Archival Setsebi Content: Sengoliloeng se boloka mehlala ea nalane le liqoso tsa li-girders tse cheselitsoeng tsa tšepe, marokho le li-trusses, empa ha se moralo, lipalo, litlhaloso tse kopaneng, moralo oa tjheseletsa, lengolo la ts’ebetso, tlhahlobo ea mokhathala kapa buka ea tokiso. Lintho tse bonahalang, ho chesehela, ho tiea, botenya, ho itokisa ka kopanelo, thepa ea ho tlatsa, preheat, tatellano, likhatello tse setseng, mamello, kutu, mollo, mokhathala le taolo li tlameha ho khethoa ho latela morero o itseng le litekanyetso tse sebetsang. Li-bearing joints li entsoe, li etsoa le ho laoloa ke batho ba tšoanelehang.
Kajeno, Savo Kusić e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho lifensetere tsa lehong, lifensetere tsa lehong-aluminium, fensetere ea tloaelo, lemati le likopo tsa khotheishene. Sengoliloeng sena e ntse e le polokelo ea nalane ’me ha e emele tlhahiso ea ho rala, ho cheselletsa, ho leka kapa ho matlafatsa meaho ea tšepe.
Libakete tse cheselitsoeng ka botlalo
Likarolo tsa litšehetso
Kakaretso e fanoa ke feiga.1le2. Sl.1mme e bonts’a tšehetso e matlafalitsoeng ka li-lamellas tsa lebanta tse cheselitsoeng. Likarolo tsa moroalo o sa reroang li ka bokelloa ka tšepe e pharaletseng le lakane ea tšepe (sa feiga.1b ho e). Lenonyeletso le bulehileng pakeng tsa seams sekhutlong le lokela ho qojoa ka ho chorisa lakane e otlolohileng (sa feiga.1c). Karolo ea sefapano sa tšehetso e ka ikamahanya le nako e hlokahalang ea ho hanyetsa ka li-slats tse eketsehileng tsa mabanta. Likarolo tsa feiga.2d ho ba le monyetla oa hore seam se shebileng se tla sebakeng sa botenya bo fokolang ba likhopo. Mona, li-seams li ka hlahlojoa habonolo ka X-rays.
Setšoantšo1- likarolo tsa litšehetso tse cheselitsoeng.
Setšoantšo2- likarolo tsa litšehetso tse entsoeng ka litlaleho tse khethehileng.
Taolo ea weld: tlhahlobo ea radiographic e sebelisa mahlaseli a ionizing mme e etsoa feela tlas’a maemo a laoloang ke litsebi tse lumelletsoeng. Khetho ea mokhoa oa ho laola, boholo ba ho amoheloa le litekanyetso tsa boleng li khethoa ke morero le maemo; tlhahlobo ea foto kapa bokaholimo ba kantle ha se bopaki ba boleng ba kahare ba weld.
Tsoelo-pele ea leqephe le emeng
Tsoelo-pele e etsahetse ka mokhoa o nepahetseng ka ho feletseng. Ho eketsoa ka li-garters ho ile ha etsoa. Katoloso ea cruciform ha ea ka ea fumana bohlokoa bo boholo kahong ea borokho, empa e ile ea ipaka e le ntle kahong ea kaho. Kaha li-extensions tse otlolohileng ho sebopeho sa sebopeho li ne li se na moruo ka lebaka la likhatello tse nyane tse lumelletsoeng, ho ile ha fumanoa li-extensions tse nang le bolelele bo eketsehileng ba seam.
Katoloso e akaretsang
Sl.3e bonts’a katoloso ea girder e kholo ea borokho ba tsela e kholo e nang le likhopo tse tiisitsoeng. Sl.4e fana ka ho tsoela pele ha borokho bo le bong tseleng e kholo. Ha e le hantle, katoloso ena ha e fapane ka ponahalo le mokhoa oa ts’ebetso ho tsoa ho ts’ehetso e sa atolositsoeng, ke matla a mokhathala feela a fokolang hanyenyane. Tharollo ea katoloso e itšetlehile ka hore na ke katoloso ea lithupelo kapa katoloso ea kopano. Kaha lithulusi tse betere li fumaneha ka har’a workshop, ho cheselletsa setšeng ho na le moeli ha ho khoneha. Sl.5e bontsha karohano ya leballo le le leng le lelelele63m. Li-girders li ile tsa isoa setšeng sa kaho likarolong tsa38mle25mbolelele, moo feela likeketso tse tšoailoeng ka “B” li neng li cheselitsoe. Li-extensions tse ntseng li eketseha li etsoa e le li-extensions tsa U, e le ho qoba ho cheselletsa ka holimo.
