Ka hana me nā kemika a me nā poliplasti
I kekahi manawa i manaʻo ʻia ka kemika he »kilokilo ʻeleʻele«, akā i kēia lā ʻike mākou iā ia ma kēlā me kēia wahi, a ma ka hale nō hoʻi. Ua ʻike mākou hiki iā mākou ke holoi maʻalahi i ka lole me ka »ʻEleʻele Bika« a i ʻole nā mea holoi ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike pū kekahi poʻe he piʻi ka helu oktana o ka ʻenekini ma muli o ka tetraethyl lead. ʻAʻole nō kēia mau ʻike e hoʻolilo i ke kanaka i kānaka kemika. Akā i mea e lilo iki ai kākou pēlā, e kamaʻāina kākou me nā kumu o ka kemika:
Kapa ʻia ka mea i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā mea ʻē aʻe, me nā waiwai like ʻole, ma nā ʻano maʻalahi o ka ʻepekema kino (ka koho ʻana, ka kānana ʻana, ka mākēneto a pēlā aku) he hui. Kapa ʻia kēlā mea, he mea homogene loa loa, a ʻaʻole hiki ke wāwahi ʻia pēlā ma nā ʻano maʻalahi i nā ʻāpana me nā waiwai like ʻole, he hui pū.
Hana ʻia nā pūhui mai nā molekala i kūkulu ʻia mai nā mea, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā pili kemika kikoʻī. ʻAʻole ʻae kēia mau pili i ka ʻoki maʻalahi ʻana. ʻO ka luku ʻana, ka ʻoki ʻana i kēia mau pili, koi i nā ikaika ʻoi aʻe, nā hana kemika. A laila wāwahi nā molekala i nā ʻātoma kumu. Ua manaʻo lōʻihi ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke māhele hou ʻia nā ʻātoma. I ko kākou kenekulia ua hōʻoia ʻia ka manaʻo kahiko e kūkulu ʻia nā ʻātoma mai nā ʻāpana kumu liʻiliʻi aʻe, i ʻokoʻa kekahi i kekahi ma ka nui a me ke kaula uila. ʻO nā ʻāpana kumu ʻoi loa ka maikaʻi he proton i hoʻoili maikaʻi ʻia, he neutron kū ʻole, a he electron i hoʻoili ʻino ʻia.
I loko o nā huihui a pau o 92 kumu kūlohelohe, komo wale nō 15 a 20 mau mea.
Ana mākou i ke kaumaha o nā ʻātoma o nā mea ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka nui o ko lākou kaumaha i ka ʻātoma o ka mea māmā loa, ka hydrogen (e like me ka wehewehe hou aku, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka 1/12 o ka ʻātoma kalapona.
ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi o nā mea ke hui pū me kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ma nā nui kūʻokoʻa, he aha nō lā. Manaʻo ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻohui kemikala o ka atoma hydrogen he ʻunites. No laila, he hoʻokahi-valent ka atoma hydrogen. ʻO ka atoma e hana i pūhui me hoʻokahi atoma hydrogen, he hoʻokahi-valent nō hoʻi. Inā hoʻohui ka mea i ʻelua, ʻekolu, ʻehā a pēlā aku mau atoma hydrogen, a laila he ʻelua-, ʻekolu-, ʻehā- a pēlā aku-valent ia. ʻO ka osmovalent ka valence kiʻekiʻe loa e hiki i kekahi mea ke loaʻa. Eia naʻe, aia nā mea me nā valence he nui; he valence loli lākou.
ʻO nā pūʻulu nui o nā pūhui, ʻo ia nā pūhui anorganika a me nā pūhui organika. I loko o nā pūhui organika he kalapona, ʻoiai i loko o nā pūhui anorganika — me kekahi mau ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi — ʻaʻohe kalapona.
Aia ke kumu o ka nui o nā hui ʻokanika i ka hiki ke pili like nā ʻātoma kalapona i kekahi i kekahi, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā kaula kalapona. (No ka manaʻo kahiko i hiki wale i nā mea ola ke hana iā lākou, ua loaʻa ka inoa hui ʻokanika.)
