I-Archival Expert Content: Eli nqaku ligcina imizekelo yembali kunye namabango eentsimbi zentsimbi ezidityanisiweyo, iibhulorho kunye neetrasi, kodwa akusiyo idizayini, ukubala, inkcazo edibeneyo, isicwangciso se-welding, isiqinisekiso senkqubo, uvavanyo lokukhathala okanye incwadana yokulungisa. Izinto eziphathekayo, ukuwelda, ukuqina, ubukhulu, ukulungiswa okuhlangeneyo, izinto zokuzalisa, ukushisa kwangaphambili, ulandelelwano, uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo, ukunyamezela, ukubola, umlilo, ukukhathala kunye nokulawula kufuneka kumiselwe ngokweprojekthi ethile kunye nemigangatho esebenzayo. Amalungu okuthwala ayilwe, aphunyezwe kwaye alawulwe ngabantu abaqeqeshiweyo ngokufanelekileyo.
Namhlanje, i-Savo Kusić igxile kwi ifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiko, umnyango kunye nezicelo zekoteyishini. Eli nqaku lihlala liyi-archive yembali kwaye alimeli isibonelelo sokuyila, ukuthunga, ukuvavanya okanye ukomeleza izakhiwo zetsimbi.
Izibiyeli ezidityanisiweyo ezipheleleyo
Amacandelo enkxaso
Isishwankathelo sinikwa ngumkhiwane.1kwaye2. Sl.1kwaye ibonisa inkxaso eqiniswe nge-welded belt lamellas. Amacandelo omthamo ongekho mthethweni unokuhlanganiswa kwintsimbi ebanzi kunye neshiti lesinyithi (umkhiwane.1b ukuya e). Umdibaniso ovulekileyo phakathi kweembombo zekona kufuneka uthintelwe ngokulola iphepha elithe nkqo (umkhiwane.1c). I-cross-section yenkxaso inokulungelelaniswa nomzuzu wokumelana ofunekayo kunye nee-slats zebhanti ezongezelelweyo. Amacandelo kwifig.2d ukufumana inzuzo yokuba umthungo ojongene nawo uza kwindawo yobunzima obungaphantsi kombambo. Apha, imithungo inokuhlolwa ngokulula ngeX-reyi.
Umfanekiso1- amacandelo eenkxaso ezidityanisiweyo.
Umfanekiso2— amacandelo enkxaso eyenziwe ngeeprofayile ezikhethekileyo.
**Ulawulo lwe-Weld: ** uvavanyo lwe-radiographic lusebenzisa i-ionizing radiation kwaye lwenziwa kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwa ziingcali ezigunyazisiweyo. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokulawula, ububanzi bokwamkelwa kunye nemigangatho yomgangatho inqunywe yiprojekthi kunye nomgangatho; Ukuhlolwa kwefoto okanye umphezulu wangaphandle ayibobungqina bomgangatho wangaphakathi we-weld.
Ukuqhubekeka kwephepha elithe nkqo
Uphuhliso lwenzeka ngendlela efanelekileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ukwandiswa kunye ne-garters kwenziwa. Ulwandiso lwe-cruciform aluzange luzuze ukubaluleka kangako kulwakhiwo lwebhulorho, kodwa lungqineke lulungile ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo. Ekubeni izandiso ezithe nkqo kwi-interface zingenamali ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluncinci oluvumelekileyo, izandiso ezinobude obuninzi bomthungo zifunyenwe.
Izandiso ezijikelezileyo
Sl.3ibonisa ukwandiswa kwebhanti ephambili yebhulorho yohola wendlela enombambo olomeleziweyo. Sl.4inika ukuqhubekeka kwebhulorho enye kuhola wendlela. Okona kulungileyo, olu lwandiso aluhlukanga kwimbonakalo kunye nendlela yesenzo ukusuka kwinkxaso engandiswanga, kuphela amandla okukhathala aphantsi kancinci. Isisombululo sokwandiswa sixhomekeke ekubeni ingaba kukwandiswa kweworkshop okanye ukwandiswa kwendibano. Ekubeni izixhobo ezingcono zikhona kwindawo yokusebenzela, ukuwelda kwisiza kulinganiselwe ukuba kunokwenzeka. Sl.5ibonisa ukwahlulwa komqadi omde omnye63m. Iibhanti zasiwa kwindawo yokwakha kwiindawo ezithile38mkwaye25mubude, apho kuphela izandiso eziphawulwe ngo “B” zadityaniswa. Izandiso zokunyuka zenziwa njenge-U-extensions, ukwenzela ukuphepha i-welding overhead.
