Kushanda nemakemikari nemapoliplastiki
Pakarepo chimiro chesainzi yekemisitiri chaionekwa se»mashiripiti matema«, asi nhasi tinosangana nacho panguva dzose, kusanganisira mumba. Tinoziva kuti ne»Crnim bikom« kana mamwe ma detergent tinogona kugeza mbatya zviri nyore. Vazhinji vanoziva kuti tetraethyl lead inowedzera octane number yebhizirini. Chokwadi, ruzivo urwu haruiti munhu kuva chemist. Kuti titarisewo zvishoma kuva vakadaro, ngatizivanei nezvokutanga zvesainzi yekemisitiri:
Chinhu chinogona kupatsanurwa kuita zvimwe zvinhu, zvine maitiro akasiyana, nenzira dziri nyore dzemuviri (kusarudza, kusefa, nechimakina, nezvimwe) chinonzi musanganiswa. Icho chinhu chakanyatsobatana, chisina kusiyana, chisingagoni kupatsanurwa nenzira dzakadaro dziri nyore kuita zvikamu zvine maitiro akasiyana chinonzi mubatanidzwa.
Makoninda anovakwa nemamorekuru akaumbwa nezvinhu, izvo zvakabatanidzwa nezvisungo zvemakemikari zvakati. Zvisungo izvi hazvibvumiri kupatsanurwa kuri nyore. Kuparadza, kupaza kwezvisungo izvi kunoda masimba makuru, kupindira kwemakemikari. Ipapo mamorekuru anoputsika kuita maatomu ezvinhu. Kwenguva refu zvaifungidzirwa kuti maatomu haachagoni kupatsanurwa zvakare. Muzana redu remakore, fungidziro yakambotaurwa yakasimbiswa yekuti maatomu anoumbwa nezvimwe zvidiki zvidiki zvine mutsauko pakati pawo pakukura pamwe nepachaji yemagetsi. Zvidiki zvikuru zvine chaji yakanaka ndiro proton rine chaji yakanaka, neutron isina chaji, uye electron ine chaji isina kunaka.
Muzvose zvibatanidzwa zve 92 zvinhu zvipenyu, zvinongotora chikamu 15 kusvika 20 zvinhu.
Tinoona uremu hweatomu dzezvinhu nenzira iyi, nekuzvienzanisa kuti zvine uremu kangani kupfuura atomu yechinhu chakareruka, hydrogen (maererano nedudziro itsva kubva ku 1/12 yeatomu yekabhoni.
Hapana kana chimwe chezvinhu chinogona kubatana nechinhu chimwe chacho muzvikamu zvisina muganhu, zvisinei nehuwandu. Kugona kwekusunga kweatomu yehaidrojeni tinochiona sekusunga kumwe chete. Naizvozvo, atomu yehaidrojeni ine valensi imwe. Atomu rinoumba musanganiswa neatomu imwe yehaidrojeni rinewo valensi imwe. Kana chinhu chichisunga maatomu ehaidrojeni maviri, matatu, mana nezvimwewo saka chinova chine valensi mbiri, nhatu, ina nezvimwewo. Kusvika kuvalensi sere ndiko kukuru kunobvira pachinhu chimwe. Zvisinei, pane zvinhu zvine valensi dzakawanda — ndizvo zvine valensi inoshanduka-shanduka.
Mapoka makuru emakomponi ndee inorganic ne organic compounds. Mune organic compounds mune kabhoni, nepo mune inorganic - kunze kwezviitiko zvishoma - isina kabhoni.
Chikonzero chekuvapo kwehuwandu hukuru hwezvinhu zvemakemikari ari organic chiri mukugona kwekuti maatomu ecarbon asungane pamwe chete, kureva mukugadzirwa kwemaketani ecarbon. (Zita rokuti organic compounds rinobva pamaonero ekutanga ekuti ndizvo chete zvisikwa zvipenyu zvaigona kuzvigadzira.)
MAASIDI zvinhu zvine ngozi zvinoparadza zvinokonzera maronda makuru, akafanana nekutsva, paganda kana mudumbu. Maasidhi tinogona kuaziva nyore nerubatsiro rwepepa re litmus, nokuti blue litmus inoshanduka kuita tsvuku muasidhi. Pakushanda nemaasidhi zvinodiwa magirazi ekudzivirira uye magirovhosi erabha. Kana, kunyange nekuchenjerera, donhwe reasidhi rikawira paganda redu - rinofanira kutanga rapukutwa nejira rakaoma, vozorambidzwa pasi pemvura inoyerera uye pakupedzisira zvisaririra zveasidhi zvinenge zvabatanidzwa nekunyungudutsa kwesoda-bicarbonate (muf. 1).
MUFANANIDZO 1
MABASE ndiwo zvigadzirwa zvekuita zvemakemikari pakati peoxides esimbi nemvura. Maalkali anonzi ma base anonyungudika mumvura uye ane chiito chinopisa. Anogona kuzivikanwa nyore, nekuti chiito chawo chinoita kuti litmus tsvuku itane bhuruu. Izvi zvinhu zvinopisa zvikuru. Maronda anobva mazviri anononoka kupora, kupfuura maronda anokonzerwa nemasidhi. Mitemo yeHTZ yakafanana neyeasidhi. Pakuvara, ganda rinofanira kushambidzwa neasidhi yakasanganiswa nemvura (semuenzaniso asidhi yevhiniga).
