** Katswiri Wolemba Zakale: ** Nkhaniyi ikusunga zitsanzo za mbiri yakale ndi zonena za zomangira zitsulo zowotcherera, milatho ndi ma trusses, koma si mapangidwe, kuwerengera, kugwirizanitsa, ndondomeko yowotcherera, kuyenerera kwa ndondomeko, kuwunika kutopa kapena bukhu lokonzekera. Zida, weldability, kulimba, makulidwe, kukonzekera pamodzi, zinthu zodzaza, preheat, kutsatizana, kupsinjika kotsalira, kulolerana, dzimbiri, moto, kutopa ndi kuwongolera ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi projekitiyo ndi miyezo yoyenera. Zolumikizira zonyamula zida zimapangidwa, kuchitidwa ndikuyendetsedwa ndi anthu oyenerera.

Masiku ano, Savo Kusić amayang’ana kwambiri mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo, khomo ndi zopempha za mawu. Nkhaniyi idakali mbiri yakale ndipo siyikuyimira mwayi wopanga, kuwotcherera, kuyesa kapena kulimbikitsa zida zachitsulo.

Mabulaketi athunthu owotcherera

Magawo othandizira

Chiwonetserochi chikuperekedwa ndi mkuyu.1ndi2. Sl.1ndikuwonetsa chithandizo cholimbikitsidwa ndi lamellas welded lamellas. Zigawo za mphamvu zolemetsa mopanda malire zimatha kusonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zazikulu ndi zitsulo zachitsulo (mkuyu.1b kuti e). Kulumikizana kotseguka pakati pa nsonga zamakona kuyenera kupewedwa ndikunola pepala loyima (mkuyu.1c). Gawo lothandizira likhoza kusinthidwa ku nthawi yotsutsa yofunikira ndi ma slats owonjezera a lamba. Magawo mu mkuyu.2d kukhala ndi mwayi woti msoko woyang’ana umabwera m’dera locheperako la nthiti. Apa, ma seams amatha kuwunika mosavuta ndi X-ray.

Zojambula Zakale za Welded I, T ndi Zigawo Za Pangodya za Zingwe Zolimba

Chithunzi1- zigawo za welded zothandizira.

Zithunzi zakale za zomangira zonse zopangidwa ndi mbiri yapadera, mapepala ndi malamba

Chithunzi2- magawo othandizira opangidwa ndi mbiri yapadera.

Kuwongolera kwa weld: kuyesa kwa radiographic kumagwiritsa ntchito ma radiation ya ionizing ndipo kumachitika pokhapokha molamulidwa ndi akatswiri ovomerezeka. Kusankhidwa kwa njira yolamulira, kukula kwa kuvomereza ndi makhalidwe abwino kumatsimikiziridwa ndi polojekiti ndi muyezo; kuyang’anitsitsa chithunzi kapena kunja si umboni wa ubwino wamkati wa weld.

Kupitiliza kwa pepala loyima

Chitukukocho chinachitika m’njira yoyenera. Zowonjezera ndi garters zidachitidwa. Kuwonjezedwa kwa cruciform sikunapindule kwambiri pakupanga mlatho, komabe kunatsimikizira kukhala kwabwino pakumanga. Popeza zowonjezera zowongoka ku mawonekedwewo zinali zopanda chuma chifukwa cha zovuta zazing’ono zololedwa, zowonjezera ndi kutalika kwa msoko zinapezedwa.

Zowonjezera za Universal

Sl.3akuwonetsa kukulitsa kwa girder yayikulu ya mlatho wamsewu waukulu wokhala ndi nthiti yolimba. Sl.4imapereka kupitiriza kwa mlatho umodzi pamsewu waukulu. Pa zabwino zake, kukulitsa uku sikusiyana ndi mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe kuchokera ku chithandizo chosawonjezereka, mphamvu yokha ya kutopa ndiyotsika pang’ono. Njira yowonjezera imadalira ngati ndi yowonjezera msonkhano kapena yowonjezera msonkhano. Popeza zida zabwino zimapezeka mumsonkhanowu, kuwotcherera pamalopo kumakhala kochepa ngati kuli kotheka. Sl.5kusonyeza kugawanika kwa mtengo umodzi wautali63m. Zomangamangazo zinaperekedwa kumalo omangako mbali zina za38mndi25mkutalika, pomwe zowonjezera zolembedwa ndi “B” ndizowotcherera. Zowonjezerazo zimapangidwira ngati zowonjezera za U, pofuna kupewa kuwotcherera pamwamba.

