** Abin da ke ciki na Kwararrun Ma’ajiyar Tarihi:** Labarin yana adana misalan tarihi da iƙirarin ginshiƙan ƙarfe na welded, gadoji da tarkace, amma ba ƙira ba ne, lissafi, ƙayyadaddun haɗin gwiwa, shirin walda, cancantar hanya, kimanta gajiya ko jagorar gyarawa. Material, weldability, tauri, kauri, shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, kayan filler, preheat, jerin, saura damuwa, haƙuri, lalata, wuta, gajiya da sarrafawa dole ne a ƙaddara bisa ga takamaiman aikin da ƙa’idodi masu dacewa. ƙwararrun mutanen da suka dace an tsara su, aiwatar da su kuma ana sarrafa su.
A yau, Savo Kusić yana mai da hankali kan gilashin katako, itace-aluminum Taga, Taga na al’ada, kofa da buƙatun magana. Wannan labarin ya kasance tarihin tarihi kuma baya zama tayin ƙira, walda, gwadawa ko ƙarfafa tsarin ƙarfe.
Cikakkun maƙallan welded
Sassan tallafi
An ba da taƙaitaccen bayani ta fig.1kuma2. Sl.1kuma yana nuna goyon baya da aka ƙarfafa tare da welded bel lamellas. Za a iya haɗa sassan ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi na sabani daga faffadan ƙarfe da ƙarfe mai faɗi (fig.1b da e). Ya kamata a guje wa haɗin gwiwa mai buɗewa tsakanin sandunan kusurwa ta hanyar kaifafa takardar a tsaye (fig.1c). Za’a iya daidaita sashin ƙetare na tallafi zuwa lokacin juriya da ake buƙata tare da ƙarin slats bel. Sashe a cikin fig.2d don samun fa’idar cewa kabu mai fuskantar ya zo a cikin yanki mara ƙarancin kauri na haƙarƙari. Anan, ana iya bincika sutura ta musamman cikin sauƙi tare da hasken X-ray.
Hoto1- sassan goyan bayan walda.
Hoto2- sassan tallafi da aka yi da bayanan martaba na musamman.
** Ikon walda:** gwajin rediyo yana amfani da radiation ionizing kuma ana yin shi kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa ta kwararru masu izini. Zaɓin hanyar sarrafawa, iyakar yarda da ƙa’idodin inganci an ƙaddara ta hanyar aikin da ma’auni; duba hoto ko saman waje ba hujja ba ne na ingancin ciki na walda.
Ci gaba da takardar a tsaye
Ci gaban ya faru ne ta hanyar da ta dace. An yi kari tare da garters. Tsawon gicciye bai sami mahimmanci ba a ginin gada, amma har yanzu yana da kyau a cikin ginin gine-gine. Tun da tsayin daka a tsaye zuwa mahaɗin ba su da tattalin arziki saboda ƙananan abubuwan da aka yarda da su, an sami kari tare da tsayin tsayin kabu.
Haɗe-haɗe na duniya
Sl.3yana nuna ci gaban babban gadar babbar hanya tare da ƙarfafa haƙarƙari. Sl.4yana ba da ci gaba da gada ɗaya akan babbar hanya. A mafi kyawunsa, wannan tsawo ba ya bambanta da bayyanar da yanayin aiki daga goyon bayan da ba a ba da shi ba, kawai ƙarfin gajiya yana da ƙananan ƙananan. Maganin tsawaita ya dogara ne akan ko tsawaita bita ne ko kuma tsawaita taro. Tunda ana samun ingantattun kayan aiki a cikin bitar, walda akan wurin yana iyakance idan zai yiwu. Sl.5yana nuna rabon katako mai tsayi ɗaya63m. An kai kayan girkin zuwa wurin aikin a sassan38mkuma25mtsawo, inda kawai kari da aka yiwa alama da “B” aka welded. Ana yin abubuwan hawan hawa azaman U-extensions, don guje wa walƙiya sama.
Hoto3- ci gaba da girdar gada akan babbar hanya kusa da Hattenheim.
Hoto4- daki-daki na tarihi na ci gaba da girdar gada.
Hoto5- jadawalin bita da kari na taro.
