** Archive Expert Content: ** Chinyorwa chinochengetedza mienzaniso yezvakaitika kare uye zvirevo zve welded steel girders, mabhiriji uye trusses, asi haisi dhizaini, kuverenga, kubatanidzwa kwekubatana, welding plan, maitiro ekugadzirisa, kuneta kuongorora kana kugadzirisa bhuku. Material, weldability, kuomarara, ukobvu, kugadzirira pamwe chete, kuzadza zvinhu, preheat, kutevedzana, kusara kunetseka, kushivirira, ngura, moto, kuneta uye kutonga kunofanirwa kutariswa zvinoenderana neiyo chaiyo purojekiti uye inoshanda zviyero. Majoini ekubereka akagadzirwa, anoitwa uye anodzorwa nevanhu vanokwanisa.
Nhasi, Savo Kusić inotarisa pa mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo, mahwindo etsika, gonhi uye zvikumbiro zvekotesheni Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri chenhoroondo uye hachimiriri kupihwa kwekugadzira, weld, kuyedza kana kusimbisa zvivakwa zvesimbi.
Mabhureki akazara akasungwa
Zvikamu zvezvitsigiro
Mhedziso inopiwa nemuonde.1uye2. Sl.1uye inoratidza tsigiro yakasimbiswa ne welded belt lamellas. Zvikamu zvekupokana zvinorema zvinogona kuunganidzwa kubva kune yakakura simbi uye sheet simbi (fig.1b kuti e). Mubatanidzwa wakavhurika pakati pemakona seams unofanirwa kudzivirirwa nekupinza pepa rakamira (fig.1c). Muchinjikwa-chikamu chetsigiro chinogona kuchinjirwa kune inodiwa yekupikisa nguva nekuwedzera mabhandi slats. Zvikamu mumuonde.2d kuve nemukana wekuti musono wakatarisana unouya munzvimbo yekushomeka kwembabvu. Pano, seams inogona kuongororwa zvakanyanya nyore ne X-rays.
Mufananidzo1- zvikamu zvewelded zvinotsigira.
Mufananidzo2- zvikamu zvezvitsigiro zvakagadzirwa nemaprofile akakosha.
Weld control: radiographic test inoshandisa ionizing radiation uye inoitwa chete pasi pemamiriro akadzorwa nenyanzvi dzakatenderwa. Sarudzo yekutonga nzira, chiyero chekugamuchirwa uye maitiro emhando inotarwa neprojekiti uye chiyero; kuongororwa kwemufananidzo kana kunze hakusi humbowo hwemukati we weld.
Kuenderera mberi kwepepa rakamira
Kubudirira kwakaitika nenzira yakakodzera chose. Kuwedzerwa nemagarters kwakaitwa. Kuwedzerwa kwemuchinjikwa hakuna kuwana kukosha kwakanyanya mukuvaka mabhiriji, asi kwakaratidza kuve kwakanaka mukuvaka kwekuvaka. Sezvo vertical extensions kune iyo interface yakanga isina hupfumi nekuda kwediki diki diki diki zvinotemeswa, kuwedzeredzwa nekuwedzera kureba kweseam kwakawanikwa.
Universal edzedzero
Sl.3inoratidza kuwedzera kwebhanhire guru rebhiriji remugwagwa rine mbabvu yakasimbiswa. Sl.4inopa kuenderera kwebhiriji rimwe mumugwagwa mukuru. Pakunyanya kunaka, kuwedzera uku hakuna kusiyana nechitarisiko uye maitiro ekuita kubva kune isina-yakawedzerwa rutsigiro, chete kuneta kwesimba kunoderera zvishoma. Mushonga wekuwedzera unoenderana nekuti ndeyewekishopu yekuwedzera kana kuwedzera kwegungano. Sezvo zvishandiso zviri nani zviripo muwekishopu, welding pasaiti inogumira kana zvichibvira. Sl.5inoratidza kupatsanurwa kwedanda rimwe refu63m. Mabhanhire akaendeswa kunzvimbo yekuvaka mune zvikamu zve38muye25mkureba, uko chete mawedzero akanyorwa ne “B” akaiswa welded. Iwo anokwirisa ekuwedzera anogadzirwa seU-mawedzero, kuitira kudzivirira pamusoro welding.
Mufananidzo3- kuenderera mberi kwebhiriji girder mumugwagwa mukuru pedyo neHattenheim.
Mufananidzo4- nhoroondo yenhoroondo yekuenderera mberi kwebhiriji girder.
Mufananidzo5- hurongwa hwewekishopu nekuwedzera kwegungano.