ʻO NĀ ʻAWAʻAWA he mau mea weliweli a luku hoʻi e hoʻoulu ana i nā ʻeha koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻili a i ʻole i loko o ka ʻōpū, e like me nā kuni. Hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi ʻia nā ʻawaʻawa ma ke kōkua o ka pepa litmusa, no ka mea, ʻulaʻula ka litmusa uliuli i loko o ka ʻawaʻawa. I ka hana me nā ʻawaʻawa, pono nā maka pale a me nā mīkina lima lāʻau. Inā ua hāʻule kekahi kulu ʻawaʻawa ma ko kākou ʻili, ʻoiai ka akahele — pono e holoi mua me ka lole maloʻo, a laila e holoi ma lalo o ka wai kahe, a ma ka hopena e hoʻohemo i nā koena o ka ʻawaʻawa me ka hopena o ka soda bicarbonate (kiʻi 1).
KIʻI 1
ʻO nā BASE nā huahana hopena o nā ʻokisa metala me ka wai. Ua kapa ʻia nā alkali he mau base hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai a loaʻa ka hopena ʻākoakoa. Hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi ʻia lākou, no ka mea ma muli o ko lākou hopena, lilo ka litmusa ʻulaʻula i polū. He mau mea ʻino loa lākou. Paʻakikī ke hoʻōla ʻia nā ʻeha mai iā lākou, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o nā ʻeha i hana ʻia e nā ʻakika. Ua like nā kānāwai HTZ me nā mea no nā ʻakika. I ka wā e ʻeha ai, pono e holoi ʻia ka ʻili me ka ʻakika nāwaliwali (e laʻa me ka ʻakika ʻaiʻono).
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā PĀʻU ma ka hopena o nā kumu a me nā ʻakika. ʻAʻole nui loa ka ʻino ʻana i ka ʻili, a i ʻole, ʻaʻohe ʻino. Akā, i ka hana ʻana me nā paʻakai, pono nō e akahele, no ka mea, he lāʻau ʻawahia kekahi o lākou.
Nā kemikala i loko o ka hale
Ua ʻike ʻia kēia no ka lōʻihi loa, ʻoi loa aku ma ka mālama ʻana i nā mea ʻai.
Hiki ke māhele ʻia nā mea mālama i loko o:
1. Nā mea i ka manawa like e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻono a mālama pū i nā huahana: ke kō, ka paʻakai, ka vīnega, ka momona, ka waikawa citric, ka waikawa tartaric.
2. Nā mea no ka luku ʻana i nā microorganism: šalitra, glutamic acid, stipsa, wai lime, salicyl, benzoic acid a me ka sodium benzoate.
3. Nā mea gelatinous, nā kala a me nā mea ʻala.
Kīawe. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i 55% kīawe (kīawe =C12H22O11) i kekahi huahana (mai nā plum, raspberry, apricot, pea, ʻapelika) me ka hoʻohui ʻole i nā kemika ʻē aʻe, ua mālama piha ʻia ia (sweet preserve). ʻAʻole koi ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana ma mua o 55% kīawe, no ka mea e hiki mai ka crystallization o ke kīawe. ʻAʻole e mālama ka waiwai ma lalo o 50% kīawe. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kīawe i nā meaʻai ʻawaʻawa, pono wale nō e hoʻolapalapa pōkole, no ka mea e hiki mai ka wāwahi ʻana o ke kīawe.
Paakai. ʻO ka paakai kuke (natrijum–klorid, NaCl) hāʻawi pū i ka ʻono a mālama pū hoʻi. Loaʻa ka hiki ke mālama ma muli o ka hygroscopicity o ka paakai (hoʻokomo i ka makū). Inā paʻakai ʻia ka ʻiʻo, nakinaki ka paakai i kekahi nui o ka wai ʻaʻole wale nō mai ka ʻiʻo akā mai nā bacteria pū kekahi, a laila luku iā lākou. ʻAʻole hiki i nā micro-organism ʻē aʻe ke ola me ka ʻole o ka wai.
Salpetera. (Kālika nitrate, KNO3). He pauka keʻokeʻo, ʻawaʻawa, paʻakai, a he aniani. He kūʻokoʻa ia. No ka mālama ʻana i 2,5 kg ʻiʻo, hoʻohui mākou i 0,5 kalama o ka kalikium nitrate i loko o 100 g wai mahana. Pulu ʻia ka ʻiʻo ʻokiʻoki me kēia hopena. Pono e kiaʻi pono i ka ana pololei, no ka mea ma nā nui ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ʻawaʻawa a me ka make ʻino o ka salpetera potasiuma.
