Namhlanje, i-Savo Kusić igxile kwi ifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiko, umnyango kunye nezicelo zekoteyishini. Lo mbhalo uhlala ungowogcino-mpepha we-geotechnical kwaye ayisosithembiso sokuyila iindonga zokugcina, uphando lwe-geotechnical okanye imisebenzi yomhlaba.
Iindlela zokumisela uxinzelelo lomhlaba olungenzi nto
Uxinzelelo lwe-Passive Earth lubonakala kuphela kwimeko xa ukuguqulwa kodonga ukuya emhlabeni kukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze kusebenze ukuchasana kwangaphakathi komhlaba, okuchasene namandla angaphandle. UFranzius usekwe ngemifuniselo yokuba ukuze kusebenze uxinzelelo lwehlabathi, kuyimfuneko ukususa udonga kwimeko yesanti emanzi s=30_h_1,5, kwaye kwimeko yesanti phantsi kwamanzi s=23h2,5apho ukususwa s kuku-mm, kwaye h bubude bodonga kwi-m. Ngoko ke, ukuba umphakamo wodonga ngu h=3,0 m, ukwenzela ukuba kusebenze uxinzelelo lwe-passive, kwimeko yesanti emanzi, kuyimfuneko ukuhambisa udonga kwicala lomhlaba s=156 mm. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni intshukumo enkulu eludongeni ayivumelekanga kwiimeko ezininzi, iphathwa ngenye yezi ndlela zilandelayo:
a) Ukuba ukuphakama kodonga kuncinci, njengoko kunjalo ngenqanaba lesiseko CD (umkhiwane.1a), i-passive earth pressure Ep ayithathelwa ngqalelo, okoko nje umaleko womhlaba, phambi kwe-footing CD ingaphinda igrunjwe okanye ikhukuliswe, kwaye ibalwa kuphela ngoxinzelelo olusebenzayo lomhlaba Ea kuwo wonke umphakamo wodonga AB.
b) Kwimeko yokuphakama kodonga oluphakamileyo (Fig.1b), endaweni yoxinzelelo lomhlaba Ep kwicala lodonga CD, Ea yamkelwa njengoxhathiso oluchasa amandla Ea1 kunye Ea2.
c) Kwimeko ye-struts efuna ukufumana imikhosi emikhulu ethe tye, uxinzelelo olupheleleyo lwe-passive Ep luyafuneka kuwo wonke umphakamo wodonga AB, ukwenzela ukuchasa umkhosi wokuhlasela R (fig.1c). Kulo mzekelo, umhlaba kuqala deformed usebenzisa jacks hydraulic, kwaye ukuba umhlaba iqulathe udongwe ethambileyo okanye izinto ezifanayo ukuba deforms ngamandla phantsi komthwalo, lo mbandela uthatyathelwa indawo kububanzi obufunekayo b kunye nezinto zegrabile, ogama i-angle ye-friction yangaphakathi inkulu kwaye inokudityaniswa ngokulula, ukuze kamva deformations zomhlaba phantsi komthwalo wesakhiwo zikhutshelwe ngaphandle.
Sl.1. Iimeko zempembelelo yoxinzelelo lwehlabathi olungasebenziyo
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokumisela uxinzelelo lwehlabathi, phakathi kwezona ziyaziwa kakhulu ziindlela zegraphic Coulomb kunye neRebhann-Poncelet.
Indlela yomzobo kaCoulomb
Ngokwale ndlela, i-surface ye-sliding yangempela iyamkelwa, kunye nokuba ukuchasana kwangaphakathi komhlaba kuqulethwe kuphela, ngaphandle kokubambisana (c=0). Ekubeni uxinzelelo lwehlabathi lwe-passive lubonakala njengamandla aphikisayo, ezi zi-engile ye-friction yangaphakathi yomhlaba kunye ne-angle yokutenxa amandla Ep ukusuka kwisiqhelo ukuya eludongeni lophawu oluchaseneyo, okt -δ kunye -ϕ (umkhiwane.2a).