Setšoantšo3- ho tsoela pele ha borokho tseleng e kholo e haufi le Hattenheim.
Setšoantšo4- lintlha tsa nalane ea ho tsoelapele ha borokho.
Setšoantšo5- kemiso ea lithupelo le likatoloso tsa kopano.
Litšehetso tse feletseng tse tsoelang pele li ne li cheselitsoe nakong ea tsoelo-pele ea kopano haufi le menyetla ntle le scaffolding, mohlala. haufi le borokho ba tsela bo nang le menyetla e tsoang42m. Likarolo tsa ts’ehetso li ne li kentsoe ka crane e phaphametseng ’me ka mor’a ho kenngoa ha likarolo tsohle, li ne li cheselitsoe. Ka nako e ts’oanang, litšehetso tse kholo li ne li tlameletsoe ka li-screws li sebelisa li-garters tse nang le menyetla (feiga.6). Ka likoti tse ka har’a li-garters, boholo ba seam ea lakane e otlolohileng e ne e ka chesoa, pele li-garters li tlameha ho tlosoa. Sl.6e na le tlhahisoleseding e eketsehileng mabapi le ho lokisoa ha U-seams bakeng sa litlaleho tse khethehileng lebanta le ka holimo le ka tlaase.
Setšoantšo6- li-tourniquets tsa nakoana tse nang le menyetla ea ho kena litšepe.
Ho kenya le ho sebetsa saeteng: Mehlala ea nalane e nang le crane e phaphametseng, lithapo tsa nakoana, hatch work le welding site ha se moralo oa ho kenya. Palo ea maemo a nakoana, moralo oa ho phahamisa le ho boloka, taolo ea geometry, ho oa, ts’ireletso ea mollo le mosi le taolo e ka fumanoang ea lenonyeletso ka leng pele ho tlosoa litšehetso tsa nakoana ho hlokahala.
Li-stiffeners
Hoa hlokahala ho tiisa litšehetso tse tiileng tsa welded hantle khahlanong le protrusion ea lakane e otlolohileng le lateral buckling ea mabanta, ho phaella moo, ho khumama nakong ea welding ho lokela ho bolokoa boemong bo tlaase. Khatello ea ho fokotseha holima li-stiffener tse otlolohileng li ile tsa fuputsoa ke O. Kerafo-a. Nakong ea tatellano e hlahlobiloeng ea mesebetsi (li-stiffeners li ne li cheselitsoe pele, ebe li-seams tse ka sehloohong), likhatello tse kholo tsa shrinkage li ile tsa etsahala ho li-stiffeners le lihlopha tse haufi tsa tšepe ea lakane e otlolohileng. Haeba li-stiffeners li se li ntse li le mabanta pele li-seams tse ka sehloohong li ntšoa, joale ho fokotseha ha li-slats tsa lebanta ho thibeloa. Li-lamellas tsa lebanta, li-wavy bends li ile tsa hlaha ka tsela ea longitudinal2mm, ka lehlakoreng le ka holimo hoo e ka bang0,25mm(feie.7). Ka hona, e tlameha ebe ho ne ho e-na le likhatello tse kholo tsa ho khumama ka mahlakoreng ka bobeli a li-slats tsa mabanta. Bokhoni ba ho jara bo ne bo lekanyelitsoe ke ho hlaha ha li-deformation tse kholo, eseng ka matla a ho robeha ha lebanta le tlaase. Ho ea ka liphello tsa teko ea mokhathala, ho hlokahala hore marokho a kenye lipoleiti tse loketseng hantle pakeng tsa li-stiffeners le lebanta, tse sirelelitsoeng ho li-stiffeners tse nang le butt weld. Li-stiffeners le likhokahano li khaoloa ka tsela eo seam e ka sehloohong e lulang e lokolohile (sa feiga.8). Ka indasteri ea kaho, maemong a mangata, ha ho pelaelo hore li-stiffeners li cheselitsoe ka ho toba ho li-girders. Ho molemo ho qoba ho khaola li-seams le ho li bokella haholo.