Umfanekiso3-ukuqhubeka kwebhanti yebhulorho kuhola wendlela kufutshane neHattenheim.
Umfanekiso4- iinkcukacha zembali yokuqhubeka kwebhanti yebhulorho.
Umfanekiso5- ishedyuli yocweyo kunye nokwandiswa kwendibano.
Iinkxaso eziqhubekayo eziqhubekayo zahlanganiswa ngexesha lenkqubela yendibano kunye nokuvula ngaphandle kwe-scaffolding, umzekelo. kufuphi nebhulorho yendlela enemingxuma esuka42m. Amacandelo enkxaso afakwe nge-crane edadayo kwaye emva kokufakwa kwazo zonke izinto, zaye zadityaniswa. Kwangaxeshanye, ezona zixhaso ziphambili zibotshelelwe ngezikrufu kusetyenziswa i-garters enemingxuma (umkhiwane.6). Ngemingxuma kwii-garters, ininzi ye-seam yephepha elithe nkqo inokudityaniswa, ngaphambi kokuba i-garters isuswe. Sl.6iqulethe ulwazi olongezelelweyo malunga nokulungiswa kwe-U-seams kwiiprofayili ezikhethekileyo kwibhanti ephezulu nangaphantsi.
Umfanekiso6- iitourniquets zexeshana ezinemingxuma yokufikelela kwi-welding.
Ufakelo kunye nomsebenzi wesiza: imizekelo yembali enecrane edadayo, imivimbo yethutyana, umsebenzi wokuqandusela kunye nokuwelda indawo ayisosicwangciso sofakelo. Ukubalwa kweemeko zexeshana, ukuphakamisa kunye nokukhusela isicwangciso, ukulawulwa kwejometri, ukuwa, ukukhuselwa komlilo kunye nomsi kunye nokulawulwa okulandelwayo komdibaniso ngamnye ngaphambi kokususwa kweenkxaso zesikhashana ezifunekayo.
Iziqinise
Kuyimfuneko ukuqinisa i-welded eqinile exhasayo ngokumalunga ne-protrusion yephepha elithe nkqo kunye ne-lateral buckling yamabhanti, ngaphezu koko, ukugoba ngexesha le-welding kufuneka kugcinwe kwinqanaba eliphantsi. Uxinzelelo lokucutheka kwizinto eziqinileyo ezithe nkqo zaphandwa ngu-O. Igrafu-a. Ngexesha lokulandelelana kovavanyo lwemisebenzi (i-stiffeners yayidityaniswe kuqala, emva koko i-seams eziphambili), uxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lwe-shrinkage lwenzeka kwii-stiffeners kunye nemicu ekufutshane ye-vertical sheet metal. Ukuba i-stiffeners sele isele kwiibhanti ngaphambi kokuba i-seams ephambili ikhutshwe, ke ukucutha kwee-slats zebhanti kuthintelwe. Kwi-belt lamellas, i-wavy bends ibonakala kwi-longitudinal direction2mm, kwicala elinqamlezayo malunga0,25mm(ikhiwane.7). Ke ngoko, kufanele ukuba kukho uxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lokugoba kumacala omabini kwii-slats zebhanti. Umthamo wokuthwala wawulinganiselwe ngokuvela kokuguqulwa okukhulu, kungekhona ngokuphulwa kwamandla ebhanti ephantsi. Ngokweziphumo zovavanyo lokukhathala, kuyafuneka ukuba iibhulorho zifake iiplati ezilungele kakuhle phakathi kwe-stiffeners kunye nebhanti, ezikhuselwe kwi-stiffeners nge-butt weld. I-Stiffeners kunye nokudibanisa kunqunywe ngendlela yokuba i-seam ephambili ihlale ikhululekile (umkhiwane.8). Kwishishini lokwakha, kwiimeko ezininzi, akukho mathandabuzo ukuba i-stiffeners idityaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kwiibhanti. Kungcono ukuphepha ukusika i-seams kwaye uyifake kakhulu.
