Ntoo screws
Raws li cov duab ntawm lub taub hau, peb tuaj yeem faib lawv ua plaub pawg: ntsia hlau nrog lub taub hau puag ncig (og); nrog drooping taub hau (ug); nrog lub taub hau lenticular (sg) thiab nrog lub taub hau angular (Fig1). Lub taub hau ntawm thawj peb pawg ntawm cov ntoo ntsia hlau yog tsim thiab tuaj yeem ntsia hlau thiab unscrewed nrog lub hau ntswj, thaum plaub pawg ntawm cov ntsia hlau yog siv rau scaffolding, nws loj dua, nrog lub taub hau hexagonal. Nws twists thiab tig nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug qhib-kawg wrench. (Rau qhov sib koom ua ke hauv cov ntoo thiab lwm yam khoom siv, lub hau ntswj kuj tseem siv rau kev sib txuas nrog cov xov thiab cov txiv ntoo (ntsuab) nrog rau cov ntsia hlau rau cov hlau, yog li peb yuav tau paub nws thaum peb tham txog cov ntsia hlau rau hlau.
Image 1 - Cov duab ntawm lub taub hau thiab cim qhov ntev ntawm cov ntsia hlau ntoo.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov duab ntawm cov ntoo ntsia hlau taub hau yog hloov mus rau qhov chaw siv. Piv txwv li, nrog cov chaw tiaj tus, peb yuav siv cov ntsia hlau nrog lub taub hau countersunk uas tsis protrude los ntawm lub dav hlau. Thiab ntoo screws raug muag los ntawm ib kilogram, tsis yog los ntawm daim. Lawv qhov ntsuas tau muab ua ob tus lej zoo li cov rau tes, piv txwv li 2 × 7 ug. Qhov no yog hais txog cov ntsia hlau nrog lub thickness ntawm 2 mm thiab lub ncej ntev ntawm 7 mm.
Cov lus hauv qab no muab cov hom screws nrog qhov hnyav 1.000 ntawm daim thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsia hlau nyob rau hauv ib lub pob raug - tsis yog qhov hnyav ntawm pob, zoo li cov ntsia hlau.
| Ntsia hlau dimension | Nyhav 1.000 daim | Pob Number |
|---|---|---|
| 2 × 7 | 0,22 kg | 2.000 |
| 2,5 × 15 | 0,64 kg | 1.000 |
| 3,5 × 35 | 2,46 kg | 500 |
| 5 × 60 | 8,43 kg | 200 |
| 6 × 50 | 10,40 kg | 100 |
| 8×120 | 41,80 kg | 100 |
| 6×120, angular taub hau | 49 kg | 50 |
| 10×130, angular taub hau | 66,50 kg | 50 |
Cov khoom npaj thiab kev tiv thaiv kev sib koom ua ke
Tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm ua ntej yuav tsum tau ua thaum tsav cov ntsia hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau tsav cov ntsia hlau ntoo, cov khoom siv yuav tsum tau npaj los ntawm kev khawb ib lub qhov nrog txoj kab uas hla sib npaug li peb lub hlis twg ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov ntsia hlau thiab ib nrab ntawm qhov ntev ntawm cov ntsia hlau yuav tsum tau siv. Qhov “ib nrab-qhov” no coj cov ntsia hlau thiab tiv thaiv ntoo los ntawm kev tawg (cov ntsia hlau muaj lub conical * xov). Cov qhov me me tuaj yeem raug laum los ntawm kev tsav tsheb hauv tus ntsia thawv uas tau muab tshem tawm.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas lub ntsiab lus thiab qhov thais ntawm lub taub hau ntsia hlau nyob hauv tib lub dav hlau. Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua los tig ib lub ntsia hlau uas yog smeared nrog xab npum ua ntej siv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas qhov dav ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm yog tsawg kawg110%qhov ntev ntawm cov ntsia hlau (tshwj tsis yog peb xav kom cov ntsia hlau tho lub rooj tsavxwm yog vim li cas) kom lub hau ntawm cov ntsia hlau tsis dhau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm. Piv txwv li nyob rau hauv ib tug board ntawm thickness10 mmcia peb siv, mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws, 8 mmntev ntoo ntsia hlau.
