Okuqukethwe Kwengcweti Yenqolobane: Lesi sihloko sigcina izibonelo zomlando kanye nezimangalo zamabhande ensimbi ashiselwe, amabhuloho nezinsimbi, kodwa akuwona umklamo, ukubala, ukucaciswa okuhlanganyelwe, uhlelo lokushisela, ukufaneleka kwenqubo, ukuhlola ukukhathala noma imanuwali yokulungisa. Impahla, ukushisela, ukuqina, ukujiya, ukulungiselela ngokuhlanganyela, okokufaka okokugcwalisa, ukushisa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, ukulandelana, ukucindezelwa okuyinsalela, ukubekezelelana, ukugqwala, umlilo, ukukhathala nokulawula kufanele kunqunywe ngokuya ngephrojekthi ethile kanye namazinga asebenzayo. Amajoyinti okuthwala aklanywa, abulawa futhi alawulwa ngabantu abaqeqeshwe ngokufanele.
Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lesi sihloko sihlala siyingobo yomlando futhi asimeleli isithembiso sokuklama, ukushisela, ukuhlola noma ukuqinisa izakhiwo zensimbi.
Abakaki abashiselwe ngokugcwele
Izigaba zokusekela
Uhlolojikelele lunikezwa umkhiwane.1futhi2. Sl.1futhi ikhombisa ukwesekwa okuqiniswe nge-welded belt lamellas. Izingxenye zomthamo womthwalo ongekho emthethweni zingahlanganiswa ngensimbi ebanzi neshidi lensimbi (isib.1b kuye e). Ukuhlangana okuvulekile phakathi kwama-seams ekhoneni kufanele kugwenywe ngokulola ishidi eliqondile (isib.1c). I-cross-section of the support ingashintshwa kumzuzu wokumelana odingekayo ngama-slats amabhande engeziwe. Izigaba kufig.2d ukuze ube nenzuzo yokuthi umthungo obheke phansi uza endaweni enogqinsi oluncane lombambo. Lapha, ama-seams angahlolwa kalula nge-X-ray.
Isithombe1- izingxenye zezisekelo ezishiselwe.
Isithombe2- izingxenye zokusekela ezenziwe ngamaphrofayili akhethekile.
Ukulawulwa kwe-weld: ukuhlolwa kwe-radiographic kusebenzisa imisebe ye-ionizing futhi kwenziwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo ngochwepheshe abagunyaziwe. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokulawula, ububanzi bokwamukelwa kanye nenqubo yekhwalithi kunqunywa iphrojekthi kanye nezinga; Ukuhlolwa kwesithombe noma indawo yangaphandle akubona ubufakazi bekhwalithi yangaphakathi ye-weld.
Ukuqhubeka kweshidi elimile
Ukuthuthukiswa kwenzeke ngendlela efanele ngokuphelele. Izandiso ezinama-garters zenziwe. Ukunwetshwa kwe-cruciform akuzange kuzuze ukubaluleka okukhulu ekwakhiweni kwebhuloho, kodwa kusabonakala kukuhle ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo. Njengoba izandiso ezime mpo kusixhumi esibonakalayo zazingenawo umnotho ngenxa yengcindezi encane evunyelwe, izandiso ezinobude obunyukile bomthungo zitholwe.
Izandiso ezijwayelekile
Sl.3ikhombisa ukunwetshwa kwebhande eliyinhloko lebhuloho lomgwaqo omkhulu elinombambo oluqinisiwe. Sl.4inikeza ukuqhubeka kwebhuloho elilodwa kuthelawayeka. Ngokungcono kakhulu, lesi sandiso asihlukani ngokubukeka nendlela yesenzo kusukela ekusekelweni okunganwetshiwe, amandla okukhathala kuphela aphansi kancane. Isixazululo sesandiso sincike ekutheni ingabe isandiso seshabhu noma isandiso somhlangano. Njengoba amathuluzi angcono atholakala endaweni yokusebenzela, ukushisela esizeni kunqunyelwe uma kungenzeka. Sl.5ikhombisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemishayo eyodwa ende63m. Amabhande alethwa endaweni yokwakha izingxenye ze38mfuthi25mubude, lapho kuphela izandiso ezimakwe ngokuthi “B” zazishiselwe. Izandiso ezifakwayo zenziwa njengezandiso ze-U, ukuze kugwenywe ukushisela phezulu.