Setšoantšo7- deformation ea mabanta nakong ea welding.
Setšoantšo8- ho thatafatsa ka lithaele tse lekanang hantle.
Shrinkage, deformation le mokhathala: liphetho tsa liteko tsa nalane li ke ke tsa fetisetsoa ho tse ling ntle le lipalo. Li-stiffeners, li-weld terminations, seam crossings, tolerances, le tatellano ea mosebetsi li ama likhatello tse setseng, ho tsuba le matla a mokhathala; mapetsong a sa amoheleheng le ho senyeha ha ho rarolloe ke welding e eketsehileng ntle le mokhoa o amohelehang oa ho lokisa.
Lithaba tse felletseng le liforeimi
Arch e tšehetsa le li-arches tse tšesaane
Li-braces tsa Arch li fana ka ntho e nyenyane e khethehileng ha e bapisoa le li-braces tse feletseng tsa ’nete. Leha ho le joalo, likhokahano tsa li-arch tsa cantilever tse nang le marako a mabeli le maballo a thatafatsang lebota le le leng, joalo ka ha li etsoa borokhong ba litsela tse kholo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tse cheselitsoeng, ke tse ling tsa meaho e khahlisang haholo e cheselitsoeng. Borokhong ba ’mila o moholo holim’a Lech haufi le Duisburg, ho ile ha sebelisoa sekotoana se seholohali se entsoeng ka mochini sa tšepe qetellong ho thusa mosebetsi oa ho cheselletsa. Sena (Feie.9) o nka matla a tsoang ho arch ebe o a fetisetsa lebaleng le thatafatsang. E na le lisebelisoa50 mme nang le sekoahelo se matla, se fetang sekoting se le seng ho leba lebanta le kaholimo la lebanta le thata, le tšehelitsoeng letlapeng le otlolohileng, le matlafalitsoeng ho fihlela botenya.50 mm.
Setšoantšo9- sebaka sa ho qetela sa borokho ba arched.
Mehaho ea foreimi
Melemo ea mokhoa oa ho tjheseletsa o bonoa ka ho fetisisa likhutlong tsa foreimi, e lumellang libopeho tse rarahaneng hore li etsoe ntle le mathata a itseng. K’honeng e ’ngoe ea foreime e nang le mojaro o boima e bontšoa ka feiga.10. Kaho e na le li-extensions tse atolositsoeng tsa workshop. Li-extensions tse ntseng li eketseha li kenyelelitsoe ka li-screws tse itšebetsang. Ha li-welding stiffeners pakeng tsa maoto a litšehetso tse kopantsoeng, khatello e phahameng ea shrinkage e etsahala, eo ka linako tse ling e lebisang ho mapetsong. Likhatello tsa shrinkage li fokotseha haholo ha ho e-na le likhopo tse tiileng (sa feiga.11a) navara feela mapheo a maqephe (sa feiga.11b).
Setšoantšo10- angle ea tšehetso ea foreimi.
Setšoantšo11- papiso ea lintlha tse thatafatsang tsa khokahanyo.
Setšoantšo12- sebaka sa borokho ba Belgian bo nang le lithapo tsa foreimi.
Lihokelo tsa litšehetso tsa longitudinal li thata ho kobeha
Nolofatso e kholo e ka finyelloa ka har’a marang-rang a marang-rang a marokho ka ho sebelisa likhokahano tse cheselitsoeng. Matla a mokhathala a likhokahano tsa litšehetso tsa longitudinal, joalo-joalo tlas’a mojaro o kobehang, o bonesoa ke liteko O. Kerafo-a (Feie.13). Ka hona, khokahanyo e nang le seam ho sebopeho se ka lehlakoreng le nang le tsitsipano e na le matla a phahameng a mokhathala khatello ea kelello e kobehang σUb ho feta khokahanyo moo leoto le tsitsitsoeng le kopantsoeng ke seams sekhutlong.