Umfanekiso7- ukuguqulwa kwamabhanti ngexesha le-welding.
Umfanekiso8— ukuqina ngeethayile ezilingana kakuhle.
Ukucutheka, ukuguquka nokudinwa: iziphumo zovavanyo lwembali azinakuthunyelwa kwenye inkcukacha ngaphandle kokubala. I-stiffeners, i-weld terminations, i-seam crossings, ukunyamezela, kunye nokulandelelana komsebenzi kuchaphazela uxinzelelo olushiyekileyo, i-buckling, kunye namandla okudinwa; ukuqhekeka okungamkelekanga kunye nokuguqulwa akusonjululwa nge-welding eyongezelelweyo ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokulungisa evunyiweyo.
Ukunyuswa okupheleleyo kunye nezakhelo
I-Arch ixhasa kunye neearholo ezibhityileyo
I-Arch braces inika into encinci ekhethekileyo xa kuthelekiswa neebrace ezipheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, udibaniso lwee-arches ze-cantilever ezinodonga oluphindwe kabini ukuya kwimiqadi yokuqinisa udonga olunye, njengoko lwenziwa kwiibhulorho zohola wendlela ezimbini ezinkulu ezidityanisiweyo, ziphakathi kwezona zakhiwo zinomdla kakhulu ezidityanisiweyo. Kwibhulorho yohola wendlela engaphaya kweLech kufutshane neDuisburg, intsimbi enkulu eyenziwe ngoomatshini isetyenzisiwe kwindawo ekukuphela kwayo ukuququzelela umsebenzi wokuwelda. Oku (Fig.9) ithatha imikhosi kwi-arch kwaye idlulisele kwi-beam yokuqina. Ixhotyiswe nge50 mmkunye ne-outlet eyomeleleyo, edlula kwi-slot enye ukuya kwibhanti engaphezulu ye-beam eqinile kwaye idityaniswe kwiphepha elithe nkqo, liqiniswe kubukhulu.50 mm.
Umfanekiso9- indawo yokugqibela yebhulorho ene-arched.
Ulwakhiwo lwesakhelo
Iingenelo zobugcisa be-welding zibonwa kakuhle kwiikona zesakhelo, ezivumela ukuba imilo enzima yenziwe ngaphandle kobunzima obuthile. Ikona enye yesakhelo esinomthwalo onzima iboniswe kumkhiwane.10. Ulwakhiwo luneendawo zokusebenzela ezidityanisiweyo. Izandiso ezixhomayo zifakwe kwi-self-tapping screws. Xa i-welding stiffeners phakathi kwemilenze yenkxaso edibeneyo, uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-shrinkage lwenzeka, ngamanye amaxesha lukhokelela ekuqhekekeni. Uxinzelelo lokucutheka luyancipha kakhulu xa endaweni yeembambo eziqinileyo (umkhiwane.11a) navara kuphela amaphepha ephiko (fig.11b).
Umfanekiso10- i-engile yenkxaso yesakhelo.
Umfanekiso11-Uthelekiso loqhagamshelo oludityanisiweyo luqinisa iinkcukacha.
Umfanekiso12- indawo yebhulorho yaseBelgium eneebhanti zesakhelo.
Uqhagamshelwano lwezixhasi zelongitudinal ziqinile ekugobeni
Ukwenziwa lula okukhulu kunokufezekiswa kwigridi yendlela yeebhulorho ngokusebenzisa imidibaniso edityanisiweyo. Amandla okukhathala okudityaniswa kweenkxaso ze-longitudinal, njl njl phantsi komthwalo wokugoba, kukhanyiswa ngovavanyo O. Igrafu-a (Fig.13). Ke ngoko, udibaniso olunomthungo kujongano olukwicala loxinzelelo lunamandla aphezulu okudinwa kuxinzelelo lokugoba olufanayo σUb kunodibaniso apho umlenze ocinezelweyo udityaniswe yimithungo yekona.