Kujambula kwa bridge main girder extension ndi nthiti zolimba ndi matako weld

Chithunzi3- kupitiriza kwa chomangira mlatho pamsewu waukulu pafupi ndi Hattenheim.

Kujambula kukulitsa kwapadera kwa mbiri yapadera ya bridge girder

Chithunzi4- Mwatsatanetsatane mbiri ya kupitiriza kwa mlatho girder.

Ndondomeko yogawa chitsulo chautali m’zigawo zochitira msonkhano ndi zowonjezera zamagulu

Chithunzi5- ndondomeko ya ma workshop ndi zowonjezera za msonkhano.

Zothandizira mosalekeza zinali zowotcherera panthawi yomwe msonkhano ukupita patsogolo popanda scaffolding, mwachitsanzo. pafupi ndi mlatho wamsewu wokhala ndi mipata yochokera42m. Magawo a chithandizo adayikidwa ndi crane yoyandama ndipo atatha kuyika zinthu zonse, adalumikizidwa. Nthawi yomweyo, zothandizira zazikulu zidamangidwa ndi zomangira pogwiritsa ntchito ma garters okhala ndi mipata (mkuyu.6). Kupyolera mu mabowo a garters, msoko wambiri wa pepala loyima ukhoza kuwotcherera, ma garters asanachotsedwe. Sl.6lili ndi zambiri zakukonzekera kwa U-seams kwa mbiri yapadera mu lamba wapamwamba ndi wapansi.

Kujambula kwa mabulaketi okwera okhala ndi zingwe zosakhalitsa, zotsegula ndi kukonzekera zowotcherera

Chithunzi6- ma tourniquets osakhalitsa okhala ndi mipata yolumikizira kuwotcherera.

**Kuyika ndi ntchito zapamalo: ** Zitsanzo zakale zokhala ndi ziboliboli zoyandama, zotchingira kwakanthawi, ntchito yotsekera ndi kuwotcherera pamalo si dongosolo loyika. Kuwerengera kwanthawi kwakanthawi, pulani yokwezera ndi kuteteza, kuwongolera kwa geometry, kugwa, chitetezo chamoto ndi utsi komanso kuwongolera komwe kuli kofunikira musanachotse zothandizira kwakanthawi.

Zovuta

M`pofunika kuumitsa olimba welded zothandizira bwino motsutsana protrusion pepala ofukula ndi lateral buckling la malamba, kuwonjezera, kupindana pa kuwotcherera kuyenera kusungidwa pa mlingo wochepa. Kupsinjika kwa shrinkage pa zolimba zoyima kunafufuzidwa ndi O. Chithunzi-a. Pakufufuzidwa kwa ntchito (zolimba zimawotchedwa poyamba, kenaka zitsulo zazikulu), kupsyinjika kwakukulu kunachitika pazitsulo zowuma ndi zapafupi zazitsulo zowongoka. Ngati owumitsa ali kale pa malamba asanayambe kutulutsa zitsulo zazikuluzikulu, ndiye kuti shrinkage ya slats ya lamba imaletsedwa. Mu lamellas lamellas, ma wavy mapindikidwe amawonekera mu njira yayitali2mm, m’njira yodutsa pafupifupi0,25mm(chith.7). Chifukwa chake, payenera kuti panali kupsinjika kwakukulu kopindika mbali zonse ziwiri za malamba. Mphamvu yonyamula inali yochepa chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwakukulu, osati chifukwa cha kusweka kwa lamba wapansi. Malinga ndi zotsatira za mayeso otopa, pamafunika kuti milatho ikhazikitse mbale zokhala bwino pakati pa zomangira zolimba ndi lamba, zomwe zimatetezedwa ndi zowuma ndi zowotcherera. Zolimba ndi zolumikizira zimadulidwa kuti msoko waukulu ukhalebe waulere (mkuyu.8). M’makampani omanga, nthawi zambiri, palibe kukayikira kuti zomangira zimawotchedwa mwachindunji kwa girders. Ndi bwino kupewa kudula seams ndi kuunjika kwambiri.