Kuenderera mberi kwakazara zvitsigiro zvakasungwa panguva yekufambira mberi kwekuungana pamwe nekuvhura pasina scaffolding, semuenzaniso. pedyo nezambuko remugwagwa rine mazaru kubva42m. Zvikamu zverutsigiro zvakaiswa ne crane inoyangarara uye mushure mekuiswa kwezvinhu zvese, zvakaiswa welded. Panguva imwecheteyo, tsigiro huru dzakasungirirwa ne screws uchishandisa garters ine mavhuriro (fig.6) Kuburikidza nemakomba mumagarters, mazhinji emusono webepa rakamira raigona kusungirirwa, magarters asati abviswa. Sl.6ine rumwe ruzivo nezve gadziriro yeU-seams yemaprofile akakosha mubhandi repamusoro uye rezasi.
Mufananidzo6- matourniquets enguva pfupi ane mazaru ekuwana welding.
** Kuiswa uye basa resaiti: ** mienzaniso yenhoroondo ine inoyangarara crane, kwechinguva lashings, hatch basa uye saiti welding haisi chirongwa chekuisa. Kuverengera kwemamiriro enguva pfupi, kusimudza uye kuchengetedza chirongwa, geometry control, kudonha, moto uye chiutsi kudzivirira uye inoteedzera kudzora yejoini yega yega kusati kwabviswa zvitsigiro zvenguva pfupi zvinodiwa.
Stiffeners
Izvo zvinodiwa kuomesa zvitsigiro zvakasimba zvakasungirirwa zvakanaka zvinopesana nekuputika kwepepa rakamira uye lateral buckling yemabhanhire, uyezve, kukotama panguva yekuputika kunofanira kuchengetwa pasi. Shrinkage stress pane vertical stiffeners yakaongororwa na O. Girafu-a. Munguva yakaongororwa kutevedzana kwemabasa (mashizha akaiswa welded kutanga, kozoita seams makuru), kushushikana kukuru kwakaitika mumitsipa yakaomesesa uye padyo nemitsetse yesimbi yakatwasuka. Kana iyo yakaoma inenge yatove pamabhanhire musati mazamu makuru abudiswa kunze, ipapo shrinkage yebhanhire slats inodziviswa. Mune bhanhire lamellas, wavy bends akaonekwa munzira refu2mm, munzira yakachinjika approx0,25mm(muonde.7) Naizvozvo, panofanira kunge paine kwakakosha kupeta kushushikana mumativi ese mumabhandi slats. Kutakura simba kwakaganhurirwa nekuitika kwekureruka kukuru, kwete nekuputsika kwesimba rezasi. Maererano nemigumisiro yekuedza kuneta, zvinotarisirwa kuti mabhiriji aise mahwendefa anonyatsokodzera pakati pezvakaoma uye bhanhire, izvo zvakachengetedzwa kune zvinyoro zvine butt weld. Stiffeners uye zvinongedzo zvinochekwa nenzira yekuti musono mukuru urambe wakasununguka (fig.8) Muindasitiri yekuvaka, muzviitiko zvakawanda, hapana mubvunzo kuti stiffeners inosungirirwa zvakananga kumagidhi. Zviri nani kudzivisa kucheka seams uye kuiputira zvakanyanya.
Mufananidzo7- deformation yemabhandi panguva yewelding.
Mufananidzo8- kuomeswa nematairi anokwana zvakanaka.
** Shrinkage, deformation uye kuneta: ** nhoroondo yemhedzisiro haigone kuendeswa kune imwe ruzivo pasina kuverenga. Kuomesa, kumisa weld, seam kuyambuka, kushivirira, uye kutevedzana kwebasa kunokanganisa kusara kwekushushikana, kuputika, uye kuneta simba; kutsemuka kusingagamuchirwe uye deformations haigadziriswe nekuwedzera welding pasina nzira yakabvumidzwa yekugadzirisa.
Yakazara mounts uye mafuremu
Arch inotsigira uye yakatetepa arches
Arch braces inopa chinhu chidiki chakakosha kana ichienzaniswa neyechokwadi yakazara braces. Zvisineyi, kukonekwa kwemadziro ane madziro maviri e cantilever arches kune imwechete-madziro anoomesa matanda, sezvakaitwa pamabhiriji maviri makuru ewelded highway, ndezvimwe zvezvivakwa zvinofadza zvakasungwa. Pazambuko remugwagwa mukuru pamusoro peLech pedyo neDuisburg, chimedu chikuru chakagadzirwa nemichina chesimbi yakaumbwa chakashandiswa kumagumo nodi kufambisa basa rewelding. Izvi (Fig.9) inotora mauto kubva kuarch uye oaendesa kune danda rekuomesa. Inoshongedzerwa ne50 mmine buri rakasimba, iro rinopfuura nepakati imwe slot kune bhandi repamusoro resimbi inoomesa uye iro rakasungirirwa kune rakamira pepa, rakasimbiswa kune ukobvu.50 mm.