ʻO ka waikawa glutamic (waikawa amino–pyruvic, waikawa amino-glutaric, НООС-СН2-СН2–СН(NH)2–СООН he amino acid i loaʻa kokoke i nā polokina a pau. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā concentrate o nā sopa like ʻole, nā kopa (Podravka, Knorr a pēlā aku), a no ka mālama ʻana hoʻi i ka ʻiʻo. No 1 kg o ka ʻiʻo, lawe ʻia 5 g o ka waikawa glutamic i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
ʻO ke alum (ka potassium-aluminum sulfate, KAl(SO4)2 hoʻohana ʻia i ke kūlana maʻemaʻe no ka mālama ʻana, a i ʻole no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke ʻano o nā hua ʻai palupalu a me nā mea kanu, i ʻole lākou e haki a wāwahi ʻia i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana. No 1 kg hua ʻai, a i ʻole nā mea kanu, hoʻohana ʻia 1,4 g o ke alum.
Waiū kalima. Loaʻa iā ia ka hopena like me ka alum 0,5 kg; inā hoʻoheheʻe mākou i 5 lita o ka wai a waiho e kū i hoʻokahi pō, kānana akahele mākou (hoʻoluu aku ma kahi o 2/3 o ka hopena mālamalama) a i loko o kēia waiū kalima [Ca(OH)2] e kāpīpī ai i nā hua a i ʻole nā mea kanu a hiki i 15-20 m minuke a laila holoi hope me ka wai mehana.
ʻAkika lemona. Ua laha nui ka ʻakika lemona ma ke ao kanu. Aia ia ma ka aneane pau nā huaʻai (ʻAkika oksi–propan–trikarboksilika, C6H8O7) Hoʻohemo ʻia nā kriʻstala ʻaʻala ʻole, kala ʻole o ka ʻakika lemona i ka wai mehana. No 1 kg o nā huaʻai, pono 1 a i 2g o ka ʻakika.
ʻAʻawa waina. He kala ʻole, ʻaʻohe ʻala (C4H6O6), nona ka paʻakai pālani i loaʻa i loko o ka waina. Ua like ka hopena o kēia ʻakika me ka ʻakika lemona.
ʻAikika ʻasetika. He mea kala ʻole, ʻoi ka ʻala, he mea ʻāwaʻawa loa a ʻaiʻē hoʻi (СН3СООН). He ʻenemi nui ia no ka punahelu a me nā bakteria. Ma luna o kekahi kaupalena o ka nui, i loko o kahi kai ʻāwaʻawa, ʻaʻole hiki i nā bakteria ke ola. No laila, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ʻaikika ʻasetika no ka mālama ʻana. Ma nā hale kūʻai loaʻa ia ma nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka nui (ka ikaika). No 1 kg o kekahi huahana, lawa ma kahi o 2-3 decilita o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe 10%–no o ka ʻaikika ʻasetika. Hoʻopau ka ʻaikika ʻasetika i ka nui o nā metala (hao, aluminika, keleawe, zinc). ʻO ka hui i kū mai me ke keleawe a i ʻole ka zinc, mai ka ʻaikika ʻasetika, he mea ʻawahia ia, no laila ʻo kahi ipu aniani, pālolo, enamel, palaki a lāʻau wale nō ka mea hiki ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he pūʻolo no ka ʻaikika ʻasetika.
ʻO ka waikawa salicylic he lepo keʻokeʻo, ʻano kui, crystalline, ʻaʻohe ʻala (C6H4(OH)COOH). He mea ʻawaʻawa ia no nā hunaola, a luku i nā bacteria a me nā spora. Ma ka nui aʻe, he ʻawaʻawa nō hoʻi ia no ke kino kanaka, no laila no ka mālama ʻana e hoʻohana ʻia i nā nui liʻiliʻi, i wehewehe pololei ʻia. No 1 kg o nā hua, hoʻohui ʻia ma ka hapanui 0,8 g.
He mea keʻokeʻo, silika, mānoanoa like me nā nila a i ʻole ka pā, he mea kristala ka waikawa benzoic (Н6С5СООН). Hoʻopau maikaʻi loa ia i nā bacteria a me nā spora. I nā nui ʻoi aku, he mea ʻino hoʻi ia i ke kino, no laila ma 1 kg o ka huahana e hoʻohui wale ʻia 0,5 kalama.