Dongosolo la zopindika za mafunde a lamba wapamwamba ndi wapansi wa chotchinga

Chithunzi7- kusinthika kwa malamba panthawi yowotcherera.

Gawo lolimba lokhala ndi mbale zophatikizika ndi msoko waukulu waulere

Chithunzi8- kuumitsa ndi matailosi oyenera bwino.

**Kuchepa, kupunduka ndi kutopa: ** zotsatira zoyesa zakale sizingasinthidwe mwatsatanetsatane popanda kuwerengera. Zowumitsa, zowotcherera, kuwoloka kwa msoko, kulolerana, ndi kutsatizana kwa ntchito kumakhudza kupsinjika kotsalira, kumangirira, ndi kutopa; ming’alu yosavomerezeka ndi zopindika sizithetsedwa ndi kuwotcherera kowonjezera popanda njira yovomerezeka yokonzanso.

Zokwera zonse ndi mafelemu

Arch imathandizira ndi zipilala zowonda

Arch braces imapereka china chake chapadera poyerekeza ndi ma braces enieni. Komabe, malumikizidwe a mipanda ya mipanda iwiri yokhala ndi mipanda yolimba yokhala ndi khoma limodzi, monga momwe amachitira pa milatho ikuluikulu ikuluikulu yowotcherera, ndi zina mwazomanga zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zomwe zidawotcherera. Pamlatho wapamsewu waukulu wodutsa pa Lech pafupi ndi Duisburg, chitsulo chachikulu chopangidwa ndi makina chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa node kuti athandizire ntchito yowotcherera. Izi (Mku.9) amatenga mphamvu kuchokera pachipilala ndikuwapititsa ku mtengo wouma. Ili ndi zida50 mmndi chotulukira cholimba, chomwe chimadutsa pa kagawo kamodzi kupita ku lamba wapamwamba wa mtengo wowumitsa ndikumangiriridwa pa pepala loyima, kulimbikitsa mpaka makulidwe.50 mm.

Zojambula zomapeto za mlatho wokhala ndi membala wamkulu wachitsulo

Chithunzi9- mapeto a mlatho wa arched.

Zomangamanga

Ubwino wa njira yowotcherera umawoneka bwino pamakona a chimango, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mawonekedwe ovuta apangidwe popanda zovuta zina. Ngodya imodzi ya chimango chokhala ndi katundu wolemetsa ikuwonetsedwa mkuyu.10. Ntchito yomangayi ili ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera. Zowonjezera zowonjezera zimamangiriridwa ndi zomangira zokha. Pamene kuwotcherera zowuma pakati pa miyendo ya zogwirizira, kupsinjika kwakukulu kumachitika, komwe nthawi zina kumayambitsa ming’alu. Kupsinjika kwa shrinkage kumachepetsedwa kwambiri m’malo mwa nthiti zolimba (mkuyu.11a) navara okha mapiko mapepala (mkuyu.11b).

Kujambula mwaukadaulo kwa ngodya yodzaza kwambiri yolumikizidwa ndi chimango chokhala ndi zowonjezera ndi zouma

Chithunzi10- mbali ya chithandizo cha chimango.

Kuyerekeza zipsepse zolimba ndi mbale zamapiko pa cholumikizira chowotcherera

Chithunzi11- kufananiza tsatanetsatane wowumitsa wolumikizidwa.

Zojambula zaukadaulo za nodi ya mlatho waku Belgian wokhala ndi zomangira zopindika

Chithunzi12- nsonga ya mlatho waku Belgian wokhala ndi zomangira.

Malumikizidwe a zogwiriziza zazitali amakhala okhazikika pakupindika

Kuphweka kwakukulu kungathe kupezedwa mu gridi yoyendamo ya milatho pogwiritsa ntchito malumikizidwe omata. Kutopa mphamvu ya kugwirizana kotenga nthawi zothandizira, etc. pansi kupinda katundu, izo aunikiridwa ndi mayesero O. Chithunzi-a (mkuyu.13). Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana ndi msoko ku mawonekedwe omwe ali kumbali yolimba kumakhala ndi mphamvu yakutopa kwambiri pamayendedwe opindika yunifolomu σUb kuposa kulumikizana komwe mwendo wokhazikika umalumikizidwa ndi seams zangodya.