Setšoantšo13- mefuta e fapaneng ea nalane ea likhokahano tsa tšehetso tsa longitudinal.
Lattice e tšehetsa
Mehaho e cheselitsoeng ea lattice
Li-grating tsa khale e ne e le likopi tsa meaho e hahelletsoeng ho latela libopeho le likhokahano (sa feiga.14). Sena ha se na thuso, thepa e khethehileng ea likhokahano tse cheselitsoeng e tlameha ho tsotelloa ha u khetha likarolo tsa sefapano. Ho satalla ho hoholo ha likhokahano tsohle ha ho bapisoa le li-riveted node ho bohlokoa hape. Likamano tsa lithupa tsa diagonal li-node tsa marang-rang tse nang le matla a phahameng, haholo-holo sebakeng sa kaho, li thata ho li etsa. Kaha likhokahano tse nang le seams tsa sekhutlo li hlaha potsong mona, matla a mokhathala a batla a le tlase. Ka botlalo welded, ke hore. le ka li-node tsa marang-rang a marang-rang, ka hona feela libakeng tse ling tse khethehileng tsa mehaho ea tšepe. Ka mohlala, ka maqhama a marulelo, a nang le li-cranes tse sa jereng ka matla haholo, joalo-joalo.
Setšoantšo14- node e cheselitsoeng ea tšehetso ea lattice.
Sebakeng sa pele, litšepe tse bataletseng le tšepe ea lakane li tla nahanoa bakeng sa ho theha karolo ea sefapano. Tabeng ea lihaho tse cheselitsoeng, likarolo tse sekoti li etsoa ntle le bothata bo itseng, tse nang le molemo oa lithupa tse hatelitsoeng ka lebaka la ho satalla ha tsona. Nyeoe e khethehileng ea tube e chitja e tšoaneloa ke ho buuoa ka ho khethehileng. Mehaho ea li-tubula tse cheselitsoeng li fumane ts’ebeliso e pharaletseng, mohlala. kahong ea li-cranes kapa meaho e bobebe indastering ea meaho. Tabeng ea ho tsoela pele le ho hokahanya ha likarolo tse sekoti, ha e le hantle motho o tlameha ho ela hloko mathata a itseng a hahang le litšenyehelo tse eketsehileng. Likarolo tse cheselitsoeng hangata li bokelloa lipheletsong e le hore khokahano e ka riveted habonolo (feiga. 15). Mehato e khethehileng e hlokehang ka har’a workshop le setšeng sa kaho bakeng sa meaho ea li-welded lattice e etsa hore ho be thata ho e sebelisa, ntle le haeba e mabapi le litšehetso tse nang le moroalo o fokolang kapa o tsitsitseng haholo. Bakeng sa li-grids tse kentsoeng ka matla le bakeng sa ba nang le matla a phahameng, molao e ne e le hore ho ne ho e-na le likarolo tsa motho ka mong feela tse cheselitsoeng, empa ho hokahanya ha tsona ho ne ho etsoa ka li-screw. Pele ho tsohle, mathata a ho kenya a ile a tlosoa; ’me li-grids tse entsoeng ka lintho tse cheselitsoeng li ka kenngoa ho latela mekhoa e ts’oanang le ea lithupa tse riveted.
Figure 15 — sebopeho sa pheletso ea karolo e sekoti bakeng sa khokahano.