SOLI dzinoumbwa nekuita kwemabhesi neasidhi. Hadzisi kana kuti hadzitomboputsi ganda zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, pakushanda nesoli panofanira kungwarirwa, nokuti dzimwe dzine chepfu.
Makemikari mudzimba
Kwagara kuchizivikanwa, kunyanya pakuchengetedza zvigadzirwa zvekudya.
Zvishandiso zvekuchengetedza zvinogona kupatsanurwa kuva:
1. Zvinhu zvinopa kuravira uye panguva imwe chete kuchengetedza zvinhu: shuga, munyu, vhiniga, mafuta, citric acid, tartaric acid.
2. Zvinhu zvekuparadza ma microorganisms: šalitra, asidhi yeglutamic, stipsa, mukaka wechokore, salicil, asidhi yebenzoic uye sodium benzoate.
3. Zvinhu zvepihtije, mavara nezvinonhuwira.
Shuga. Nokuwedzera 55% yeshuga (shuga =C12H22O11) kuchimwe chigadzirwa (chemapuramu, marasibheri, maaprikoti, mapeya, maapuro) pasina kuwedzera mamwe makemikari, tinochichengetedza zvachose (slatko). Kupfuura 55% yeshuga hazvikurudzirwi kuwedzera, nokuti shuga inozonyuruka ikaita makristaro. Kukosha kuri pasi pe50% yeshuga hakuchengetedzi. Pakuwedzera shuga kuzvikafu zvine asidhi, zvinofanira kubikwa kwenguva pfupi chete, nokuti shuga inoparara.
Munyu. Munyu wekicheni (natrijum–hlorid, NaCl) unopawo munaka uye panguva imwe chete unochengetedza. Kugona kuchengetedza kunobva pakutorwa kwemwando kwemunyu (unopinza hunyoro). Kana nyama ikaiswa munyu, munyu unosunga huwandu hwemvura kwete kubva munyama chete asiwo kubva kubhakitiriya uye nokudaro unovaparadza. Zvimwe zvipenyu zviduku hazvigoni zvakare. kurarama pasina mvura.
Šalitra. (Potassium nitrate, KNO3). Upfu hunonaka seshuga here, hunovava, chena, hwecrystal. Hauri neutral. Pakuchengetedza 2,5 kg nyama, tinonyungudutsa 0,5 grama dzepotassium nitrate mu100 g yemvura inodziya. Nyama yakachekwa inonyoroveswa nemusanganiswa uyu. Zvinofanira kuteverwa muyero chaiwo, nekuti muhuwandu hukuru potassium šalitra inovava zvikuru uye ine chepfu.
Glutamic acid (amino–pyrovinska acid, amino-glutamic acid, НООС-СН2-СН2–СН(NH)2–СООН imhando yeamino acid inowanikwa mune angangoita mapuroteni ose. Inoshandiswa pakugadzira makoncentrati emhando dzakasiyana dzemajusi, supu dzinokora (Podravka, Knorr nezvimwewo), kana pakuchengetedza nyama. Pana 1 kg yenyama panotorwa 5 g yeglutamic acid yakanyungudutswa.
Stipsa (potasiyamu–aluminium–sulfate, KAl(SO4)2 rinoshandiswa rakachena pakuchengetedza, kureva pakusimbisa chimiro chezvibereko zvinyoro nemiriwo, kuitira kuti zvisaparare kana kuora panguva yekuchengetwa. Kune 1 kg yezvibereko, kana miriwo, rinoshandiswa 1,4 g yestipsa.
Mukaka wechiremu. Une mhedzisiro yakafanana nealum: kana tikanyungudutsa 0,5 kg yechiremu chakapiswa mu5 marita emvura tosiya umire usiku humwe, tobva tadira zvinyoronyoro tichibvisa (tichidira angangoita 2/3 yemhinduro yakajeka) uye mumukaka uyu wechiremu [Ca(OH)2] tinonyika michero kana miriwo kusvika 15-20 m maminitsi uye pakupedzisira togeza nemvura inodziya.
Asidhi yelimoni. Asidhi yelimoni yakapararira zvikuru muumambo hwezvirimwa. Inowanikwa munenge muchero wese (asidhi yeOksi–propan–trikarboksiki, C6H8O7) Makristaro easidhi yelimoni asina hwema uye asina ruvara anonyungudika mumvura inodziya. Pa 1 kg yemichero panodiwa 1 kusvika 2g yeasidhi.
Tartaric acid. Isina ruvara, isina hwema (C4H6O6), munyu wayo wepotassium unowanikwa muwaini. Kushanda kweasidhi iyi kwakafanana nekwe citric acid.