Tsis txhob siv cov ntsia hlau xeb! Yog tias peb tsis muaj lwm tus, lub qub yuav tsum tau coated nrog roj. Tom qab screwing nyob rau hauv - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj - tsho tiv no lub taub hau ntsia hlau nrog cov xim tsis muaj kua roj vanish, uas yuav tiv thaiv cov ntsia hlau thiab tiv thaiv nws los ntawm unscrewing.
Paste
Gluing yog ib txoj kev sib koom ua ke. Knot yog ib tug ntev-paub binding neeg sawv cev, ntau precisely “glutinous” sov knot. Tshiab tshaj qhov no yog txias “casein” khob noom cookie. Cov nplaum tshiab tshaj plaws yog cov nplaum raws li cov khoom siv hluavtaws.
sov so
Qhov sov so zoo tshaj plaws yog tau nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm 3:1 pob txha thiab tawv nqaij. Muaj nyob rau hauv slabs. Qhov saum npoo ntawm qhov tawg yuav tsum tau fissured, shelly. Cov xim tsis ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, tab sis lub rooj tsavxwm yuav tsum muaj ob peb npuas li sai tau. Yog tias muaj roj me ntsis tshwm rau saum npoo ntawm lub khob noom cookie, nws yog ib qho cim qhia tias lub khob noom cookie tau lwj thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob siv. Koj yuav tsum ib txwm yaj tsuas yog kua nplaum ntau npaum li peb yuav siv. Cia ua ntej cia lub khob noom cookie so rau ib nrab ib hnub (cov nqaij rog tshwm sim ntawm cov dej), ces ncuav dej ntau dhau los ntawm cov nplaum nplaum thiab cia lub khob noom cookie tag nrho yaj los ntawm cua sov rau 50-60°C. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los tso lub tais nrog tutkal nyob rau hauv ib lub tais loj ntawm dej thiab muab tso rau ntawm qhov cub. Xyuas kom tseeb tias qhov kub ntawm cov dej tsis tshaj 70°S nrog tas li stirring cia lub batter yaj. Peb thov ib txheej txawm ntawm putty rau ntawm qhov chaw npaj thiab nias cov ntoo nto smeared nyob rau hauv txoj kev no tusyees nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm txhua lwm yam. Cov ntaub khi rau 5-25 m feeb, thiab hauv chav qhuav, sov sov txawm tias ua ntej lub sijhawm tas sijhawm.
Cold casein paste
Cold casein mov paj “sets” qeeb dua. Nws protrudes lub cuab tam hniav thaum lub nplaum ib feem yog machined. Tom qab kev npaj, cov tshuaj nplaum txias yuav tsum tau siv tam sim ntawd. Qhov txias txias hloov xim ntawm qee yam khoom siv ntoo. Nws tiv taus dej thiab yooj yim npaj rau kev siv yam tsis muaj cua sov. Txias zoo yog cov khoom siv hmoov dawb. Thaum nws tsw zoo li cheese, ces peb yuav tsum tsis txhob siv nws ntxiv lawm vim nws lwj. Ib kilogram ntawm cov kua nplaum txias yog yaj nyob rau hauv ib liter thiab ib nrab mus rau ob liters dej nrog maj mam stirring rau tsawg kawg yog ib nrab ib teev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, chav tsev kub yuav tsum yog 10°C thiab cov dej yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 20°C. Thaum sib tov, lub batter txias yog tuab thaum xub thawj, tab sis tom qab sib tov, nws thins tawm, yog li peb tsis tas yuav maj ntxiv dej thaum pib. Rau thaj tsam ntawm 1 m2 nws yuav tsum tau siv 50 grams txias putty tusyees. Cov ntaub qhwv txias uas npaj tau tuaj yeem siv tau li ntawm tsib teev.
Adhesives raws li hluavtaws resins
Ntau yam tshiab ntawm cov kua nplaum ua rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm kev koom nrog ntoo yooj yim dua. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kua nplaum no yog qhov yooj yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog lawv, tab sis kuj yog tus nqi siab dua.
