, oxidation lub sij hawm:5 minuta.
Tsaus painting ntawm steel nto:
120-150g / l ntawm sodium hydroxide,
30g / l ntawm sodium nitrate,
20g / l carbamide thiab
100 ml dej yog rhaub rau140-150°Cthiab peb ua oxidation hauv chav kawm20-30 minuta.
Npog tooj liab nrog cov xim tsaus yog ua nrog:
40-50g / l ntawm sodium-thioantimonate, ntawm qhov kub ntawm 45-50°C.
los yog nrog5-10g / l ntawm poov tshuaj sulfide ntawm60-80°Cnyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm10-15 minuta.
Xiav xim ntawm cov hlau nto:
30 g hlau chloride, FeCl3 · 6H20;
30 g mercuric nitrate, Hg(NO3)2;
30g sodium acid (22B°);
120 g ntawm cawv;
120 g dej.
Kub; 20-25°C, sij hawm; 20 minuta.
Tsaus xim ntawm cadmium-kho steel phaj:
62 g / l potassium bichromate,
3,1 g/l nitric acid (specific ntom 1,2)
Kub: 60–70°C.
** Kev Ceeb Toom Tshwj Xeeb: ** cov zaub mov hauv seem no suav nrog cov hmoov lead, mercury, cadmium, thiab chromium compounds, nrog rau cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb “tsev” hloov pauv rau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam, kev cuam tshuam thiab pov tseg. Tsis txhob kub, do lossis sim cov da dej no.
Degreasing ntawm hlau nto
Ua ntej siv cov txheej txheem hlau, cov npoo hlau yuav tsum tau degreased (daim duab 1).
Daim duab 1 - keeb kwm saib ntawm ob peb qhov kev npaj da dej ua tiav.
Alkaline daws rau hlau thiab hlau:
40 g / l sodium hydroxide, NaOH,
50 g / l sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (soda),
4 g/l trisodium phosphate, Na3PO412H2O,
1 g / l fatty cawv sulfate.
Kub: 80°C.
55 g / l sodium silicate,
60 g / l trisodium phosphate.
Kub: 80°C.
Degreasing ntawm tooj liab thiab tooj dag nto los ntawm cua sov:
8 g / l sodium hydroxide,
25 g / l sodium carbonate,
65 g / l trisodium phosphate thiab
1 g/l fatty alcohol sulfate.
Kub: 80°C.
Degreasing ntawm txhuas thiab galvanized nto los ntawm cua sov
25 g / l dej iav,
60 g / l sodium carbonate thiab
20 g/l trisodium phosphate,
Kub: 80°C.
Degreasing da dej yam tsis muaj cua sov.
Cov tshuaj no muaj tshuaj lom thiab ceev faj heev. Nws yog txwv tsis pub khaws cov khoom noj hauv lub rhiav. Kev ntxuav tes yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua tom qab ua haujlwm. Cov tshuaj, hnab looj tes tiv thaiv, suits, accessories, khaws cia hauv qab xauv thiab tus yuam sij.
**Sodium cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus thiab tuaj yeem tso cov pa roj hydrogen cyanide, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov kua qaub. Yog xav tias raug kis, tsis txhob sim improvised neutralization lossis cawm yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv; txav mus deb thiab hu mus rau qhov kev pabcuam xwm txheej ceev uas tsim nyog raws li txoj kev npaj tshuaj lom neeg hauv zos.
Rau hlau thiab hlau:
85 g / l sodium hydroxide,
45 g / l sodium cyanide,
75 g / l sodium carbonate.
Rau tooj liab thiab tooj dag:
15 g / l sodium hydroxide,
20 g/l trisodium phosphate,
25 g / l sodium carbonate thiab
10 g / l sodium cyanide.
Rau txhuas, zinc thiab tin:
5 g / l ntawm sodium carbonate thiab
5 g/l trisodium phosphate.
Degreasing yog ua tiav, yog tias cov ntaub ntawv dej txuas ntxiv rau ntawm qhov chaw kho.
Safety tsom iav thiab hnab looj tes yuav tsum tau siv thaum lub sij hawm alkaline degreasing, vim alkalis yog corrosive thiab tshuaj lom. Rau electroless daim ntawv thov ntawm cov hlau txheej, peb siv fireproof iav los yog enamel ntim.
Hlau txheej
Nickel plating tsis muaj hluav taws xob
20g / l ntawm nickel chloride, NiCl2·6H2Oh,
20g/l sodium hypophosphite, NaH2PO2H2Oh,
45g/l trisodium citrate, Na3C4H3O7·5H2Oh,
30g / l ntawm ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
50-55 ml 25% ammonium hydroxide kua,
PH: 8-9%. Kub: 85°C +/- 3%.