Nā kāpili
Ke lanakila nui nei ka nui o nā kāpili hana ʻia kemikala ma ka mākeke. Eia naʻe, mai hoʻoweliweli ʻia kākou e ka inoa »kāpili laulā«. Maikaʻi kēia mau kāpili akā ʻaʻole lākou he laulā maoli; no kekahi mau mea wale nō lākou e pili maikaʻi ai, a no kekahi poʻe, he nāwaliwali.
E haʻi aku mākou i kekahi mau kāpili koʻikoʻi loa, hiki ke loaʻa ma ka mākeke kūloko, me ka ʻōlelo hoʻākāka i nā mea e hiki ke kāpili maikaʻi loa ʻia me kēlā mau kāpili.
ʻO ke kelu, (iwi, ʻili) lawelawe no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pepa, lāʻau, lole, cellophane, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i kēia mau mea i ka ʻili a me ke aniani.
ʻO ka benzol he mea hoʻohehee no ka polistirola, a i ʻole kona kāpili. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻopili pū ʻana i nā pā polistirola, hoʻopaʻa pū ʻia ka pleksiglas, celluloid a me cellofan me ka benzol ma luna o ka polistirola.
Hoʻohana ʻia ke aniani wai no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke aniani a me nā mea paʻakikī, e like me ka bakelite me ka lole, ka pepa, nā metala, ka porselana a me ka seramika, a i ʻole ka hoʻopili like ʻana o ia mau mea ma waena o lākou.
ʻO ka chloroform he mea hoʻoheheʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi he kāpili no ka plexiglass. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka plexiglas me ka chloroform i ke aniani, ka pālolo, ka porcelain, ka polystyrene a me ke celluloid.
Hoʻopili ʻo Boropor i ka lāʻau ʻālae i ka lāʻau ʻālae, ka lāʻau ʻālae i ka metala, ka ʻili, ka aniani, ka porcelain, ka lāʻau, ka lole. Hoʻopili pū i ka ʻili i ka metala, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali i ka aniani a me ka lāʻau.
Hoʻohana kūleʻa ʻia ke kāpili »universal« Oho no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke aniani, ka porselana, ka lāʻau, ka poliplasta, a me ke metala.
Hoʻohana mua ʻia ʻo Risopren (ka kāhu hana ʻia) no ke kāpili ʻana i ka lāʻau ʻili a me ka ili. Paipai pū ʻia nō hoʻi ia no ke kāpili ʻana i ka linoleuma, podolita, nā papa vinaz, a me ka parquet ma luna o ke koneki.
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Savanol no ke kāpili ʻana i ka ʻili, ka pālolo, ultrapasa, tapisona, ka lole, ka lāʻau, salonita a me ka pepa hao i hoʻohehee ʻia.
Neostik un »universal« kāpili. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea like ʻole; ka ʻili, ka lāʻau, ka lāʻau paʻa ʻole, ka lole a pēlā aku.
ʻO Drvofix he kāpili no ka lāʻau, nā papa lāʻau (panel, iverica a pēlā aku) styropora me ka lāʻau, ka parquet ma nā kumu lāʻau a pēlā aku.
Teleol (neoprene). He mea hoʻopili no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻili, ka lākeke, nā mea plastic, nā lole, ka lāʻau, nā uhi papahele PVC a pēlā aku.
Krautoxin (Kunstsoff aus der Tube). He kāpili ʻelua-ʻāpana ia, kahi e hoʻohui mua ʻia ai nā ʻāpana ʻelua a laila hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka hapalua hola. Hoʻopili i ke metala, ka pōhaku, ke aniani, ka porcelain, nā poliplast thermostable (bakelite) a pēlā aku.
ʻO nā mea hoʻopaʻa epoksi, e like me: ARALDIT (Kuitelani), ЕРON (Shell), EPILOX (Buna-werke), EPORESIT (Hungaria), ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa ma ka mākeke, ma ke ʻano he pauka, kāpili, koʻokoʻo, a me nā emulsion. He mau kāpili maikaʻi loa lākou, ʻoi loa hoʻi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka metala me ka metala, a i ʻole me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka ʻili, a pēlā aku.
ʻO Desmodur, desmoden he mau kāpili polyurethane, hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka metala me ka lāʻau, a i ʻole ka metala me ka metala.