Cov nplaum nplaum ntau tshaj plaws raws li cov khoom siv hluavtaws yog ob lub ntsiab lus epoxy. Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, nws qhuav nyob rau hauv 24h thiab tsim ib tug dawb pawg, uas yuav txiav. Nws tuaj yeem pleev xim rau, tab sis nws kim heev thiab yog li tsuas yog tsim nyog rau cov hauj lwm me me thiab muag heev.
Universal kua nplaum raws li cov khoom siv hluavtaws kuj muaj kev nyab xeeb. Daim ntawv cog lus ruaj khov, sai thiab ruaj khov: porcelain, ntoo, yas, celluloid, hlau thiab lwm yam. “oho” kua nplaum yog non-toxic, crystal ntshiab, waterproof thiab muaj ib tug qab ntxiag tsw. Qhov saum npoo yuav tsum tau nplaum yuav tsum huv thiab qhuav. Cov kua nplaum yog siv rau ob qho tib si rau qhov chaw yuav tsum tau nplaum, kis thinly thiab tos kom qhuav me ntsis. Tom qab ntawd ob qhov chaw yog nias thiab sab laug nias rau ob peb feeb. Cov kua nplaum qhuav ua ib txheej xim tsis muaj xim.
Thov cov kua nplaum rau ntawm cov ntoo npaj.
Kuj tseem muaj ntau cov nplaum universal raws li cov khoom siv hluavtaws xws li Araldite, Boropor, thiab lwm yam. Rau kev siv cov nplaum no, tsis muaj cov lus qhia thoob ntiaj teb tuaj yeem muab tau, tab sis peb yuav tsum siv cov lus qhia ntawm tus kheej nrog rau txhua daim nplaum. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nplaum raws li cov khoom siv hluavtaws yog tias lawv yuav tsum tau siv rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab yog li tsuas yog siv tau rau kev sib txuas ntawm qhov chaw tiaj tus. Lawv tsis haum rau gluing ntxhib boards, thiab lawv kim heev.
Wood gluing txheej txheem
Cov haujlwm yooj yim uas yuav tsum tau ua thaum gluing ntoo yog: ua kom tiav thiab zoo tu ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm ob daim ntawv yuav tsum tau glued, tusyees thov cov kua nplaum rau tag nrho cov saum npoo kom glued thiab siv txaus siab rau cov nplaum nplaum. Kev ziab yog nrawm los ntawm chav qhuav thiab sov hauv qhov uas gluing ua tiav. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom huv si ntxuav cov kua nplaum ntawm ob qhov chaw los ntawm nias.
Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau kev nias, nruj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Yog tias ua tau, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob nias ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw kom tau nplaum, tab sis ua nws los ntawm cov khoom seem tso rau sab nraud. Lawv xav tau lub puab tsaig los tuav. Rau gluing cov me me, ib lub rooj nrog lub rooj sib txoos yog txaus, tom qab ntawd lub rooj tsav xwm pabcuam, tom qab ntawd cov khoom yuav tsum tau glued thiab rov ua lub rooj tsavxwm. Ob peb phau ntawv hnyav lossis cib tuaj yeem ua qhov hnyav hnyav.
Sawing
Xaiv cov saw thiab cov hniav
Txiav thiab sib cais yog, tom qab riveting, feem ntau ua haujlwm. Ua ntej peb yuav tsum xaiv cov cuab yeej txiav ntoo - saws. Txij li thaum lub rooj cob qhia hauv tsev tsis tuaj yeem tsim tau raws li kev cob qhia kev cob qhia, peb yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib kom tau txais cov saws tsim nyog tshaj plaws (daim duab 2).
Image 2 - Hom saws, hniav profiles thiab txoj haujlwm thiab pib ntawm kev txiav.