Zojambula zamitundu ingapo ya malumikizidwe olimba a matanda a utali wopita ku mtengo wopingasa

Chithunzi13- Zosiyanasiyana zakale zamalumikizidwe othandizira nthawi yayitali.

Lattice imathandizira

Zomangamanga za welded lattice

Ma grating akale anali makope a zomanga zomangidwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe ndi kulumikizana (mkuyu.14). Izi ndizosathandiza, zida zapadera zolumikizira zowotcherera ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha magawo odutsa. Kuuma kwakukulu kwa maulumikizidwe onse poyerekeza ndi ma riveted node ndikofunikiranso. Kulumikizana kwa ndodo za diagonal mu mfundo za gridi ndi mphamvu zapamwamba, makamaka pa malo omanga, zimakhala zovuta kuchita. Popeza kuti kugwirizana ndi makona a ngodya kumakayikiridwa apa, mphamvu ya kutopa imakhala yochepa. Kuwotcherera kwathunthu, mwachitsanzo. ndi mu mfundo za welded gululi, choncho kokha m’madera ena apadera a zomangamanga zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, zomangira padenga, zokhala ndi ma cranes osadzaza kwambiri, etc.

Zambiri zakale za truss node yokhala ndi ma diagonal, node plate ndi welded weld

Chithunzi14- Node yowotcherera ya chithandizo cha lattice.

Poyamba, zitsulo zathyathyathya ndi zitsulo zamapepala zimaganiziridwa popanga magawo opingasa. Pankhani ya zomangamanga zowotcherera, zigawo za dzenje zimapangidwa popanda zovuta, zomwe zimakhala ndi ubwino wa ndodo zoponderezedwa chifukwa cha kuuma kwawo. Mlandu wapadera wa chubu chozungulira umayenera kutchulidwa mwapadera. Zomangamanga zowotcherera zapeza ntchito zambiri, mwachitsanzo. pomanga ma cranes kapena zomanga zopepuka mumakampani omanga. Pankhani ya kupitiriza ndi kugwirizanitsa zigawo zopanda kanthu, munthu ayenera kuganizira zovuta zina zomanga ndi ndalama zowonjezera. Zigawo zowotcherera nthawi zambiri zimasonkhanitsidwa kumapeto kuti kugwirizanako kukhale kosavuta (mkuyu 15). Miyezo yapadera yomwe imafunikira pamisonkhano komanso pamalo omanga a ma welded lattice amapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito, pokhapokha ngati zikugwirizana ndi zothandizira zokhala ndi katundu wochepa kapena wokhazikika. Kwa ma gridi odzaza mwamphamvu komanso kwa omwe ali ndi mphamvu zapamwamba, lamulo linali loti zinthu zokhazo zinali zowotcherera, koma kulumikizana kwawo kunkachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zomangira. Choyamba, zovuta zoyika zidachotsedwa; ndipo magilodi opangidwa ndi zinthu zowotcherera amatha kumangidwa motsatira njira zomwezo ngati zopangidwa ndi ndodo zopindika.

Kujambula kumapeto kwa dzenje lopiringizika kuti mulumikizidwe ndi nodal sheet

Figure 15 — kupanga kumapeto kwa gawo lobowo kuti mulumikizidwe.

Mapepala okhala ndi mfundo, omwe amalandila ma diagonal nthawi yomweyo, amawongoleredwa mwanjira yanthawi zonse mpaka nthiti za malamba kapena amawotcherera ndi matako (mkuyu.16a). Chotsatiracho chimakhala ndi vuto la “kuyambira makona a ngodya”, zomwe zimawononga mphamvu ya kutopa kwa girder. Njira yotsimikizirika yokonza bwino milatho yokhotakhota mwa kuwotcherera inachitikira pamlatho wanjanji wodutsa pa Rhine pafupi ndi Mainz (Kaiser Bridge). Iwo ali kumeneko50 mmkulimbikitsa mapepala okhala ndi nodal pogwiritsa ntchito seams pa mawonekedwe omwe amalowetsedwa m’mapepala oyima a malamba30 mmmakulidwe. Kusintha kumachitika pang’onopang’ono, mawonekedwe ake amatha kuwoneka kuchokera mkuyu.16b. Zowonjezera zazitsulo za lamba zili pafupi ndi mfundo.

