Chidziwitso chachitetezo: Awa ndi mawu amaphunziro osungidwa kuchokera ku 2018. chaka, osati malangizo odziyimira pawokha a ntchito yachitsulo. Mphepete mwazitsulo zazitsulo ndi tchipisi zimatha kuvulaza kwambiri, pamene kudula, kupindika, kutsekemera ndi kugwira ntchito ndi zida zimafuna luso loyenera, zipangizo zotetezera komanso malo otetezeka. Ntchitoyi iyenera kuperekedwa kwa makontrakitala oyenerera ndikugwiridwa motsatira malamulo ovomerezeka achitetezo chapantchito komanso malangizo a zida ndi zida.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ndi gawo lamakono opanga ukalipentala. Onani mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, kupanga ndi ntchito, kapena tumizani pempho la mawu.
Mitundu yazitsulo zamapepala ndi katundu wake
M’zochita zapakhomo, zitsulo mwina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, monga mbale ndi mapepala, monga zipangizo zazikulu. Nthawi zambiri, zimachitika ndi mapepala achitsulo okhala ndi makulidwe ocheperako4 mm(wotchedwa fine sheet metal), dimension2×1 m, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kutentha kapena kuzizira. Pamwamba pa pepala lozizira lozizira ndi losalala komanso lopanda zizindikiro zakuda za kugudubuza kotentha. Pamwamba pawo akhoza kukhala wothimbirira kapena wakuda (popanda kudetsa). Kuuma kwa pepala kumasintha kwambiri, kuchokera ku chikhalidwe cha elasticity kupita ku mkhalidwe wofewa, pamene tingathe kupukuta ndi nyundo yamatabwa.
Kuchokera papepala lakuda, lomwe limafikira 1 mm, timapanga zinthu zolimba kwambiri. Zomwezo zimatha kudulidwa mosavuta ndi lumo lachitsulo la pepala.
Pepala lokhala ndi malata, malata ndi malata
Marata achitsulo ndi malata omwe amakutidwa ndi mankhwala mbali zonse ziwiri ndi zokutira wa zinc. Mapepalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ngalande zopingasa komanso zoyima zokhetsera madzi a mumlengalenga.
Miyeso yake imakhala yofanana ndi miyeso ya mapepala achitsulo, omwe amafika mpaka 1 mm, ndipo miyeso yake ndi 530 × 760 mm. Mapepala okhuthala kuposa 1 mm ndi 2 × 1 m, kotero kuti mapepala okutidwa awa ndi osavuta kugwira. Pambuyo pa kuvala kwa zinki kapena malata otetezera osanjikiza, mapepala amawononga. Zodzitetezerazi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupaka utoto pamalo ake, chifukwa utoto sumamatira.
Zinthu zenizeni zakunja kwachitsulo ndi pepala la zinki. Tsoka ilo, ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza, ngakhale ntchito zonse zomwe zimakumana ndi nyengo ziyenera kupangidwa ndi pepalali.
Tsamba la Brass, Copper ndi aluminiyamu
Mapepala amkuwa amatha kupezeka mumiyeso ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana. Ubwino wawo waukulu ndikuti amagulitsidwa mosavuta, ndipo choyipa chawo ndichakuti malata amaundana ndikuwunikira m’malo omwe chisanu chizizizira, chifukwa chake pambuyo pake amasweka, kuvala ndi kusweka. Patina, wosanjikiza wobiriwira wa oxide, amapangidwa pamalo awo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mkuwa ukhale wosayenera kupanga zodulira, koma zoyenera kupanga zinthu zokongoletsera, nyali ndi zina zotero.
Chipepala chamkuwa sichikhala ndi zovuta za mkuwa zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha chisanu. Mtundu wofewa wa pepalali ndi chinthu choyambira bwino kwambiri cha alloy, ndi chosavuta kukonza ndi kugulitsa, ndi chowongolera bwino cha kutentha kotero chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga zinthu za thermotechnical.