Isithombe3- ukuqhubeka kwebhinsi yebhuloho kuthelawayeka eduze kwaseHattenheim.
Isithombe4- imininingwane yomlando yokuqhubeka kwebhande lebhuloho.
Isithombe5- Isheduli yeshabhu nezandiso zomhlangano.
Izisekelo ezigcwele eziqhubekayo zazishiselwe ngesikhathi kuqhubeka umhlangano eduze kwezikhala ngaphandle kwe-scaffolding, isibonelo. eduze kwebhuloho lomgwaqo elinezikhala ezisuka42m. Izingxenye zokusekela zafakwa nge-crane entantayo futhi ngemva kokufakwa kwazo zonke izakhi, zazishiselwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, izisekelo eziyinhloko zaziboshelwe ngezikulufo zisebenzisa ama-garters anezikhala (fig.6). Ngezimbobo kuma-garters, iningi le-seam yeshidi eliqondile lingashiswa, ngaphambi kokuba ama-garters akhishwe. Sl.6iqukethe ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokulungiswa kwe-U-seams yamaphrofayili akhethekile ebhande elingaphezulu nangaphansi.
Isithombe6- ama-tourniquets esikhashana anezimbobo zokufinyelela ukushisela.
Ukufakwa nomsebenzi wesiza: izibonelo zomlando ezinokhreni ontantayo, imivimbo yesikhashana, umsebenzi wokuchanyuselwa kanye nokushisela indawo akulona uhlelo lokufaka. Ukubalwa kwezimo zesikhashana, uhlelo lokuphakamisa nokuvikela, ukulawulwa kwejometri, ukuwa, ukuvikela umlilo nomusi kanye nokulawulwa okulandelekayo kwelunga ngalinye ngaphambi kokususwa kwezisekelo zesikhashana kuyadingeka.
Ama-Stiffeners
Kudingekile ukuqinisa izisekelo eziqinile ezishiselwe kahle ngokumelene ne-protrusion yeshidi eliqondile kanye ne-lateral buckling yamabhande, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugoba ngesikhathi se-welding kufanele kugcinwe ezingeni eliphansi. Izingcindezi zokuncipha eziqinile eziqondile ziphenywe ngu-O. Igrafu-a. Ngesikhathi sokulandelana okuhloliwe kwemisebenzi (izigxivizo zazishiselwa kuqala, kwase kulandela imithungo eyinhloko), ukucindezeleka okuphawulekayo kokuncipha kwenzeka kuma-stiffener kanye nemicu eseduze yeshidi lensimbi eqondile. Uma ama-stiffeners asevele ebhande ngaphambi kokuba ama-seams amakhulu akhishwe, khona-ke ukuncipha kwama-slats amabhande kuvinjelwe. Kuma-lamellas ebhande, ukugoba kwe-wavy kwavela ohlangothini lwe-longitudinal2mm, ekuqondeni okuphambene cishe0,25mm(fig.7). Ngakho-ke, kufanele kube khona ukucindezelwa okubalulekile kokugoba kuzo zombili izinkomba kuma-slats amabhande. Umthamo wokuthwala wawunqunyelwe ukwenzeka kokukhubazeka okukhulu, hhayi ngamandla okuphuka kwebhande eliphansi. Ngokusho kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kokukhathala, kuyadingeka ukuthi amabhuloho afake amapuleti afaneleka kahle phakathi kwama-stiffener kanye nebhande, avikelekile kuma-stiffeners nge-weld ye-butt. Ama-stiffeners kanye nokuxhumana kusikwa ngendlela yokuthi umthungo oyinhloko uhlale ukhululekile (isib.8). Embonini yokwakha, ezimweni eziningi, akungabazeki ukuthi ama-stiffeners ashiselwe ngqo kumagida. Kungcono ukugwema ukusika ama-seams nokuwanqwabelanisa kakhulu.