Umfanekiso13- iinguqu zembali zoqhagamshelo lwenkxaso yelongitudinal.
I-Lattice ixhasa
Izakhiwo zeeleti ezidityanisiweyo
Iigrayiti ezindala beziziikopi zolwakhiwo olukhutshiweyo ngokwemilo kunye noqhagamshelo (umkhiwane.14). Oku akuyimfuneko, iipropati ezikhethekileyo zokudibanisa okudibeneyo kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo xa ukhetha iziqendu ezinqamlezileyo. Ukuqina okukhulu kwalo lonke uqhagamshelo xa kuthelekiswa neenodi ezikhutshiweyo nazo zibalulekile. Ukudibanisa kweentonga ze-diagonal kwiinqununu zegridi ezinamandla aphezulu, ngokukodwa kwindawo yokwakha, kunzima ukwenza. Ekubeni uxhulumaniso kunye neembombo zekona buza umbuzo apha, amandla okukhathala aphantsi. Welded ngokupheleleyo, okt. kunye nakwii-nodes zegridi edibeneyo, ngoko ke kuphela kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo zezakhiwo zetsimbi. Ngokomzekelo, ngeentambo zophahla, kunye neekrane ezingalayishwanga kakhulu, njl.
Umfanekiso14-i-welded node ye-lattice support.
Ekokuqala, iintsimbi ezisicaba kunye nentsimbi yeshidi ziza kuqwalaselwa ukubunjwa kwecandelo elinqamlezayo. Kwimeko yokwakhiwa kwe-welded, amacandelo angenalutho ayenziwa ngaphandle kobunzima obuthile, anenzuzo yeentonga ezicinezelekileyo ngenxa yokuqina kwazo. Imeko ekhethekileyo yetyhubhu ejikelezayo ifanelwe ukukhankanywa ngokukhethekileyo. Ulwakhiwo lwe-tubular oludityanisiweyo lufumene ukusetyenziswa okubanzi, umz. ekwakhiweni kweekhreyini okanye ulwakhiwo olulula kwishishini lokwakha. Kwimeko yokuqhubeka kunye nokudibanisa kwamacandelo angenalutho, umntu kufuneka athathele ingqalelo ubunzima obuthile obakhayo kunye neendleko ezongezelelweyo. Amacandelo adityanisiweyo ahlala eqokelelwa ekupheleni ukwenzela ukuba uxhulumaniso lukwazi ukuvuthwa ngokulula (umkhiwane 15). Amanyathelo akhethekileyo afunekayo kwindawo yokusebenzela nakwisiza sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zeeleti ezidityanisiweyo zenza kube nzima ukufaka isicelo, ngaphandle kokuba imalunga nezixhaso ezinomthwalo omncinci okanye ongashukumiyo. Kwiigridi ezilayishwe ngokuguquguqukayo kunye nakwabo banamandla aphakamileyo, umthetho wawungowokuba izinto zodwa zazidityanisiwe, kodwa unxibelelwano lwazo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa izikrufu. Okokuqala, ubunzima bofakelo bususiwe; kunye neegridi ezenziwe ngezinto ezidityanisiweyo zinokuxhonywa ngokweenkqubo ezifanayo nezo zenziwe ngeentonga ezikhutshiweyo.
Figure 15 — ukubunjwa kwesiphelo secandelo elinomgongxo kuqhagamshelwano.
Amaphepha amaqhina, afumana i-diagonals ngaxeshanye, ahlanjululwe ngendlela eqhelekileyo kwiimbambo zamabhanti okanye ahlanganiswe nge-butt kunye nabo (umkhiwane.16a). Le yokugqibela ine-disadvantage “yokuqala i-seams yekona”, eyonakalisa amandla okukhathala kwe-girder. Inyathelo eliqinisekileyo lokumisa ngendlela eyiyo iibhulorho zetruss ngokuwelda lenziwa kwibhulorho kaloliwe engaphaya kweRhine kufuphi neMainz (iBhulorho yaseKaiser). Bakhona50 mmomeleziweyo amashiti eentloko ngokusebenzisa imithungo kujongano olufakwe kumashiti athe nkqo amabhanti30 mmubukhulu. Utshintsho luhamba kancinci, ukubunjwa kunokubonwa kwifig.16b. Ukwandiswa kweentsimbi zebhanti zibekwe ecaleni kweenodi.