Sijhawm: rau lub thickness ntawm 12 micron txog 1 teev.
Copper plating tsis muaj hluav taws xob
Yav dhau los zoo-ntxuav hlau los yog hlau nto yog muab tso rau hauv cov tshuaj, ntxuav thiab qhuav. Cov tshuaj muaj xws li:
104 g/l potassium-sodium-tartrate, KNaC4H4O6,
70 g/l sodium hydroxide NaOH,
35 g / l tooj liab sulfate, CuSO4 · 6H2O.
Sijhawm: 5 m feeb, Kub: 50°C.
Yav dhau los, peb muab cov khoom siv hlau tso rau hauv cov tshuaj ua los ntawm 20 g / l ntawm tooj liab sulfate thiab sulfuric acid, uas yog nyob rau hauv qhov ratio 1:1.
Copper thiab npib tsib xee plating ntawm txhuas qhov chaw los ntawm dipping
Tom qab tshem tawm cov oxide thiab rog txheej, cov khoom raug muab tso rau hauv thawj da dej rau 4-5 minutes - nrog tas li nplawm - ces lawv ntxuav thiab qhuav. Cov txheej txheem tib yam yog ua nyob rau hauv lub da dej thib ob. Cov txheej txheem nickel plating yog tib yam. Txhua txoj haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv cov hnab looj tes roj hmab, nrog rau cov tsom iav tiv thaiv, vim hais tias cov tshuaj tau hais yog qhov txaus ntshai heev.
Aluminium tooj liab plating:
1. Muab tso rau hauv 1000ml dej
145 ml sodium acid (20 B°),
35 ml 98% - tsis muaj sulfuric acid,
15 g ntawm tooj liab sulfate (xiav pob zeb).
2. Muab tso rau hauv 1000 ml dej
110 g ntawm tooj liab sulfate i
2 g ntawm potassium chloride.
Kub: chav tsev kub.
Aluminium nickel plating:
Nyob rau hauv 1000 ml dej tso:
15 g nickel chloride, NiCl2 · 6H2O,
20 g ammonium chloride, NH4Cl,
3 g sodium sulfate, Na2SO4,
10 g sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
10 g ntawm ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3.
Kub: chav tsev kub.
Hlau txheej nrog zinc (Daim duab 2)
Duab 2 - keeb kwm sawv cev ntawm cov tshuaj txheej ntawm hlau nrog zinc.
On 1000 ml dej los:
10 g ntawm zinc chloride, ZnCl2,
20g ntawm tartaric acid, C4H6O6.
Kub:100°C.
Tooj galvanizing:
Nyob rau hauv 1000 ml dej tso:
10g ntawm zinc chloride thiab
200g ntawm sodium hydroxide
Kub:100°C.
Peb khaws ib lub qhov muag ntawm cov khoom hlau, uas peb xav tau lub tsho tiv no nrog zinc, nrog kev nplawm tas li10-15 mhauv chav dej. Nws tshwm sim tias peb yuav tsum tshem tawm cov txheej txheem ua tsis tiav ntawm qhov chaw. Cov tshuaj rau tshem cov npib tsib xee los ntawm ferrous, steel nto yog fuming nitric acid (HNO3).
Peb siv cov concentrated sodium cyanide (NaCN) kom tshem tau cov tooj liab ntawm cov hlau200g/l, ua 60-70°C. Sodium cyanide yog tshuaj lom heev.
Kev tshem tawm ntawm zinc los ntawm cov hlau los yog steel nto yog nqa tawm ntawm chav tsev kub nrog10%acid los yog nrog20%nrog sodium hydroxide tov 100°C, los yog nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub nrog chromium trioxide (CrO3) nyob rau hauv concentration20g/l +15g / l ntawm sulfuric acid.
Peb tshem cov zinc ntawm tooj liab10%nrog sulfuric acid daws.
Cov txheej txheem tsis tau teev tseg mus dhau qhov muaj peev xwm nqa tawm hauv tsev, vim tias lawv xav tau lub chaw kuaj mob zoo lossis kev cob qhia.
Tam sim no xaus: txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem no tsis haum rau kev siv hauv tsev. Kev kho saum npoo yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj thiab cov ntaub ntawv kom raug, tus txheej txheem tsim kev txawj ntse, ntsuas qhov raug, cov ntim khoom sib xws, qhov cua hauv zos, qhov ntsuas kub thiab pH, cov neeg ua haujlwm cob qhia, cov khoom siv thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, thiab kev kho raws cai ntawm kev daws teeb meem, leachates, thiab sediments. Txhawm rau kom tau txais txiaj ntsig thiab tiv thaiv tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig, siv tus neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog.