Ijikwa kemịkal na poliplastik
N’oge gara aga, a na-ele kemịstrị anya dị ka “ọkụ anwansi ojii”, ma taa anyị na-ezute ya n’ụzọ ọ bụla, ọbụna n’ụlọ. Anyị maara na site n’iji “Black Bull” ma ọ bụ detergents ndị ọzọ anyị nwere ike ịsacha uwe ngwa ngwa. Ọtụtụ mmadụ maara na tetraethyl lead na-eme ka nọmba oktan nke petrol bawanye. N’ezie, ihe ọmụma ndị a anaghị eme mmadụ ka ọ bụrụ onye kemịstrị. Ka anyị ka bụrụ obere, ka anyị mata isi ihe nke kemịstrị:
A na-akpọ ihe nwere ike kewaa bụrụ ihe ndị ọzọ, nwere àgwà dị iche iche, site n’ụzọ anụ ahụ dị mfe (ịhọpụta, ịsacha site n’ígwè sieve, magnet wdg.) ngwakọta. Ihe ahụ, nke bụ otu kpamkpam, nke a pụghị iji ụzọ dị mfe dị otu a kewaa ya gaa n’ime akụkụ nwere àgwà dị iche iche, a na-akpọ ya ngwakọta kemịkal.
Ngwakọta bụ nke e wuru site n’ime molekul mejupụtara ihe ndị bụ isi, ndị jikọrọ site n’ime njikọ kemikal ụfọdụ. Njikọ ndị a anaghị ekwe ka e kewaa ha mfe. Ịkụda ma ọ bụ ịkpụ njikọ ndị a chọrọ nnukwu ike, yana ntinye aka kemikal. Mgbe ahụ molekul ahụ na-agbasa n’ime atom ndị bụ isi. Ruo ogologo oge, a na-eche na a pụghị ikewa atom ọzọ. N’ụwa anyị, e kwadoro echiche mbụ na atom mejupụtara obere akụkụ elementrị ọzọ nke dị iche ibe ha ma n’ogo ma n’ihe gbasara ụgwọ eletrik. Akụkụ elementrị kachasị mma bụ proton nwere ụgwọ dị mma, neutron na-anọpụ iche na elektrọn nwere ụgwọ na-adịghị mma.
N’ime ogige niile nke 92 ihe mbụ eke, naanị 15 ruo 20 ihe na-ekere òkè.
A na-atụ ịdị arọ atom nke ihe site n’ịtụnyere ugboro ole ha dị arọ karịa atom nke ihe kachasị mfe, hydrogen (site n’akọwa ọhụrụ karịa 1/12 nke atom carbon.
Ọ dịghị otu n’ime ihe ndị ahụ nwere ike jikọta na ihe ọzọ n’ụdị ọnụọgụ ọ bụla, n’agbanyeghị ụdị ha. Ikike njikọ kemịkal nke atom hydrogen anyị na-ewere dị ka otu valens. Ya mere, atom hydrogen bụ monovalent. Atom nke na-eme ogige na otu atom hydrogen kwa o nwere otu valens. Ọ bụrụ na ihe ahụ ejikọ atom hydrogen abụọ, atọ, anọ wdg., mgbe ahụ ọ bụ di-, tri-, tetra- wdg. valens. Osmavalency bụ valens kachasị elu enwere ike nke otu ihe. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe nwere ọtụtụ valens; ha bụ ihe nwere valens na-agbanwe agbanwe.
Isi ìgwè nke ogige bụ ogige inorganic na organic. N’ime ogige organic e nwere carbon, ebe n’ime ogige inorganic - ewezuga ihe ole na ole - enweghị carbon.
Ihe kpatara ịdị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ogige organic dị na ikike carbon atoms ijikọ ibe ha, ya bụ n’ịmepụta chains carbon. (Aha ogige organic sitere n’echiche mbụ na naanị ihe dị ndụ nwere ike imepụta ha.)
ACIDS bụ ihe ndị dị ize ndụ ma na-emebi nke ukwuu nke na-akpatara akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ n’ime afọ ọnya siri ike, dịka ọkụ. Anyị nwere ike ịmata acids mfe site n’enyemaka nke akwụkwọ litmus, n’ihi na litmus acha anụnụ anụnụ na-aghọ ọbara ọbara n’ime acid. Mgbe a na-arụ ọrụ na acids, a chọrọ iko nchebe na uwe aka roba. Ọ bụrụ na, n’agbanyeghị ịkpachara anya, otu dobe acid dara n’akpụkpọ ahụ anyị — mbụ a ga-ehichapụ ya na akwa dị ọcha akọrọ, mgbe ahụ saa ya n’okpuru mmiri na-asọpụta, ma n’ikpeazụ mee ka ihe fọdụrụ nke acid ghara ịdị ndụ site na ngwọta soda-bikarbone (foto 1).
IHEONYI 1
BASES bụ ngwaahịa mmeghachi omume nke oxide igwe na mmiri. A na-akpọ alkali bases ndị na-agbaze n’ime mmiri ma nwee mmetụta na-ere ere. A na-amata ha ngwa ngwa, n’ihi na mmetụta ha na-eme ka litmus uhie gbanwee bụrụ acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ha bụ ihe na-ere ere nke ukwuu. Ọrịa sitere na ha na-agwọsi ike nwayọọ nwayọọ, karịa ọnya kpatara asịd. Iwu HTZ bụ otu dị ka nke asịd. N’ọnọdụ mmerụ ahụ, a ga-asacha akpụkpọ ahụ na asịd e kpara ọkụ n’ahụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ asịd acetic).
Nnu na-apụta site n’imeghachi omume nke bases na acids. Ha na-emebi akpụkpọ ahụ ntakịrị ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-adịghị emebi ya. Otú ọ dị, a ga-eji nnu mee ihe n’ụzọ nlezianya, n’ihi na ụfọdụ n’ime ha bụ nsi.
Kemikal n’ụlọ
A maara nke a kemgbe ogologo oge, ọkachasị n’ịchekwa ihe oriri.
A pụrụ ikewa ọgwụ nchekwa na:
1. Ihe ndị n’otu oge na-enye ụtọ ma na-echekwa ngwaahịa: shuga, nnu, mmanya vinega, abụba, acid citric, acid tartaric.
2. Ihe eji ekpochapụ mikroọrganizim: šalitra, glutamic acid, alume, mmiri lime, salicyl, benzoic acid na sodium benzoate.
3. Ihe gelatinous, agba na ngwa nri.
Shuga. Site n’ịgbakwunye 55% shuga (shuga =C12H22O11) n’otu ngwaahịa (site na plọm, rasberi, apirikọt, ube, apụl) na-enweghị ịgbakwunye kemikal ndị ọzọ, anyị echekwara ya kpamkpam (slatko). A naghị akwado itinye karịa 55% shuga, n’ihi na shuga ga-amalite ịkristalizụ. Uru nke na-erughị 50% shuga anaghị echekwa. Mgbe a na-agbakwunye shuga n’ihe oriri nwere acid, e kwesịrị esi ya naanị obere oge, n’ihi na shuga na-emebi.
Nnu. Nnu esi nri (sodium chloride, NaCl) na-enyekwa ụtọ ma n’otu oge ahụ na-echekwa. Ikike nchekwa a na-apụta n’ihi hygroscopicity nke nnu (ọ na-aṅụkọ mmiri). Ọ bụrụ na a tinye nnu n’ime anụ, nnu ahụ na-ejikọta ụfọdụ mmiri ọ bụghị naanị site n’anụ kamakwa site n’ime nje bacteria, si otú a bibie ha. Ọzọkwa, microorganisms ndị ọzọ enweghị ike ịdị ndụ na-enweghị mmiri.
Šalitra. (Potassium nitrate, KNO3). Uzuzu ọcha, kristal, na-atọ ụtọ nnu ma nwee uto ilu. Ọ bụ ihe na-enweghị acidity. Maka ịchekwa 2,5 kg anụ, anyị na-agbaze 0,5 gram nke potassium nitrate n’ime 100 g mmiri ọkụ. A na-ete anụ e gwepụrụ arụ na ngwọta a. A ga-aṅa ntị n’iji dozie ya nke ọma, n’ihi na n’ọtụtụ buru ibu, potassium šalitra na-adị ilu nke ukwuu ma bụrụkwa nsi.