Ukuba umgangatho wangaphakathi wodonga ngu AB kwaye ukuba sithatha indawo yokutyibilika engenamkhethe AC, amandla angaphandle Ep achaswa bubunzima W beprism etyibilikayo ABCA kunye nokumelana nokukhuhlana Q ecaleni kwendawo yokutyibiliza AC. Ekubeni ubunzima W buyaziwa ngobukhulu, ulwalathiso kunye nolwalathiso, ngelixa imikhosi Q kunye ne-Ep_ ziyaziwa ngolwalathiso kunye nolwalathiso, kunokwenzeka ukwenza isicwangciso semikhosi (Fig.2b), apho ubukhulu bamandla Ep bumiselwe.
Sl.2. Coulomb Passive Earth Pressure
Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni olona xinzelelo luncinci lwe-passive Ep,min luyafuneka, oluhambelana nomgangatho obalulekileyo wokutyibilika AC, apho iprism etyibilikayo iyakwenzeka kwaye ityhalelwe ngaphandle kakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo yamandla angaphandle, yenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo (umkhiwane.3).
Sl.3. Ukumiselwa koxinzelelo lwe-EP ye-EP nguCoulomb
Imiphezulu eliqela etyibilikayo engenasizathu i-AC izotyiwe1, AC2, AC3. . . kwaye kwiprism nganye ehambelanayo etyibilikayo misela ubunzima W1 = _AΔABC1_x1,00x γ, W2 = _AΔABC2_x1,00x γ, W3 = AΔABC3 x1,00x γ. Ke, kwiprism nganye, isicwangciso esihambelanayo samandla siyadalwa kwaye amandla EP amiselwe1, EP2, EP3… Le mikhosi isetyenziswe kumlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kwidayagram yamandla EP kunye ne-tangent kulo mzobo ngokuhambelana ne-abscissa axis inika ixabiso elincinci Ep, elihambelana ne-sliding surface AC. Ukungalungi kwale ndlela kukuba, ngenxa yesisombululo sayo somzobo, inokunika amandla Ep atenxa kakhulu kwinyani. Ngoko ke, le ndlela ayifane isetyenziswe.
Indlela yegrafiki kaCulmann
Ngokwale ndlela, kucingelwa ukuba i-passive earth pressure Ep isebenza kwi-engile -δ kunye nesiqhelo ukuya eludongeni oluxhasayo, ukuba umgca we-slope yendalo yomhlaba ugqithe i-engile -ϕ kunye ne-horizontal, kwaye umgca wendawo ugqithise i-engile -(δ+ϕ) kunye nomgca wodonga (umzobo.4a). Kwimeko yolungelelwaniso lwemida imikhosi emithathu ebambeleyo W, Q kunye Ep iyanqumlana kwindawo enye. Ekubeni amandla W aziwa ngolwalathiso, ubukhulu kunye nolwalathiso, kunye nemikhosi Q kunye ne-Ep_ ngolwalathiso kunye nolwalathiso, sinokuzoba isicwangciso semikhosi (umkhiwane.4b). Ukuba sijika lo nxantathu wemikhosi90°- ϕ kwicala le-counter-clockwise, amandla W aya kuwa kwicala lomgca wethambeka lendalo lomhlaba AN, amandla Q kwicala lendawo yokutyibilika AC, kunye namandla Ea kwicala lomgca wendawo BH, ekubeni phakathi kwemikhosi W kukho + i-engile _Q_α _Q_α kwaye eqhelekileyo eludongeni kukho i-engile δ, ngoko ke icala lonyanzeliso Ep lingqamana necala lomgca wendawo BH (fig.4a).
Sl.4. Ukumiselwa koxinzelelo lwehlabathi olungasebenziyo nguCoulomb
Inkqubo yokumisela uxinzelelo lwehlabathi lokwenziwa lulandelayo (Fig. 4c). Ukusuka emlenzeni wodonga A sizoba iindawo ezininzi ezingenamqathango ezityibilikayo AC1, AC2, AC3…. Indawo nganye kwezi ihambelana neprism etyibilikayo ABC1, ABC2, ABC3…, ubude bayo be-perpendicular kuyilo esicinga ukuba bulingana nobunye. Ukuba ubunzima bezi prism zodongwe W1 = _AΔABC1_x1,00x γ, W2 = _AΔABC2_x1,00x γ, W3 = _AΔABC3_x1,00x γ, apho γ ubunzima bomthamo womhlaba, osetyenziswe kumgca we-slope yendalo yomhlaba AN, siya kufumana amanqaku I, II, III … Ngokudweba imigca ehambelana nomgca wendawo ukusuka kula manqaku, sifumana amanqaku e-intersection R1, R2, _R3… Oonxantathu A_I_R1, A_II_R2, A_III_R3 ziinqwelomoya W, Q kunye Ep zeendawo ezizilayidi ezifanelekileyo. Ngokudibanisa amanqaku R1, R2, R3… sifumana umgca weCullmann woxinzelelo olwenziwayo lomhlaba, olubizwa ngokuba yi-Cullmann’s Ep Line. I-tangent kulo mgca inxusene nomgca wethambeka lendalo lomhlaba inika obona bude buncinane KK’, ethi ngokomlinganiselo wemikhosi W inike uxinzelelo lwehlabathi lokwenziwa Ep.
Ukuba sandisa isalathiso AK ekudibaneni komgca womhlaba, sifumana umphezulu otyibilikayo wokumelana okuncinci AC.
Indlela yeRebhann-Poncelet
Ngokwale ndlela, inkqubo iyafana neyokumisela uxinzelelo lomhlaba olusebenzayo kunye nokwahlukana ukuba amandla Q asebenza kwi-engile -ϕ kunye nesiqhelo ukuya kwindawo yokuslayida, kunye ne-force Ep kwi-angle -δ kunye nesiqhelo kumgca wodonga. NgokukaRebhann, AΔABC = AΔACD (fig.5a). Inkqubo yokumisela uxinzelelo lwehlabathi olusebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Sl.5. Ukumiselwa koxinzelelo lwehlabathi olusebenzayo ngokukaRebhann-Poncelet
Ukusuka kwinyawo eludongeni A sitsala umgca we-slope yendalo yomhlaba kwi-engile -ϕ kunye ne-horizontal.
Ukusuka phezulu eludongeni B sizoba umgca wendawo BH kwi-engile -(δ+ϕ). Kwinqanaba M lokudityaniswa kwendawo kunye nethambeka lendalo lomgca womhlaba, okuqhelekileyo kuphakanyiswe kwi-intersection L kunye ne-semicircle ngaphezu kwe-AN_ njengobubanzi.
Ngokuvula ikhampasi AL, sidlulisela inqaku L ukuya D (AL=AD).
Ngokuzoba ukusuka kwinqanaba D parallel ukuya kumgca wendawo ukuya kwi-intersection C kunye nomgca we-terrain, sifumana elinye icala lonxantathu woxinzelelo lomhlaba DC = e. Ukutshintshela indawo C ukuya F (DC= DF) kunye nokuthoba isiqhelo CK kumgca wethambeka lendalo lomhlaba, sifumana unxantathu woxinzelelo lomhlaba DCF, apho sifumana khona i-Ep=1/2_γ_ ef, apho γ bubuninzi bobuninzi bomhlaba.
Umgca AC umele umgangatho otyibilikayo. Umzobo woxinzelelo olwenziwa ngumhlaba ngu ba (Fig.5b). Ifunyanwa ngesiseko sefom
Ep = xh/2, apho x =2_Ep_/h
Indawo yokuhlasela yamandla Ep ikumphakamo wombindi womxhuzulane wonxantathu abc. Amandla Ep asebenza kwi-engile -δ kunye nesiqhelo kudonga olugcinayo.
Iindlela ezichaziweyo, iiyunithi, iifomyula kunye namaxabiso zikhutshelwa zisuka kumthombo wembali kwaye azithathi ndawo yesifundo se-geotechnical, ukubala okumileyo, ukugcina iprojekthi eludongeni okanye isicwangciso sokwenza. Ukuba nokwenzeka kokuhlanganisa uxhathiso kuxhomekeke kuguquko oluvunyelweyo, imilinganiselo yokwenyani kunye nokwaleka komhlaba, amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba nangaphezulu, imisele, imithwalo eyongezelelweyo, iimpembelelo zenyikima, ukhukuliseko, ukomba, izigaba zokwakha kunye nezakhiwo ezikufutshane. Isisombululo somhlaba othile kufuneka simiselwe ngophando olufanelekileyo kunye neengcali ezigunyazisiweyo ze-geotechnical kunye nezokwakha ngokwemigaqo yangoku.