Ci gaba da ci gaba da cikakken goyon baya an welded yayin ci gaban taro tare da buɗewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, alal misali. kusa da gadar hanya tare da buɗewa daga42m. An shigar da sassan tallafi tare da crane mai iyo kuma bayan shigar da dukkanin abubuwan, an yi musu waldi. A lokaci guda, an haɗa manyan goyan baya tare da sukurori ta amfani da garters tare da buɗewa (fig.6). Ta cikin ramukan da ke cikin garters, ana iya haɗa mafi yawan ɗinkin takardar a tsaye, kafin a cire garter ɗin. Sl.6ya ƙunshi ƙarin bayani game da shirye-shiryen U-seams don bayanan martaba na musamman a cikin babba da ƙananan bel.
Hoto6- garters na wucin gadi tare da buɗe ido don samun damar walda.
** Aikin shigarwa da wurin aiki: ** Misalai na tarihi tare da crane mai iyo, bulala na wucin gadi, aikin ƙyanƙyashe da waldawar yanar gizo ba tsarin shigarwa ba ne. Lissafi na yanayi na wucin gadi, ɗagawa da tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare, sarrafa lissafi, faɗuwa, kariyar wuta da hayaki da ikon gano kowane haɗin gwiwa kafin cire tallafin wucin gadi ana buƙatar.
Masu Tsatsa
Wajibi ne don ƙwanƙwasa ƙaƙƙarfan goyan bayan welded da kyau a kan fitowar takarda na tsaye da ƙwanƙwasa na gefe na bel, ƙari, lankwasawa a lokacin waldi ya kamata a kiyaye shi a matakin ƙasa. O. Graph-a. A lokacin da aka bincika jerin ayyuka (an fara walda masu tsauri, sa’an nan kuma manyan seams), matsanancin raguwar damuwa ya faru a cikin masu taurin kai da kuma guntuwar ƙarfe na tsaye a kusa. Idan masu tsauri sun riga sun kasance a kan bel kafin a fitar da manyan sutura, to, an hana raguwar bel ɗin. A cikin bel lamellas, lanƙwasa wavy sun bayyana a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya2mm, a cikin karkatacciyar hanya kusan0,25mm(fig.7). Don haka, dole ne a sami mahimmin matsalolin lanƙwasawa a cikin kwatance biyu a cikin bel ɗin bel. Ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi ya iyakance ta faruwar manyan nakasu, ba ta hanyar karyewar bel ɗin ƙasa ba. Dangane da sakamakon gwajin gajiyawa, ana buƙatar gadoji don shigar da faranti masu dacewa tsakanin masu tauri da bel, waɗanda aka sanya su ga masu tauri tare da walƙiya. Ana yanke masu tsauri da haɗin kai ta yadda babban kabu ya kasance kyauta (fig.8). A cikin masana’antar gine-gine, a mafi yawan lokuta, babu shakka cewa masu taurin suna welded kai tsaye zuwa ga girders. Yanke riguna da tara su da yawa har yanzu yana da kyau a guji a nan.
Hoto7- nakasar bel yayin walda.
Hoto8- mai ƙarfi tare da tayal mai dacewa.
** Ragewa, lalacewa da gajiya: ** ba za a iya canza sakamakon gwajin tarihi zuwa wani dalla-dalla ba tare da lissafi ba. Ƙarfafawa, ƙarewar walda, ƙetare shinge, juriya, da jerin aiki suna shafar saura damuwa, buckling, da ƙarfin gajiya; Ba a warware fashewar da ba a yarda da su ba ta hanyar ƙarin walda ba tare da ingantaccen tsarin gyarawa ba.
Cikakken firam da firam
Arch yana goyan bayan da manyan baka masu siriri
Ƙunƙarar katako na baka suna ba da ɗan wani abu na musamman idan aka kwatanta da cikakkun takalmin gyaran kafa na gaskiya. Koyaya, haɗin ginin katanga mai katanga biyu zuwa katako mai kauri mai bango guda ɗaya, kamar yadda aka yi akan manyan gadoji biyu masu walda, na daga cikin gine-gine mafi ban sha’awa waɗanda aka yi walda. A kan gadar babbar hanya da ke kan Lech kusa da Duisburg, an yi amfani da wani katafaren ƙarfe na jabu na injuna a ƙarshen kumburi don sauƙaƙe aikin walda. Wannan (Fig.9) yana ɗaukar sojojin daga baka kuma yana canza su zuwa katako mai ƙarfi. An sanye shi da50 mmtare da madaidaicin madaidaicin, wanda ke wucewa ta ramuka ɗaya zuwa bel na sama na katako mai ƙarfi kuma wanda aka welded zuwa takardar a tsaye, ƙarfafa zuwa kauri.50 mm.