Akọ́ glutamic (amino–pyrovic acid, amino-glutaric acid, НООС-СН2-СН2–СН(NH)2–СООН bụ amino acid nke a na-ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na protein niile. A na-eji ya eme ihe na nkwadebe nke concentrates nke ụdị ofe dị iche iche, broth (Podravka, Knorr wdg.), ya bụ maka ichekwa anụ. Maka 1 kg nke anụ a na-ewere 5 g nke akpụ̀ glutamic a gbazere.
Stipsa (kalijum–aluminijum–sulfat, KAl(SO4)2 na-eji ya n’ọnọdụ dị ọcha maka ịchekwa nri, ya bụ iji mee ka usoro mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri dị nro sie ike, ka ha ghara ịkewa ma ọ bụ bibie n’oge ịchekwa. Maka 1 kg nke mkpụrụ osisi, ya bụ akwụkwọ nri, a na-eji 1,4 g stipse.
Mmiri nzu. Ọ nwere mmetụta yiri nke alun 0,5 kg nkume nzu a kpọrọ ọkụ gbazee n’ime 5 lita mmiri ma hapụ ya ka ọ kwụ otu abalị, dekantation nke ọma (wụpụ ihe dị ka 2/3 nke ngwọta doro anya) ma jiri mmiri nzu a [Ca(OH)2] mee ka mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri ruo 15-20 m nkeji ma n’ikpeazụ saa ya na mmiri ọkụ.
Acid citric. Acid citric gbasara nke ukwuu n’ala osisi. A na-ahụ ya fọrọ nke nta n’ụdị mkpụrụ ọ bụla (Acid oksi–propan–trikarboxylic, C6H8O7) Kristal acid citric ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-enweghị agba na-agbaze n’ime mmiri ọkụ. Maka 1 kg nke mkpụrụ osisi, a chọrọ 1 ruo 2 g nke acid.
Aced tartaric. Na-enweghị agba, enweghị isi (C4H6O6), nke nnu potassium ya dị na mmanya. Mmetụta asịd a yiri nke citric asịd.
Acetic acid. Ngwaahịa na-enweghị agba, nke nwere isi siri ike, nke na-ere ọkụ nke ukwuu ma na-ata ahụhụ nke ukwuu (СН3СООН). Ọ bụ nnukwu iro nke ebu na nje bacteria. N’elu ụfọdụ nkewapụ a kapịrị ọnụ, n’ime gburugburu acidic, nje bacteria apụghị ibi ndụ. Ya mere, a na-ejikarị acetic acid eme nchekwa nri. N’ụlọ ahịa, a na-ahụ ya n’ụdị nkewapụ dị iche iche (ike dị iche iche). Maka 1 kg nke ngwaahịa ụfọdụ, ihe dị ka 2-3 decilita nke ngwọta acetic acid nke 10%–ga-ezuru. Acetic acid na-emebi ọtụtụ ọla (ígwè, aluminom, ọla kọpa, zinc). Ngwakọta acetic acid nke na-apụta na kọpa ma ọ bụ zinc bụ nsi, ya mere naanị ite iko, seramiki, enamel, plastik ma ọ bụ osisi nwere ike iji bụrụ akpa maka acetic acid.
Acid salicylic bụ ntụ ọcha, yiri agịga, kristal, na-enweghị isi (C6H4(OH)COOH). Ọ bụ nsị sel, ya mere ọ na-ebibi bacteria na spores. N’ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu ọ bụkwa nsị nye ahụ mmadụ, ya mere a na-eji ya chekwaa nri n’ogo nta, nke e kpebisiri ike kpọmkwem. N’otu 1 kg nke mkpụrụ osisi a na-etinye kacha elu 0,8 g.
Benzoic acid bụ ihe kristal ọcha, dị ka silk, yiri agịga ma ọ bụ efere (Н6С5СООН). Ọ na-ebibi nje bacteria na spores nke ọma. N’ogologo buru ibu, ọ na-emekwa ka ahụ bụrụ nke na-adịghị mma, ya mere na 1 kg nke ngwaahịa a na-etinye naanị 0,5 gram.