Rau kev txiav cov ntoo loj dua peb yuav tau txais ib tus kws ntoo pom nrog tus ncej. Txhawm rau txiav cov me me, peb xav tau ib txhais tes pom nrog cov hniav hloov tau, thiab thaum kawg, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kom muaj tes pom nrog cov ncej hlau thiab cov hniav hloov tau ntawm ntau yam profiles. Rau qhov pom no, peb yuav muab ntau cov nplooj ntawv ntawm ntau yam profiles. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov hniav, ntxiv rau qhov loj ntawm cov hniav (qhov siab ntawm cov hniav yog: txiav 3 mm, txiav grooves 2mm, zoo ua 1 mm) lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov hniav kuj hloov. Rau feem ntau txoj haujlwm, lub kaum sab xis ntawm 90° yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws, vim tias cov hniav tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov ntaub ntawv triangular. Rau kev ua haujlwm zoo dua, peb yuav tsum muaj daim ntawv nrog cov hniav ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 110°. Lub hacksaw tseem tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv cov ncej hlau. Cov hniav feem ntau txiav ntawm lawv tus kheej, piv txwv li thawb.
Qhia tawm thiab ntse hniav
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov hniav ntawm cov saw, ntxiv rau tilting nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov hniav, kuj muaj lawv tus kheej dabtsi yog khoov, piv txwv li “splashes” uas txawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv rau txawv lub hom phiaj. Yog li, rau cov nplooj ntawv txiav, lawv suav rau 2 daim ntawv tuab, rau cov nplooj ntawv grooving 1,5, thiab rau cov ntawv nqaim 1,3 daim ntawv thickness. Kev sib kis ntawm cov hniav kom paub meej qhov kev txiav du yam tsis muaj cov hniav hauv cov khoom. Ib qho cuab yeej tshwj xeeb yog siv los ua cov prongs, tab sis nrog kev saib xyuas ntau dua lub qhov ntswg pliers tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. Nrog ib tug saw uas muaj ib tug swagger, uas yog. sab laug-txoj cai khoov cov hniav, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau pib txiav, yog li nws tsis yog amiss rau ib tug beginner los ua thawj zaug txiav nrog ib tug chisel los yog pom nrog ib tug me ntsis swagger. Nrog rau qhov no, koj yuav tsum tam sim ntawd ua ob ntu ntawm ib sab ntawm ib sab, vim hais tias ib daim ntawv nrog kev sib kis loj yuav tsis tuaj yeem haum rau hauv qhov nqaim. Yog hais tias lub saw sticks tawm, peb yuav tsum tau ceev cov sawb nyob rau hauv ib lub vise thiab sharpen nws nrog ib tug peb tog cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov hniav yuav tsum tau tsa, ib nrab ib centimeter saum lub mangel lub puab tsaig.
Tension and sheet position
Cov hniav ntawm tus ncej saw tuaj yeem tensioned nrog ib tug kws ntoo pom los ntawm tig lub slat ntawm ib txoj hlua, thiab nrog ib tug hlau ncej pom los ntawm twisting ib tug npauj npaim txiv ntseej. Ntxiv rau daim ntawv no, nws tseem tuaj yeem tig ib ncig ntawm lub axis, piv txwv li qhia los ntawm tus ncej dav hlau. Tus kws tshaj lij feem ntau ua haujlwm nrog cov hniav inclination ntawm 35° mus rau sab xis ntawm lub thav duab kom pom cov kab zoo dua uas nws yuav txiav. Txawm li cas los xij, peb tsis pom zoo rau qhov no rau cov neeg pib tshiab, vim tias tuav lub saw ntawm lub kaum sab xis no yuav tsum muaj qee qhov kev coj ua thiab ua rau yuag dua rau tes. Muaj tseeb, kuj tseem muaj cov xwm txheej thaum txoj haujlwm ntawm lub saw no tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas cov saw hniav tsis twisted, xws li cov saw hniav ntawm ob sab ntawm tus ncej muaj qhov sib npaug “inclination”.