Acetic acid. Chinhu chisina ruvara, chine munhuwi unopinza, chine acidity yakakwirira uye chinoparadza (СН3СООН). Icho muvengi mukuru we mold nemabhakitiriya. Pamusoro pechiyero chakati chekukasira, munzvimbo ine acidic, mabhakitiriya haakwanisi kurarama. Nokudaro, acetic acid inoshandiswa kakawanda pakuchengetedza. Mune zvitoro inowanikwa mukuoma kwakasiyana-siyana (masimba). Pakuchengetedza 1 kg kwechimwe chigadzirwa zvinokwana angangoita 2-3 decilitre ye10%–mhinduro yeacetic acid. Acetic acid inoparadza simbi dzakawanda (iron, aluminium, copper, zinc). Chisanganiswa chinoumbwa neacetic acid necopper kana zinc chine chepfu, saka semudziyo weacetic acid unogona kushandiswa chete mudziyo wegirazi, ceramic, enamel, plastiki kana huni.
Salicylic acid hupfu chena, hwakaita setsitsi, hwekristaro, husina munhuwi (C6H4(OH)COOH). Ichepfu yesero, saka inoparadza mabhakitiriya nemaspore. Mune huwandu hukuru ine chepfu kuvanhuwo zvavo, saka pakuchengetedza inoshandiswa muhuwandu hudiki, hwanyatsotsanangurwa. Pana 1 kg yemichero inowedzerwa zvakanyanya 0,8 g.
Asidhi ye benzoic chinhu chichena, chine kupenya kwesirika, chakaita setsono kana semapepa, chiri chinhu chekristaro (Н6С5СООН). Inoparadza mabhakitiriya nemaspore zvakanaka kwazvo. Muhuwandu hukuru inotadzisawo muviri, saka ku1 kg yechigadzirwa kunowedzerwa chete 0,5 gramu.
Namira
Nhamba huru yezvinonamira zvekugadzira iri kuramba ichikunda musika. Zvisinei hatifaniri kunyengedzwa nezita rekuti »universal glue«. Zvinonamira izvi zvakanaka asi hazvisi zvepasirese, zvinonamira zvakanaka chete pane zvimwe zvinhu, uye pane zvimwe zvinonamira zvishoma.
Tichataura nezvekunamira kwakati wandei kwakakosha, kunogona kuwanikwa pamusika wepamba, pamwe nekucherechedza kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvinonamira zvakanaka zvikuru nekunamira uku.
Tutkalo, (yemapfupa, yeganda) inoshandiswa kunamatidza bepa, huni, machira, selofeni, pamwe nekunamatidza izvi paganda nepagirazi.
Вenzol isolventi yepolistirola, kana kuti namira yayo. Kunze kwekunamira pamwe chete mapaneru epolistirola, nebenzol kune polistirol inonamira plexiglas, celluloid uye cellophane.
Mvura girazi inoshandiswa kubatanidza girazi nezvinhu zvakaoma, zvakaita sebakeliti nejira, bepa, simbi, porcelain uye keramiki, kana kuti izvi pakati pazvo.
Chloroform ishuga inonyungudutsa, kureva kuti glue yeplexiglass. Plexiglass inogona kunamirwa nechloroform pagirazi, ceramic, porcelain, polystyrene uye celluloid.
Boropor inonamira rabha parabha, rabha pasimbi, dehwe, girazi, porcelaine, huni, uye jira. Inonamidzawo dehwe pasimbi, asi isinganyanyi kunamira pagirazi nehuni.
Glue reOho »universal« rinoshandiswa zvinobudirira pakunamira girazi, porcelain, huni, poliplasti, uye simbi.
Risopren (rabha rekugadzirwa) rinonyanya kushandiswa pakunamira rabha neganda. Rinokurudzirwawo pakunamira linoleum, podolit, vinaz mapuranga, parquet pakhonkriti.
Savanol inoshandiswa kunama ganda, rabha, ultrapasi, tapisona, jira, huni, saloniti uye simbi yakaiswa zingi.
Neostik un »« glue «universal». Inogona kushandiswa kunamira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana; dehwe, huni, rabha, machira nezvimwewo.
Drvofix inonamira yehuni, mapaneru ehuni (panel, iverica nezvimwe), stiropor nehuni, parquet pamapasi emapuranga nezvimwe.
Teleol (neoprene). Chinamira chekumanirira ganda, rabha, mapurasitiki, machira, huni, PVC floor coverings nezvimwe.
Krautoxin (Kunstsoff aus der Tube). Guruu rezvikamu zviviri, iro zvikamu zviviri zvinotanga zvangosanganiswa uye zvobva zvashandiswa mukati mehafu yeawa. Rinobatanidza simbi, dombo, girazi, poriseleni, maplastiki anomira kupisa (bakelite) nezvimwe.
Epoksi–namira, dzakadai se: ARALDIT (Switzerland), ЕРON (Shell), EPILOX (Buna-werke), EPORESIT (Hungary), dzinowanikwa dzimwe nguva pamusika, muchimiro cheupfu, paste, tumatanda, uye emulsions. Ino inamira yakanaka kwazvo, kunyanya pakunamira simbi nesimbi, kana rabha, dehwe nezvimwe zvakadaro.
Desmodur, desmoden zvinonamira zve polyurethane, zvinoshandiswa pakunamira simbi negorosi, kana simbi nesimbi.