Mapepala a aluminiyamu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Amapangidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo amakhala ndi kuuma kosiyana. Iwo ndi osavuta pokonza. Pamalo awo, ngati satetezedwa mwanjira ina (mwachitsanzo, anodized), wosanjikiza wa okusayidi amapangidwa ngati ufa.
Ubwino wawo waukulu ndikuti amatha kupukutidwa kuti muwoneke bwino pagalasi komanso kuti kulemera kwawo sikukhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kulemera kwa mapepala achitsulo a miyeso yofanana. Kuipa kwawo ndikuti samagulitsa, samapirira kutentha ndipo amakhala osagwirizana ndi zikoka zamakina.
Zida zogwirira ntchito zachitsulo
Zida zambiri zosiyanasiyana zopangira zitsulo ndizofunikira popanga zitsulo.
Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa:
- woyendetsa nyundo;
- nyundo yowongolera;
- nyundo yamatabwa;
- chophwatalala;
- zozungulira;
- mchere wonyezimira;
- chopinda;
- chozungulira chozungulira;
- kutsegula lumo;
- masiketi achitsulo owongoka;
- scraper kwa zitsulo;
- chozungulira chozungulira;
- rivet tensioner;
- riveter;
- soldering chitsulo.
Chithunzi 1 — zida zosinthira zitsulo zamasamba.
Kuti tiwumbe bwino mapepala, tiyenera kudziwa zoyambira zaukadaulo wokonza. Timagwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri zapadera pokonza mapepala; mwachitsanzo, mmisiri waluso amagwira ntchito ndi mitundu yosachepera 19 ya nyundo. Zida zochepa kwambiri zimafunikira pochita izi kunyumba. Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa zojambula za zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Sitingathe kuzifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, komanso sitidzawonetsa zida zina zapadera.
Kuti mmisiri wapakhomo agwire ntchitozi, mwa mitundu yonse ya nyundo, chowongolera pawiri ndi pulani iwiri ndizokwanira. Nyundo yamatabwa kapena yamphira ndiyoyenera kuwongola, kupindika ndi kumangirira malo okulirapo.
Ma anvils apamanja, makamaka ooneka ngati nsapato za akavalo, afulati komanso ozungulira, amafunikira kuti apange mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Mphepo zake zimakhala ndi m’mphepete mwake, m’mphepete mwake zimakhala ndi chotchinga chopindika, komanso chopindika ndi choyang’ana. “Zosunthika” kwambiri zamasheya odulira zitsulo ndi ma shear obowola ndi ma shear owongoka. “Othandizira” othandiza ndi scraper ya katatu, riveter ndi chitsulo chosungunulira.
Kudula zitsulo zamasamba
Kudula kumafuna kutenthetsa kaye mizere yapapepala ndi singano. Mzere wodulidwa wojambulidwa ndi pensulo umafufutika mosavuta ndipo motero siwoyenera. Ngati tidula zingwe zazitali kuchokera pa mbale ya malata, tiyenera kuyala pepalalo patebulo kuti mapeto a mzere wodulidwawo akhale kunja kwa mphepete mwa tebulo ndi masentimita angapo. Tiyikanso kachingwe kapena bolodi pa pepala loyikidwa pa benchi yogwirira ntchito.
Panthawi yomweyo, chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa kuti manja a lumo, omwe amangiriridwa molumikizana ndi zomangira, ali moyang’anizana ndi ngodya yakumanja kwa mbale ya malata. Zotayirira ndi slanted lumo musati kudula, koma m’malo kupinda, crease ndi kupanikizana pepala pakati pa masamba. Gawo lodulidwa la pepala liyenera kukhala kumanja kwa mzere wodula nthawi zonse. Timayika chala chachikulu cha dzanja pakati pa mikono kuti tithe kuwalekanitsa titatha kudula.
Mapepala okhuthala kuposa 1 mm adzakhala ovuta kuwadula ndi lumo. Podula mapepala a makulidwe amenewo, ndi bwino kudula mofupikitsa komanso pafupipafupi, osati ndi nsonga za lumo. Mwa kudula mbali ya lumo pafupi ndi cholumikizira, timathandizira kuti mkawo usakhale wokhazikika. Chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa kuti manja a lumo asatsina zala ndi chikhatho cha dzanja (chithunzi 2, gawo loyamba).