Txiav Marking
Ib yam li kev ua haujlwm, txoj cai siv rau kev txiav: ntsuas peb zaug kom txiav ib zaug xwb! Tsuas yog ib tus kws ua haujlwm nrog kev xyaum ntev tuaj yeem tso cai rau nws tus kheej kos cov kab kos raws nraim los ntsuas thiab txiav raws nws. Nws yog qhov tseeb dua tias txoj kab ntsuas yuav tsum yog me ntsis siab dua qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb, thiab kev txiav yuav tsum tau ua nyob ib sab ntawm lub cim, kom cov kab cim tseem pom txawm tias tom qab txiav. Cia peb tsis txhob hnov qab kos cim - kos ib feem uas ntog, yog li vim tig cov khoom, peb tsis txhob yuam kev txiav los ntawm sab uas tseem tshuav, vim tias qhov ntawd peb yuav tau txais ib qho me me dua li peb xav tau.
Rau kev kos, peb siv lub kaum sab xis steel lossis ntoo (winkle). Peb yuav ua lub cim nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas los ntawm tig lub cim cim los ntawm 180°, peb kuj yuav kos rau sab nraud ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, nws muaj peev xwm zam kom tsis txhob muaj qhov yuam kev uas yuav tshwm sim vim qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov chaw lossis tuav cov khoom tsis raug. Thiab yog tias ob lub cim tsis sib luag, txoj kev txiav kom raug yuav raug kos ntawm lawv.
Pib thiab coj kev txiav
Ua ntej peb pib txiav, peb yuav tsum tuav cov khoom nrog peb sab tes laug mus rau sab laug ntawm txoj kab txiav, tuav tus ntiv tes xoo ntawm sab laug tes diagonally upwards thiab so lub saw hniav ntawm tus ntiv tes xoo. Tom qab ntawd peb pib sawing (daim duab 3, ntu 1).
Lub hauv paus ntawm tus ntiv tes xoo yuav tsum yog li 1,5 cm siab tshaj qhov saum npoo raug txiav, kom cov hniav pom tsis txhob scald tus ntiv tes xoo yog tias cov hniav tawg. Rau qhov kev ua haujlwm no, nws tsis yog lub tswv yim phem uas yuav tsum muaj kev xyaum me ntsis, vim hais tias qhov rov ua dua ntawm cov saw tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tus neeg mob feem ntau pib tawm ntawm kev sib tw, thiab kev ntxhov siab lossis tejzaum nws pov lub cuab yeej tsis ua rau lub hom phiaj. Thaum txiav thawj zaug, koj yuav tsum tuav lub saws xoob thiab pib txiav los ntawm rub lub saw ntawm koj.
Image 3 - Pib ntawm kev txiav, qhia kev pom thiab txoj haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv clamped.
Thaum txiav, peb yuav tsum sim txiav tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm cov saw thiab khaws cov saw ntawm viav vias sab laug thiab sab xis, nce thiab nqis (daim duab 3, ntu 2). Lub sawb yuav tsum mus horizontally. Yog tias peb nkees, peb tshem tawm cov saw thiab so, vim tias nrog kev nkees, tsis muaj kev paub, kev txiav yuav tsis raug, thiab peb tuaj yeem ua rau lub cuab yeej tawg thiab ua rau peb tus kheej raug mob. Lub rooj tsavxwm yuav tsum tau kho kom nws tsis txhob dai ntawm lub mangel thiab nws yuav tsum tau clamped zoo (daim duab 3, ntu 3).
Ua tiav kev ua haujlwm thiab kev saib xyuas
A pom nrog tsawg kis ntawm cov hniav yooj yim tau daig hauv cov ntoo ntub. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, roj los yog xab npum yuav tsum tau siv rau cov hniav ntawm lub saw. Kev txiav yuav tsum tau tswj xyuas thaum mus txog qhov ntsuas kom tsis txhob ua kom tob dua li qhov xav tau. Yog tias peb txiav tawm tag nrho, qhov kawg strokes nrog lub saw yuav tsum tau ua kom xoob xoob, maj mam, thiaj li tsis txhob faib qhov qis ntawm cov khoom.
Cov lus qhia zoo: tom qab siv, cov hniav yuav tsum tau smeared nrog cov roj tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob xeb, thiab cov hniav yuav tsum fim tus ncej.
Cov ncauj lus muaj feem xyuam: cov tshuab ua haujlwm ntoo thiab cov cuab yeej, band saws, chiseling, drilling thiab planing, kev pabcuam thiab tsim ntoo qhov rais door.