Isithombe7- ukuguqulwa kwamabhande ngesikhathi sokushisela.
Isithombe8- ukuqina ngamathayili alingana kahle.
Ukuncipha, ukuwohloka nokukhathala: imiphumela yokuhlolwa yomlando ayikwazi ukudluliselwa komunye umniningwane ngaphandle kokubala. Ama-stiffeners, ukunqanyulwa kokushisela, ukuwela i-seam, ukubekezelela, nokulandelana komsebenzi kuthinta izingcindezi ezisele, ukugoqa, namandla okukhathala; ukuqhekeka okungamukeleki kanye nokuguqulwa akuxazululwa nge-welding eyengeziwe ngaphandle kwenqubo yokulungisa evunyelwe.
Ukukhweza okugcwele namafreyimu
Ikhothamo lisekela kanye namakhothamo azacile
Ama-arch braces anikeza okuthile okuncane okukhethekile uma kuqhathaniswa nezikaki zangempela ezigcwele. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhunywa kwamakhothamo e-cantilever anezindonga eziphindwe kabili emishayweni yokuqinisa udonga olulodwa, njengoba kwenziwa emabhulohweni amabili amakhulu ashiselwe othelawayeka, kuphakathi kwezakhiwo ezithakazelisa kakhulu ezishiselwe. Ebhulohweni lomgwaqo onguthelawayeka phezu kwe-Lech eduze kwase-Duisburg, kwasetshenziswa ucezu olukhulu lomshini lwensimbi ebunjiwe ekugcineni ukuze kube lula umsebenzi wokushisela. Lokhu (isib.9) ithatha amandla ku-arch futhi iwadlulisele kugongolo oluqinisayo. Ifakwe50 mmnge-outlet eqinile, edlula endaweni eyodwa iye ebhandeni elingaphezulu le-beam eqinile futhi elishiselwe eshidini eliqondile, eliqiniswe ukushuba.50 mm.
Isithombe9- indawo yokugcina yebhuloho eli-arched.
Ukwakhiwa kozimele
Izinzuzo ze-welding technique zibonakala kangcono emagumbini ohlaka, okuvumela ukubunjwa okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuba kwenziwe ngaphandle kobunzima obuthile. Ikhona elilodwa lohlaka olunomthwalo osindayo liboniswa kufig.10. Ukwakhiwa kunezandiso ezishiselwe indawo yokusebenzela. Izandiso ezifakwayo zinamathiselwe ngezikulufo ezizithephayo. Lapho ama-welding stiffeners phakathi kwemilenze yezisekelo ezihlanganisiwe, ukucindezeleka okuphezulu kwe-shrinkage kwenzeka, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekuqhekekeni. Izingcindezi ze-shrinkage ziyancipha kakhulu uma esikhundleni sezimbambo eziqinile (isib.11a) amashidi amaphiko e-navara kuphela (isig.11b).
Isithombe10- i-engeli yosekelo lwefreyimu.
Isithombe11- ukuqhathaniswa kwemininingwane yokuqina kokuxhumeka okushiselwe.
Isithombe12- indawo yebhuloho laseBelgium elinamabhande ozimele.
Ukuxhumana kwezisekelo ze-longitudinal kuqinile ekugobeni
Ukwenza lula okukhulu kungafinyelelwa kugridi egandayiwe yamabhuloho ngokusebenzisa izixhumo ezishiselwe. Amandla okukhathala okuxhumana kwezisekelo ze-longitudinal, njll. ngaphansi komthwalo ogobayo, kukhanya ngokuhlolwa O. Igrafu-a (Fig.13). Ngakho-ke, uxhumano olunomthungo kusixhumi esibonakalayo ohlangothini olucindezelekile lunamandla aphakeme okukhathala ekucindezelekeni kokugoba okufanayo σUb kunoxhumano lapho umlenze oqinile uxhunywe khona ngemithungo yekhona.