Mufananidzo9- yekupedzisira node yebhiriji arched.
Kugadzirwa kweframe
Zvakanakira welding tekinoroji zvinonyanya kuoneka pamakona efuremu, iyo inobvumira yakaoma maumbirwo kuti aitwe pasina mamwe matambudziko. Imwe kona yefuremu ine mutoro unorema inoratidzwa muonde.10. Kuvaka kwave newelded workshop extensions. Iwo anokwirisa ekuwedzera anosungirirwa ne self-tapping screws. Kana welding stiffeners pakati pemakumbo ezvitsigiro zvakabatanidzwa, kukwirira kwepamusoro kunokonzera kushungurudzika kunoitika, izvo dzimwe nguva zvinotungamirira kukutsemuka. Shrinkage stress inodzikiswa zvakanyanya kana pachinzvimbo chembabvu dzakasimba (fig.11a) navara chete mapapiro mapepa (fig.11b).
Mufananidzo10- kona yerutsigiro rwefuremu.
Mufananidzo11- kuenzanisa yeakasungwa yekubatanidza inoomesa ruzivo.
Mufananidzo12- node yebhiriji reBelgian rine magidhi emafuremu.
Kukochekera kwezvitsigiso zvelongitudinal kwakaomarara mukukotama
Kurerutsa kukuru kunogona kuwanikwa mugedhi rekugezwa kwemabhiriji nekushandisa zvinongedzo zvakabatanidzwa. Kuneta simba rekubatanidza kwezvitsigiro zvelongitudinal, nezvimwewo pasi pekukotama mutoro, inovhenekerwa nemiedzo O. Girafu-a (Fig.13) Naizvozvo, kubatanidza nemusono kune chinongedzo kudivi rakatsikirirwa kune simba rakanyanya kuneta payunifomu yekubhenda kushushikana σUb pane kubatana uko gumbo rakatsikirirwa rinobatanidzwa nekona seams.
Mufananidzo13- nhoroondo dzakasiyana dzelongitudinal tsigiro yekubatanidza.
Lattice inotsigira
Welded lattice zvimiro
Ekare magirati aive makopi ezvivakwa zvakashongedzwa maererano nemaumbirwo nekubatanidza (fig.14) Izvi hazvibatsiri, iyo yakakosha zvivakwa zve welded zvinongedzo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa pakusarudza iwo epakati-chikamu. Iko kuoma kukuru kwezvose zvinobatanidzwa zvichienzaniswa ne riveted node kwakakosha zvakare. Kubatana kwe diagonal rods mumanode egridhi nemasimba akakwirira, kunyanya panzvimbo yekuvaka, zvakaoma kuita. Sezvo kubatanidzwa nemakona emakona kunouya mubvunzo pano, simba rekuneta rinenge rakaderera. Yakasungwa zvakakwana, kureva. uye mumanodhi egridhi yakashongedzwa, saka mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekuvaka simbi. Semuyenzaniso, ane padenga zvisungo, ane cranes asina zvakanyanya dynamically kurodha, nezvimwe.
Mufananidzo14- welded node yerutsigiro rwelatisi.
Pakutanga, simbi dzakatsetseka uye simbi yepepa zvinouya mukutariswa kwekugadzira chikamu chemuchinjikwa. Panyaya yezvivakwa zvakashongedzwa, zvikamu zvisina makomba zvinogadzirwa pasina kuomesesa, izvo zvine mukana wetsvimbo dzakatsikirirwa nekuda kwekuomarara kwavo. Nyaya inokosha yechubhu inotenderera inofanirwa kutaurwa. Welded tubular zvivakwa zvakawana kushandiswa kwakakura, semuenzaniso. mukuvaka kwe cranes kana zvivakwa zvemwenje muindasitiri yekuvaka. Panyaya yekuenderera mberi uye kubatana kwezvikamu zvisina makomba, munhu anofanira kunyatso funga mamwe matambudziko anovaka uye mamwe mari. Zvikamu zvakasungirirwa zvinowanzounganidzwa pamagumo kuitira kuti kuwirirana kugone kubudiswa nyore nyore (fig. 15). Iwo akakosha matanho anodiwa muwekishopu uye panzvimbo yekuvakira yewelded lattice zvimiro zvinoita kuti zviome kuisa, kunze kwekunge zviri zvezvitsigiro zvine zvishoma kana zvakanyanya static load. Kune magridi akaremerwa zvine simba uye kune avo vane masimba akakwirira, mutemo waive wekuti zvinhu zvega zvega zvakasungwa, asi kubatana kwavo kwaiitwa pachishandiswa screws. Chokutanga pane zvose, matambudziko ekuisa akabviswa; uye magridi akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakakanyiwa anogona kukwidzwa zvinoenderana nemaitiro akafanana neaya akagadzirwa netsvimbo dzakarukwa.