Chithunzi 2 — njira zodulira zitsulo pamapepala.
Ngati tikufuna kudula mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena mbale yozungulira, tidzayika pepalalo kuti gawo lomwe likufunika kugwa likhale kumanzere kwa lumo. Mwanjira iyi timatha kutsatira mzere wodula ndi maso athu. Timayamba kudula mipata ikuluikulu pakati pa pepalalo ndikudula mozungulira mzere wopendekera.
Ngati tikuganiza kuti mphamvu ya dzanja lathu ndiyosakwanira kudula, ndiye kuti timangirira mkono wakumunsi wa lumo mu vise. Ndi dzanja lamanja, tikhoza kukakamiza ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa mkono waulere wa lumo, moteronso pa pepala lomwe lili pakati pa masamba a lumo.
Tiyenera kulabadira tchipisi tating’onoting’ono ndi zidutswa zopindika zachitsulo. Amakhala akuthwa kwambiri ndipo amatha kuvulaza kwambiri. Ndikofunikira kufooketsa m’mphepete kumene mwadulidwa nthawi yomweyo, ndikusonkhanitsa ndikuchotsa zinyalalazo nthawi yomweyo.
Mapepala achitsulo amatha kudulidwa mosavuta ndi macheka a dzenje. Tsamba lokhala ndi ma serrations apakati ndilokwanira kudula mabowo. Zimachitika kuti tsamba la mapepala opyapyala limayamba “kugwedezeka” ngati phokoso lamfuti yamakina. Ngati tidula chinsalu chopyapyala kwambiri chokhala ndi bowo, chomwe sitingathe kulumikizitsa mokwanira, tiyenera kuchimanga pakati pa matabwa awiri owonda kwambiri, omwe sangagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zina. Mwanjira imeneyi, sitidzakhala ndi vuto lililonse ndi macheka.
Kupindika kwachitsulo
Ngati kuli kofunikira kupindika zidutswa za malata zazitali, zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri ngati tipanga chipangizo chosavuta. Zimakhala ndi chidutswa chimodzi cha matabwa olimba, miyeso80×40×3 cm, zidutswa ziwiri za L angle dimensions30×30 mmndi kutalika80 cm, komanso zidutswa ziwiri za M8×6countersunk mutu bawuti ndi mapiko mtedza.
Timaboola ngodya zachitsulo ndi bolodi ndi sitiroko yomweyo. Mothandizidwa ndi mtedza wa agulugufe, kusintha mtunda wofunikira, timapeza chipangizo chomangirira ndi kupindika chitsulo. Pakati pa zitsulo zopindika, timadutsa chidutswa chachitsulo chopindika. Pambuyo kumangitsa agulugufe mtedza, ife molondola ndi mosavuta kupinda pepala zitsulo pa ngodya kuti130madigiri. Ndi nyundo yamatabwa, nthawi zonse timawombera pafupi ndi mzere wopindika. Ndikofunikira kukulitsa mawonekedwe apangodya omwe amamangirira pepala ndi fayilo. Mukamapinda, samalani kuti musadzivulaze, chifukwa pepalalo limayenda pang’ono (Mkuyu2, gawo lachiwiri).
Makona awiri amatha kupanga chida chosunthika komanso chothandiza popinda chitsulo chachitsulo ndiyeno ngati nsonga zake ziwiri zagulitsidwa pamodzi ndi malekezero a pepala lamkuwa ndi makulidwe a 1 mm ndi m’lifupi mwake 10 mm. Mzerewu umalepheretsa ngodya zachitsulo kuti zisagwe pamene mangel atsegulidwa. Timayika chipangizo chosavutachi mu vise kuti ma angles azitsulo apange malo athyathyathya kuchokera pamwamba, ndi mwayi woyika pepala loyima pakati pawo (chithunzi 3, gawo loyamba).