Isithombe13- Izinhlobonhlobo zomlando zokuxhunywa kosekelo lwe-longitudinal.
I-Lattice isekela
Izakhiwo ze-lattice ezishiselwe
Ama-grating amadala ayengamakhophi ezakhiwo ezi-riveted ngokwemimo nokuxhumana (isib.14). Lokhu akusizi, izakhiwo ezikhethekile zokuxhuma okuhlanganisiwe kufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa izigaba eziphambene. Ukuqina okukhulu kwakho konke ukuxhumana uma kuqhathaniswa nama-riveted node nakho kubalulekile. Ukuxhumana kwezinduku ze-diagonal kuma-nodes wegridi enamandla aphakeme, ikakhulukazi endaweni yokwakha, kunzima ukwenza. Njengoba ukuxhumana nama-seams ekhoneni kungena umbuzo lapha, amandla okukhathala aphansi kakhulu. Ashiselwe ngokugcwele, isb. futhi kuma-node wegridi ehlanganisiwe, ngakho-ke kuphela kwezinye izindawo ezikhethekile zokwakhiwa kwensimbi. Isibonelo, ngamathayi ophahleni, ngama-cranes angalayishiwe kakhulu, njll.
Isithombe14- i-welded node ye-lattice support.
Okokuqala, izinsimbi eziyisicaba neshidi lensimbi kuyacatshangelwa ukuze kwakhiwe izingxenye eziphambene. Endabeni yokwakhiwa okuhlanganisiwe, izigaba ezingenalutho zenziwa ngaphandle kobunzima obuthile, ezinenzuzo yezinduku ezicindezelwe ngenxa yokuqina kwazo kwe-torsional. Icala elikhethekile le-tube eyindilinga lifanelwe ukukhulunywa okukhethekile. Ukwakhiwa kwamashubhu ashiselwe bathole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi, isb. ekwakhiweni kwama-cranes noma izakhiwo ezilula embonini yokwakha. Endabeni yokuqhubeka nokuxhumeka kwezingxenye ezingenalutho, umuntu kufanele empeleni acabangele ubunzima obuthile obakhayo kanye nezindleko ezengeziwe. Izigaba ezishiselwe zivame ukuqoqwa ekugcineni ukuze uxhumano lukwazi ukuvuthwa kalula (umkhiwane 15). Izinyathelo ezikhethekile ezidingekayo endaweni yokusebenzela kanye nasendaweni yokwakha yezakhiwo ze-lattice ezishiselwe zenza kube nzima ukuzisebenzisa, ngaphandle uma kumayelana nezisekelo ezinomthwalo omncane noma omile kakhulu. Kumagridi alayishwe ngokuguquguqukayo nakulawo anamandla aphezulu, umthetho wawuwukuthi ama-elementi angawodwana kuphela ayeshiselwe, kodwa ukuxhumana kwawo kokubili kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izikulufu. Okokuqala, izinkinga zokufaka zasuswa; futhi amagridi enziwe ngezinto ezishiselwe angafakwa ngokuvumelana nezinqubo ezifanayo nalezo ezenziwe ngezinduku ezicijile.
Figure 15 — ukubunjwa kwesiphetho sesigaba esingenalutho ukuze kuxhunywe.
Amashidi anamafindo, athola ama-diagonals ngasikhathi sinye, adonswa ngendlela evamile ezimbanjeni zamabhande noma ahlanganiswe ngawo izinqe (isib.16a). Lesi sakamuva sinobubi “wokuqala ama-corner seams”, okulimaza amandla okukhathala kwebhande. Isinyathelo esiwujuqu esibheke ekubunjweni okulungile kwamabhuloho ngokushisela senziwa ebhulohweni likaloliwe phezu kweRhine eduze kwaseMainz (Kaiser Bridge). Bakhona50 mmaqiniswe amashidi anodali ngokusebenzisa imithungo kusixhumi esibonakalayo esifakwe emashidini ame mpo amabhande30 mmukujiya. Izinguquko zihamba kancane, ukubunjwa kungabonakala kusuka kumkhiwane.16b. Izandiso zezinduku zamabhande zitholakala eduze kwamanodi.