Umfanekiso16- amashiti amaqhina okudibanisa ngokuchasene nomoya kunye nebhulorho kaloliwe phezu kweRhine kufutshane neMainz (ibhulorho kaKaiser,1954).
Ukomelezwa ngokuwelda
Ukuqiniswa okulandelayo kwezakhiwo zetsimbi kungomnye wemisebenzi enzima kakhulu, ngakumbi xa kufuneka yenziwe kwisakhiwo esilayishiwe. Ngoxhumo lwe-riveted, ukufaka iziqinisekiso, ukugaya kunye nokudibanisa kwiindawo ezikhoyo kudla ixesha kwaye kuyabiza. Ekubeni i-welding inokwenzeka ngaphandle kwamalungiselelo angaphambili kwexesha elide kunye nangaphandle kokuphula iindlela zokubambisana ezikhoyo, kwakusondele ukuzama ukuqiniswa kwamacandelo kunye nokudibanisa kweegridi. Isenzo esihlangeneyo se-rivets kunye ne-welds ekufumaneni amandla kwiintonga ziye zavavanywa ngokubanzi ngokwethiyori kunye nakwiimvavanyo. Nangona kunjalo, ekuphunyezweni okusebenzayo, ukuqhekeka kunye nokudinwa kwavela, ngokuyinxenye kuphela emva kokusetyenziswa ixesha elide. Unobangela wobu bunzima yayiyimpembelelo yeenotshi ze-welding kunye notshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwicandelo, kwaye ezinye zeentanda ezavelayo zabangelwa uxinzelelo oluphezulu olusuka kukuncipha.
** Ukuqiniswa kwesakhiwo esele sikhona: ** i-welding yentsimbi egxininisiweyo okanye ekhulile ingazisa ukuqhekeka, i-brittle fracture, ilahleko yendawo yokuzinza kunye nendlela entsha yamandla. Ngaphambi komsebenzi, izinto eziphathekayo, umonakalo okhoyo kunye nokukhathala, umthwalo wangempela, i-weldability, ukulandelelana kokunciphisa umthwalo kunye ne-inshurensi yesikhashana kufuneka inqunywe. Ukuqiniswa kwenziwa kuphela ngokweprojekthi evunyiweyo kunye nenkqubo, ngokubeka iliso kunye nolawulo.
Ukudibanisa i-welding, riveting kunye nezikrufu
Ngexesha elithile kwakungavumelekanga ukusebenzisa i-welding kunye ne-riveting ngaxeshanye. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa “kwizakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo ngokupheleleyo” apho iirivets kunye nezikrufu zaziphetshwa ngokupheleleyo. Namhlanje, i-welding kunye ne-riveting iphinda isetyenziswe ngokuhambelanayo kwinto enye. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kuyafaneleka ukudibanisa kuphela izandiso zeworkshop, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, ukukrazula ezo zilungiselelwe ngaphambili. Ukusetyenziswa kweentlobo zombini zonxibelelwano ekuqhubekeni okufanayo kufuneka kugwenywe, kuba ukusabalalisa okucacileyo kwemikhosi akukwazi ukufezekiswa ngenxa yokunciphisa okunxulumene ne-welding kunye ne-sliding of rivets / bolts.
Inqaku lokugqibela: isenzo esidibeneyo se-welds, iirivethi kunye nezikrufu akufuneki kuthathwe ngaphandle kwemodeli yokubala, ulandelelwano oluchaziweyo lophumezo, ukunyamezela kunye nokulawula ukutyibilika. Kwinkcukacha nganye yomthwalo, indlela yamandla, udidi lokukhathala, ukufikeleleka kwi-welding kunye nokuhlolwa, iziphene ezamkelekileyo kunye nesicwangciso sokulondoloza ubomi bonke besakhiwo kufuneka kwaziwe.