Hoto9- ƙarshen kumburin gada mai ruɗe.
Tsarin gine-gine
An fi ganin fa’idodin fasahar waldawa akan kusurwoyin firam ɗin, wanda ke ba da damar yin siffofi masu rikitarwa ba tare da matsaloli na musamman ba. Ɗayan kusurwar firam ɗin mai nauyi mai nauyi ana nuna shi a fig.10. Ginin ya welded tsawo na bita. Ana haɗe haɓakar haɓakawa tare da sukurori masu ɗaukar kai. Lokacin walda stiffeners tsakanin ƙafafu na haɗin gwiwa, babban damuwa na raguwa yana faruwa, wanda wani lokaci yakan haifar da tsagewa. Matsanancin raguwa yana raguwa sosai lokacin da maimakon ƙaƙƙarfan haƙarƙari (fig.11a) navara zanen gadon fuka-fuki kawai (fig.11b).
Hoto10- kusurwar goyan bayan firam.
Hoto11- kwatankwacin cikakkun bayanai masu ƙarfi na haɗin welded.
Hoto12- kumburin gadar Belgian tare da girders.
Haɗin goyan bayan a tsaye suna da ƙarfi a lankwasawa
Ana iya samun babban sauƙaƙawa a cikin grid ɗin shimfidar gadoji ta amfani da haɗin welded. Ƙarfin gajiyar haɗin kai na tallafi na tsaye, da sauransu. ƙarƙashin nauyin lankwasawa, ana haskaka shi ta gwaje-gwaje O. Graph-a (Fig.13). Sabili da haka, haɗin haɗin gwiwa tare da haɗin gwiwa zuwa haɗin kai a kan gefen da aka yi tashin hankali yana da ƙarfin gajiya mafi girma a daidaitaccen lankwasa damuwa σUb fiye da haɗin da aka haɗa da ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa ta kusurwa.
Hoto13- bambance-bambancen tarihi na haɗin kai na dogon lokaci.
Lattice yana goyan bayan
Welded lattice Tsarin
Tsofaffin gratings sun kasance kwafi na ruɓaɓɓen gine-gine dangane da siffofi da haɗin kai (fig.14). Wannan ba shi da amfani, dole ne a yi la’akari da kaddarorin na musamman na haɗin haɗin welded lokacin zabar sassan giciye. Mafi girman taurin duk haɗin gwiwa idan aka kwatanta da riveted nodes shima yana da mahimmanci. Haɗin sandunan diagonal a cikin nodes na grid tare da manyan runduna, musamman akan wurin ginin, yana da wahala a yi. Tun da haɗin kai tare da kusurwar kusurwa ya zo cikin tambaya a nan, ƙarfin gajiya yana da ƙananan ƙananan. Cikakken walda, watau. kuma a cikin nodes na grid welded, saboda haka kawai a wasu wurare na musamman na ginin ƙarfe. Misali, tare da haɗin rufin rufin, tare da cranes waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi sosai, da sauransu.
Hoto14- welded kumburin goyan bayan lattice.
A farko, lebur karfe da sheet karfe zo a cikin la’akari ga giciye sashe samuwar. Dangane da gine-ginen da aka yi wa walda, ana yin ɓangarori marasa ƙarfi ba tare da wahala ta musamman ba, waɗanda ke da fa’idar matsewar sanduna saboda taurinsu. Halin na musamman na bututu mai zagaye ya cancanci ambaton musamman. Gine-ginen tubular walda sun sami aikace-aikace mai faɗi, misali. a cikin gine-ginen cranes ko hasken wuta a cikin masana’antar gine-gine. A cikin yanayin ci gaba da haɗin sassan ɓangarori, a haƙiƙa dole ne mutum yayi la’akari da wasu matsaloli masu ma’ana da ƙarin farashi. Yawancin sassan da aka ƙera ana tattara su a ƙarshensa don a iya haɗa haɗin haɗin cikin sauƙi (fig. 15). Matakai na musamman da ake buƙata a cikin taron bita da kuma kan wurin ginin don sinadarai na welded na sa yana da wahala a yi amfani da shi, sai dai idan ya kasance game da tallafi tare da ɗan ƙaramin nauyi ko galibi a tsaye. Don grid masu ɗorewa mai ƙarfi da waɗanda ke da manyan runduna, ƙa’idar ita ce abubuwa ɗaya ne kawai aka yi walda, amma an yi haɗin gwiwar juna ta amfani da sukurori. Da farko, an cire matsalolin shigarwa; kuma grids da aka yi da abubuwa masu walƙiya za a iya saka su bisa ga tsarin da aka yi da sandunan riveted.