Isithombe16- amashidi amafindo okuhlangana komoya kanye nebhuloho likaloliwe phezu kweRhine eduze kwaseMainz (ibhuloho likaKaiser,1954).
Ukuqinisa ngokushisela
Ukuqiniswa okulandelayo kwezakhiwo zensimbi kungenye yemisebenzi enzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma kufanele yenziwe esakhiweni esilayishiwe. Ngokuxhunywa kwe-riveted, ukufaka iziqinisekiso, ukubhola nokuxhuma ezingxenyeni ezikhona kudla isikhathi futhi kuyabiza. Njengoba i-welding ingenzeka ngaphandle kwamalungiselelo okuqala okuhlala isikhathi eside kanye nangaphandle kokuphula izindlela ezikhona zokubopha, kwakuseduze nokuzama ukuqinisa ukuqiniswa kwezigaba eziphambanayo kanye nokuxhumana kwamagridi. Isenzo esihlanganyelwe sama-rivets nama-welds ekutholeni amandla ezindongeni sihlolisiswe ngokuningiliziwe ngokwethiyori kanye nokuhlolwa. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni okusebenzayo, ukuqhekeka nokukhathala kwavela, ngokwengxenye kuphela ngemuva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Izimbangela zalobu bunzima kwaba imiphumela yokushisela noshintsho oluzumayo esigabeni, futhi eminye imifantu eyavela yayibangelwa ukucindezeleka okukhulu okuvela ekushwabaneni.
Ukuqiniswa kwesakhiwo esikhona: ukushiselwa kwensimbi ecindezelekile noma endala kungabangela ukuqhekeka, ukuphuka okuphukayo, ukulahlekelwa kwendawo yokuzinza kanye nendlela entsha yamandla. Ngaphambi komsebenzi, impahla, umonakalo okhona kanye nokukhathala, umthwalo wangempela, ukushisela, ukulandelana kokukhulula umthwalo kanye nomshwalense wesikhashana kufanele kunqunywe. Ukuqinisa kwenziwa kuphela ngokuya ngephrojekthi nenqubo egunyaziwe, ngokugadwa nokulawula.
Ukuhlanganisa i-welding, riveting kanye nezikulufu
Isikhathi esithile kwakungavunyelwe ukusebenzisa i-welding kanye ne-riveting kanyekanye. Ukunakwa okukhethekile kukhokhwa “ezakhiweni ezishiselwe ngokugcwele” lapho ama-rivets nezikrini zigwenywe ngokuphelele. Namuhla, i-welding kanye ne-riveting iphinda isetshenziswe ngokuhambisana entweni efanayo. Ezimweni eziningi, kuyasiza ukushisela kuphela izandiso ze-workshop, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuphikisa lezi ezenziwe ngaphambilini. Ukusetshenziswa kwazo zombili izinhlobo zokuxhuma ekuqhubekeni okufanayo kufanele kugwenywe, ngoba ukusabalalisa okucacile kwamandla akukwazi ukufinyelelwa ngenxa yokunciphisa okuhlobene nokushisela nokushelela kwama-rivets / ama-bolts.
Inothi lokugcina: isenzo esihlanganyelwe sokushisela, amarivethi nezikulufu akumele kuthathwe ngaphandle kwemodeli yokubala, ukulandelana okuchaziwe kokubulawa, ukubekezelela kanye nokulawula ukushelela. Ngemininingwane ngayinye ethwala umthwalo, indlela yamandla, isigaba sokukhathala, ukufinyeleleka kokushisela nokuhlolwa, amaphutha okwamukelekayo kanye nohlelo lokulondoloza impilo yonke yesakhiwo kufanele kwaziwe.