Mufananidzo 15 - kuumbwa kwemagumo echikamu chegomba chekubatanidza.
Mashizha akafukidzwa, anogashira diagonals panguva imwe chete, anotsvetwa nenzira yakajairwa kumambabvu emabhandi kana akaiswa butt-welded nawo (fig.16a). Iyo yekupedzisira ine kukanganisa kwe “kutanga kona seams”, izvo zvinokanganisa kuneta kusimba kwegirder. Danho rakasimba rekuumbwa kwakaringana kwemabhiriji etruss kuburikidza newelding rakaitwa pabhiriji renjanji pamusoro peRhine pedyo neMainz (Kaiser Bridge). Varipo50 mmakasimbisa nodal mashiti nenzira yekusona pane interface inoiswa mumashiti akatwasuka emabhandi.30 mmukobvu. Shanduko idzi zvishoma nezvishoma, kuumbwa kunogona kuoneka kubva kumaonde.16b. Kuwedzerwa kwematanda ebhanhire kunowanikwa pedyo nenode.
Mufananidzo16- akafukidzwa mapepa ekubatanidza kumhepo uye bhiriji rechitima pamusoro peRhine padhuze neMainz (zambuko raKaiser,1954).
Kusimbisa newelding
Kusimbiswa kunotevera kwezvivako zvesimbi ndeimwe yemabasa akaoma zvikuru, kunyanya kana inofanirwa kuitwa pane yakatakurwa. Nekubatanidza riveted, kuisa zvinosimbisa, kuchera uye kubatanidza kune zvikamu zviripo zvinotora nguva uye zvinodhura. Sezvo welding inogoneka pasina gadziriro dzenguva refu dzekutanga uye pasina kutyora nzira dziripo dzekubatanidza, yaive pedyo nekuyedza welding kusimbiswa kwepamuchinjikwa-sections uye kubatanidzwa kwegridi. Chiito chakabatanidzwa che rivets uye welds mukugamuchira masimba mumatanda chakaongororwa zvakadzama nedzidziso uye mukuedza. Nekudaro, mukuita kunoshanda, kutsemuka uye kupera simba kwakaonekwa, chikamu chete mushure mekushandisa kwenguva refu. Zvikonzero zvezvinetso izvi zvaive mhedzisiro yewelding notches uye kamwe kamwe shanduko muchikamu, uye kumwe kutsemuka kwakaonekwa kwakakonzerwa nekushushikana kwakanyanya kubva mukuderera.
** Kusimbiswa kwechimiro chiripo: ** welding yesimbi yakasimbiswa kana yakwegura inogona kuunza kuputika, brittle fracture, kurasikirwa kwenzvimbo kwekugadzikana uye nzira itsva yesimba. Asati ashanda, izvo zvinhu, kukuvadzwa kuripo uye kuneta, mutoro chaiwo, weldability, kutevedzana kwekuremerwa uye inishuwarenzi yenguva pfupi inofanirwa kutsanangurwa. Kusimbisa kunoitwa chete maererano neprojekti yakabvumirwa uye maitiro, nekutarisira uye kutonga.
Kubatanidza welding, riveting uye screws
Kwenguva yakati zvakarambidzwa kushandisa welding uye riveting panguva imwe chete. Kunyanya kutariswa kwakabhadharwa kune “zvakazara welded zvivakwa” umo rivets uye screws zvakadziviswa zvachose. Nhasi, welding uye riveting inoshandiswa zvakare mukufanana pachinhu chimwe chete. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvakakosha kusungira chete mawekishopu ekuwedzera, uye pane zvinopesana, rivet izvo zvakafanogadzirwa. Kushandiswa kwemhando mbiri dzekubatanidza mukuenderera mberi kwakafanana kunofanira kudziviswa, nokuti kupararira kwakajeka kwemasimba hakugone kuwanikwa nekuda kwe shrinkage ine chokuita ne welding uye sliding ye rivets / bolts.
** Chinyorwa chekupedzisira: ** chiito chekubatana che welds, rivets uye screws haifanirwe kufungidzirwa pasina calculation model, inotsanangurwa kutevedzana kwekuuraya, kushivirira uye slip control. Kune yega yega-yekutakura-inotakura dhata, iyo simba nzira, kuneta chikamu, kuwanika kune welding uye kuongorora, zvinogamuchirika kukanganisa uye chirongwa chekuchengetedza mukati mehupenyu hwechimiro chinofanira kuzivikanwa.