Hoto 15 - siffata ƙarshen sashe mara tushe don haɗi.
Zane-zanen da aka ƙulla, waɗanda ke karɓar diagonals a lokaci guda, an zazzage su ta hanyar da aka saba zuwa haƙarƙarin bel ko kuma an haɗa su tare da su (fig.16a). Ƙarshen yana da lahani na “farawa kusurwar seams”, wanda ke da lahani ga ƙarfin gajiyar girder. An yi wani muhimmin mataki na daidaita gadar truss ta hanyar walda a gadar jirgin ƙasa da ke kan Rhine kusa da Mainz (Gadar Kaiser). Suna can50 mman ƙarfafa zanen nodal ta hanyar kabu akan mahaɗin da aka saka a cikin zanen gadon tsaye na bel30 mmkauri. Canje-canjen suna sannu a hankali, ana iya ganin siffa daga fig.16b. Ƙwayoyin belt sanda suna kusa da nodes.
Hoto16- ƙulli zanen gado na haɗakar iska da gadar dogo a kan Rhine kusa da Mainz (Gadar Kaiser,1954).
Ƙarfafawa ta hanyar walda
Ƙarfafa tsarin ƙarfe na gaba yana ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin ayyuka mafi wahala, musamman lokacin da dole ne a yi shi akan tsarin da aka ɗora. Tare da haɗin gwiwar da aka ƙera, shigar da ƙarfafawa, hakowa da haɗawa zuwa sassan da ke ciki yana ɗaukar lokaci da tsada. Tunda walda yana yiwuwa ba tare da shirye-shiryen share fage na dogon lokaci ba, haka kuma ba tare da karya hanyoyin haɗin kai da ake da su ba, yana kusa da ƙoƙarin walda ƙarfafawar sassan giciye da haɗin ginin. Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na rivets da welds a cikin karɓar sojoji a cikin sanduna an yi nazari dalla-dalla dalla-dalla bisa ka’ida da gwaje-gwaje. Duk da haka, a cikin aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen, raguwa da raguwar gajiya sun bayyana, wani ɓangare kawai bayan dogon amfani. Abubuwan da suka haifar da waɗannan matsalolin sune tasirin walda da canje-canje kwatsam a sashe, kuma wasu tsagewar da suka bayyana sun faru ne sakamakon tsananin damuwa daga raguwa.
** Ƙarfafa tsarin da ake da shi: ** walda na damuwa ko tsufa na karfe na iya haifar da fasa, karaya, asarar kwanciyar hankali da sabon hanyar karfi. Kafin aiki, dole ne a ƙayyade kayan, lalacewa da gajiya, ainihin kaya, weldability, jerin kayan aiki da inshora na wucin gadi. Ana yin ƙarfafawa ne kawai bisa ga aikin da aka yarda da kuma tsari, tare da kulawa da sarrafawa.
Haɗa walda, riveting da sukurori
Na ɗan lokaci an hana yin amfani da walda da riveting lokaci guda. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga “cikakkun sifofi masu waldawa” wanda aka kauce wa rivets da sukurori gaba ɗaya. A yau, ana sake yin amfani da walda da riveting a layi daya akan abu ɗaya. A lokuta da yawa, yana da kyau a yi walda kawai karawar bitar, kuma akasin haka, a riƙa ɓata waɗanda aka riga aka kera. Aiwatar da aikace-aikacen duka nau’ikan haɗin kai a cikin ci gaba ɗaya ya kamata a kauce masa, saboda ba za a iya samun bayyananniyar rarraba ƙarfi ba saboda raguwa da ke da alaƙa da walda da zamewar rivets / kusoshi.
** Bayanin ƙarshe:** aikin haɗin gwiwa na welds, rivets da screws ba dole ba ne a ɗauka ba tare da ƙirar ƙididdiga ba, tsarin da aka ƙayyade na kisa, juriya da sarrafa zamewa. Ga kowane daki-daki mai ɗaukar nauyi, hanyar ƙarfi, nau’in gajiyawa, samun damar walda da dubawa, lahani da aka yarda da tsarin kulawa a duk tsawon rayuwar tsarin dole ne a san shi.