Maqephe a koetsoeng, a amohelang li-diagonal ka nako e ts’oanang, a ts’oaroa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ho ea likhopong tsa mabanta kapa a entsoe ka li-butt ka tsona (sa feiga.16a). E qetellang e na le bothata ba “ho qala li-seams tsa sekhutlo”, tse senyang matla a mokhathala oa girder. Mohato oa makhaola-khang o lebisang ho bōpehileng hantle ha marokho a truss ka ho tjheseletsa o ile oa etsoa borokhong ba terene e holim’a Rhine haufi le Mainz (Kaiser Bridge). Ba teng50 mmmatlapa a nodal sheets ka ho sebelisa seams holim’a segokanyimmediamentsi sa sebolokigolo se kentsoeng maqepheng a emeng a mabanta.30 mmbotenya. Liphetoho li etsahala butle-butle, sebopeho se ka bonoa ho tloha feiga.16b. Li-extensions tsa mabanta li fumaneha haufi le li-node.
Setšoantšo16- maqephe a kopantsoeng a kopane khahlanong le moea le borokho ba terene holim’a Rhine haufi le Mainz (borokho ba Kaiser,1954).
Matlafatso ka ho tjheseletsa
Ho matlafatsoa ho latelang ha mehaho ea tšepe ke e ’ngoe ea mesebetsi e thata ka ho fetisisa, haholo-holo ha e tlameha ho etsoa mohahong o jereng. Ka maqhama a riveted, ho kenya li-reinforcements, ho cheka le ho hokahanya le likarolo tse teng ho ja nako ebile ho theko e boima. Kaha ho tjheseletsa hoa khoneha ntle le litokisetso tsa nako e telele tsa pele hammoho le ntle le ho senya mekhoa e teng ea ho tlamahane, ho ne ho le haufi le ho leka tjheseletsa ho matlafatsa likarolo le likhokahano tsa marang-rang. Ketso e kopaneng ea li-rivets le li-welds ho amohela matla ka lithupa e hlahlobiloe ka botlalo ka mokhoa oa theory le litekong. Leha ho le joalo, ts’ebetsong e sebetsang, mapetsong le mokhathala a ile a hlaha, karolo e ’ngoe feela ka mor’a tšebeliso ea nako e telele. Lisosa tsa mathata ana e ne e le liphello tsa li-notch tse cheselletsang le liphetoho tsa tšohanyetso karolong, ’me tse ling tsa mapetsong a hlahileng li bakiloe ke khatello e phahameng ea ho honyela.
** Ho matlafatsa mohaho o teng: ** ho cheselletsa tšepe e hatelitsoeng kapa e tsofetseng ho ka hlahisa mapetsong, ho robeha ha brittle, tahlehelo ea sebaka sa botsitso le tsela e ncha ea matla. Pele ho mosebetsi, thepa, tšenyo e teng le mokhathala, mojaro oa sebele, weldability, tatellano ea liphallelo le inshorense ea nakoana e tlameha ho khethoa. Matlafatso e etsoa feela ho latela morero le ts’ebetso e amohetsoeng, ka taolo le taolo.
Ho kopanya welding, riveting le screws
Ka nako e itseng ho ne ho thibetsoe ho sebelisa welding le riveting ka nako e le ’ngoe. Ho ile ha lebisoa tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho “mehaho e cheselitsoeng ka botlalo” moo li-rivets le li-screws li neng li qojoa ka ho feletseng. Kajeno, li-welding le riveting li sebelisoa hape ka ho bapisa nthong e le ’ngoe. Maemong a mangata, ho molemo ho tjheseletsa li-extensions tsa lithupelo feela, ’me ho fapana le hoo, ho qhekella tse entsoeng esale pele. Tšebeliso ea mefuta e ’meli ea khokahanyo ka tsoelo-pele e tšoanang e lokela ho qojoa, hobane kabo e hlakileng ea matla e ke ke ea finyelloa ka lebaka la shrinkage e amanang le welding le sliding ea rivets / bolts.
Tlhaloso ea ho qetela: ketso e kopanetsoeng ea li-welld, li-rivets le li-screw ha ea lokela ho nkoa ntle le mohlala oa lipalo, tatelano e hlalositsoeng ea ho bolaoa, mamello le taolo ea ho thella. Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling le tse ling tse jarang moroalo, tsela ea matla, sehlopha sa mokhathala, phihlello ea ho cheselletsa le ho hlahloba, mefokolo e amohelehang le moralo oa tlhokomelo bophelo bohle ba sebopeho se tlameha ho tsejoa.