Ntuzi
Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke gluu sịntetik na-enweta ahịa nke ukwuu. Agbanyeghị, ekwesịghị ka aha »gluu zuru ụwa ọnụ« duhie anyị. Gluu ndị a dị mma, ma ha abụghị nke zuru ụwa ọnụ; naanị ụfọdụ ihe ka ha na-arapara nke ọma, ụfọdụ ọzọ n’ụzọ na-adịghị ike.
Anyị ga-akọwa ụfọdụ n’ime gluu kachasị mkpa, nke a pụrụ inweta n’ahịa ime ụlọ, na ndetu nke na-egosi nke ihe ndị kacha mma a pụrụ ịkpachi site na gluu ndị ahụ.
Tutkalo, (site n’ọkpụkpụ, akpụkpọ) na-eje ozi maka ijikọ akwụkwọ, osisi, ákwà, cellophane, yana ijikọ ihe ndị a na akpụkpọ na iko.
Вenzol bụ ihe na-agbaze polystyrol, ma ọ bụ gluu ya. E wezụga ịjikọta mbadamba polystyrol ọnụ, a na-ejikwa benzol tee plexiglas, celluloid na cellophane n’elu polystyrol ka ha kpara.
A na-eji iko mmiri eme ihe maka ijikọ iko na ihe siri ike, dịka bakelite na akwa, akwụkwọ, ọla, porselin na seramiik, ya bụ ijikọ ihe ndị a ọnụ onwe ha.
Chloroform bụ ihe na-agbaze, ya bụkwa gluu maka plexi-glass. Enwere ike ịrapa Plexiglas na chloroform n’elu iko, seramiki, poselin, polystyrene na celluloid.
Boropor na-ejikọta roba na roba, roba na ígwè, akpụkpọ anụ, iko, poselin, osisi, na akwa. Ọ na-ejikọkwa akpụkpọ anụ na ígwè, ma na-esighị ike na iko na osisi.
Glue Oho »universal« na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka ijikọ iko, poselin, osisi, poliplast, na ígwè.
A na-eji Risopren (rọba arụrụ arụ) karịsịa maka ịkpachi roba na akpụkpọ anụ. A na-atụkwa aro ya maka ịkpachi linoleum, podolit, efere vinaz, na parquet n’elu konkiri.
A na-eji Savanol eme ngwakọta maka ijikọ akpụkpọ anụ, rọba, ultrapasi, kapet, akwa, osisi, salonit na mpempe ígwè galvanizịrị.
Neostik un »universal« gluu. Enwere ike iji ya maka ikpuchi ihe dị iche iche; akpụkpọ anụ, osisi, roba, textile na ndị ọzọ.
Drvofix bụ gluu maka osisi, mbadamba osisi (panel, iverica na ihe yiri ya), styrofoam na osisi, parquet n’elu ntọala osisi na ihe yiri ya.
Teleol (neoprene). Nrapado maka ijikọ akpụkpọ, rọba, ihe plastik, ákwà, osisi, mkpuchi ala PVC wdg.
Krautoxin (Kunstsoff aus der Tube). Nke a bụ gluu nwere akụkụ abụọ, ebe a na-akọta akụkụ abụọ ahụ mbụ, e mesịa jiri ya n’ime nkeji iri atọ. Ọ na-ejikọta metal, nkume, iko, porselen, thermostabil poliplast (bakelit) wdg.
Epoxy–glues, dịka: ARALDIT (Switzerland), ЕРON (Shell), EPILOX (Buna-werke), EPORESIT (Hungary), na-apụta mgbe ụfọdụ n’ahịa, n’ụdị ntụ, mmanu, mkpanaka, emulsion. Ha bụ gluu magburu onwe ha, karịsịa mgbe a na-ejikọta metal na metal, ma ọ bụ na roba, akpụkpọ anụ wdg.
Desmodur, desmoden bụ gluu polyurethane, a na-eji ha eme njikọta nke ígwè na roba, ma ọ bụ ígwè na ígwè.