Mapepala amatha kupindika mosavuta mbali iliyonse. Chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa, makamaka ndi mapepala okhuthala, kuti kupindika kumatha kuthyola pepala ngati kuchitidwa molunjika kwambiri komanso popanda arc. Titha kupewa kusokoneza uku ngati tipinda ndi nyundo yopepuka, kupita patsogolo pang’onopang’ono ndikupinda chinsalu kupita mbali ina yozungulira. Mayendedwe a pepalalo akuyimira mikwingwirima yofananira yomwe imatha kuwonedwa ndi maso kapena galasi lokulitsa.
Mapepala a Zinc amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusweka. Ayenera kuwapinda mosamala chifukwa ndi okwera mtengo. Timachotsa nsonga zowopsa za mapepala popanga m’mphepete. Ichi sichina koma kungopinda m’mbali. Ngati tikuganiza kuti pepalalo lidzasweka panthawiyi, tiyenera kuyika ndodo yozungulira yachitsulo 4–5 mm mu gawo lopindika ndikugunda m’mphepete mwa pepala mozungulira (chithunzi 3, gawo lachitatu).
Chithunzi 3 — kupindika, kupindika ndi kupanga ma sheet achitsulo.
Kupiringa ndi kupindika
Ngati pepalalo ndi lopindika, ndiye kuti tiyenera kulitambasula, timachita ndi shimu yopangidwa ndi mbale yachitsulo yokhala ndi makulidwe a 6–10 mm, ndipo ndi nyundo zowomba tikhoza kukwaniritsa kusintha kodabwitsa.
Kuzungulira kwa mbale zozungulira kumachitika nthawi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, uku kungakhale kupindika m’mphepete mwa bin ya malasha musanayiphatikize, kapena kukulitsa mapeto a mapaipi a malata pansi pa choyikapo. Timagwira ntchitoyi pogwiritsa ntchito chubu chachitsulo chomwe timachimanga ndi pliers ndipo pamwamba pake, pochitembenuza mozungulira, timapinda m’mphepete mwa mbale yozungulira (chithunzi 3, gawo lachiwiri).
Pogwiritsa ntchito mapaipi achitsulo oyima, omwe amangiriridwa mu mangels, titha kupindika m’mphepete mwa chovala chodzigudubuza. Kuyika m’mphepete ndi kukulitsa mwa kutambasula matupi achitsulo a cylindrical hollow sheet amachitidwa m’mphepete mwa zitsulo zowongoka zomwe zatchulidwa kale (“mbale zakumanja”).
Kuphatikizika kwa matupi opanda pake opangidwa ndi mapepala kumatchedwa edging kapena kupindika. Mwanjira imeneyi, tikhoza kumangiriranso pansi pa nkhokwe ya malasha ku thupi lodzigudubuza. Choyamba, timapinda m’mphepete mwa pansi m’mwamba mozungulira kuti tiyike mu gawo lotambasulidwa, lopanda kanthu, la cylindrical lomwe lakonzedwa kale. Kenaka timapindanso pepalalo ndi kukwapula kwa nyundo ndikugogoda bwino m’mphepete mwa malaya odzigudubuza. Mphepete mwa njira iyi imagwera pa chitoliro, pa cylindrical part.
Musanayambe “kusoka” kwa nthawi yaitali gawo la cylindrical la chotengeracho, timadula pepalalo kuti kutalika kwa kuphatikizika kwa mapeto ndi osachepera 20° a bwalo. Kupindika kozungulira kwa chovalacho kumachitidwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito mangel ndi chidutswa cha chitoliro choyikidwa mopingasa. Choyamba timapinda mbali za chovalacho pamphepete mwa nthiti zogwira mtima, kenaka timagwirizanitsa m’mphepete mwazitsulo ndikuzisoka pamodzi. Timamangirira m’mphepete mwake motere mu ndege ya chobvala pa lath yomangika muzovala.
“Wave” wa ngodya amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito gawo limodzi lamakona anayi.