Zithunzi zamapepala okhala ndi mfundo zolumikizirana mphepo ndi mlatho wa njanji wokhala ndi zowolokera zitsulo

Chithunzi16- mapepala ophatikizana ndi mphepo ndi mlatho wa njanji pamwamba pa Rhine pafupi ndi Mainz (mlatho wa Kaiser,1954).

Kulimbitsa ndi kuwotcherera

Kulimbikitsidwa kotsatira kwazitsulo zazitsulo ndi chimodzi mwa ntchito zovuta kwambiri, makamaka pamene ziyenera kuchitidwa pazitsulo zodzaza. Ndi maulumikizidwe ophatikizika, kuyika zolimbitsa thupi, kubowola ndi kulumikiza magawo omwe alipo kale kumatenga nthawi komanso okwera mtengo. Popeza kuwotcherera n’zotheka popanda nthawi yaitali kukonzekera koyambirira komanso popanda kuswa njira zomangira zomwe zilipo, zinali pafupi kuyesa kuwotcherera kulimbikitsana kwa magawo ndi kugwirizana kwa ma grids. Ntchito yolumikizana ya ma rivets ndi ma welds polandila mphamvu mu ndodo yawunikidwa mwatsatanetsatane mwaukadaulo komanso zoyeserera. Komabe, pakukhazikitsa kothandiza, ming’alu ndi kupumula kwa kutopa zidawoneka, pang’ono pokhapokha atagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali. Zomwe zimayambitsa zovutazi zinali zotsatira za nsonga zowotcherera ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa gawo, ndipo ming’alu ina yomwe idawonekera idayamba chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwakukulu kuchokera ku kuchepa.

** Kulimbitsa dongosolo lomwe lilipo: ** kuwotcherera kwa zitsulo zopanikizika kapena zakale zimatha kuyambitsa ming’alu, kuphulika kwa brittle, kutayika kwa malo okhazikika ndi njira yatsopano ya mphamvu. Asanayambe ntchito, zakuthupi, zowonongeka zomwe zilipo ndi kutopa, katundu weniweni, weldability, ndondomeko yothandizira katundu ndi inshuwalansi yosakhalitsa iyenera kutsimikiziridwa. Kulimbitsa kumachitika kokha malinga ndi polojekiti yovomerezeka ndi ndondomeko, ndi kuyang’anira ndi kulamulira.

Kuphatikiza kuwotcherera, ma riveting ndi zomangira

Kwa nthawi ndithu zinali zoletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito kuwotcherera ndi riveting imodzi. Chisamaliro chapadera chinaperekedwa ku “zomanga zomangidwa bwino” momwe ma rivets ndi zomangira zidapewedwa. Masiku ano, kuwotcherera ndi kuwotcherera kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito mofanana pa chinthu chomwecho. Nthawi zambiri, ndi koyenera kuwotcherera zowonjezera za msonkhano, ndipo m’malo mwake, kutsutsa zomwe zidakonzedweratu. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mitundu yonse ya kugwirizana mu kupitiriza chimodzimodzi kuyenera kupewedwa, chifukwa kugawa momveka bwino kwa mphamvu sikungatheke chifukwa cha shrinkage yokhudzana ndi kuwotcherera ndi kutsetsereka kwa rivets / bolts.

Cholemba chomaliza: kuphatikizika kwa ma welds, ma rivets ndi zomangira siziyenera kuganiziridwa popanda mawerengedwe amitundu, kutsatizana komwe kumapangidwira, kulolerana ndi kuwongolera. Pazambiri zonyamula katundu, njira ya mphamvu, gulu la kutopa, kupezeka kwa kuwotcherera ndikuwunika, zolakwika zovomerezeka ndi dongosolo lokonzekera moyo wonse wapangidwe ziyenera kudziwika.