Nhasi, Savo Kusić inotarisa pa mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo, mahwindo etsika, gonhi uye zvikumbiro zvekotesheni Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri geotechnical archive uye hachisi chekupa kugadzira madziro ekuchengetedza, geotechnical kuongorora kana Earthworks.

Nzira dzekuona passive pasi kumanikidza

Kudzvinyirira kwepasi pasi kunowanikwa chete munyaya iyo iyo deformation yemadziro yakananga pasi yakakura zvakakwana kuti iite kupikisa kwemukati kwepasi, iyo inopikisa simba rekunze. Franzius akasimbisa kuburikidza nekuedza kuti kuitira kuti ivhure pasi pevhu, zvinodikanwa kufambisa madziro kana iri jecha rakanyorova s=30_h_1,5, uye kana iri jecha riri pasi pemvura s=23h2,5uko displacement s iri mu mm, uye h kureba kwemadziro mu m. Naizvozvo, kana kureba kwemadziro kuri h=3,0 m, kuitira kuti ishandise kudzvinyirira, kana iri jecha rakanyorova, zvinodikanwa kutamisa madziro munzira yepasi s=156 mm. Zvisinei, sezvo kufamba kwakakura kwakadaro kwemadziro hakubvumirwi muzviitiko zvakawanda, kunoitwa mune imwe yenzira dzinotevera:

a) Kana kureba kwemadziro kuri kudiki, sezvazviri mamiriro enheyo CD (fig.1a), iyo passive earth pressure Ep haina kuverengerwa, chero jira revhu, pamberi petsoka CD rinogona kuzochera kana kuparadzwa, uye rinoverengerwa chete nemhepo inoshanda Ea pahurefu hwese hwemadziro AB.

b) Munyaya yehurefu hwemadziro (Fig.1b), pachinzvimbo chepasi pasi dzvinyiriro Ep pachikamu chemadziro CD, Ea inogamuchirwa seanopikisa anopikisa masimba Ea.1 uye E2.

c) Panyaya yezvitsigiro zvinoda kugashira mauto makuru akachinjika, kumanikidza kwakazara Ep kunodiwa pahurefu hwese hwemadziro AB, kuitira kupokana neuto rekurwisa R (fig.1c). Muchiitiko ichocho, ivhu rinotanga kukanganiswa uchishandisa hydraulic jacks, uye kana ivhu riine ivhu rakapfava kana chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinoremedza zvakanyanya pasi pemutoro, chinhu ichi chinotsiviwa nehupamhi hunodiwa b nematombo ematombo, ayo kona yekukakavadzana kwemukati yakakura uye inogona kubatanidzwa nyore nyore, kuitira kuti gare gare deformation yevhu iri pasi pemutoro wechimiro ichibviswa.

Mhosva dzemhedzisiro yepasi pasi kumanikidza pane zvinotsigira zvinhu, fig.158

Sl.1. Nyaya dzemhedzisiro yepasi pasi pressure

Pane nzira dzakati wandei dzekutarisa passive earth pressure, pakati peinonyanya kuzivikanwa nzira dzakajeka dzeCoulomb naRebhann-Poncelet.

Coulomb’s graphical nzira

Maererano nenzira iyi, nzvimbo chaiyo inotsvedza inogamuchirwa, uyewo kuti kupikisa kwemukati kwevhu kunosanganisira chete kupesana, pasina kubatana (c=0) Sezvo kudzvanywa kwepasi kuchiita sesimba rinopikisa, aya ndiwo makona ekukweshana kwemukati mevhu uye kona yekutsauka kwesimba Ep kubva kune yakajairika kuenda kumadziro echiratidzo chakapesana, i.e. -δ uye -ϕ (fig.2a).

Kana mukati memudhuri uri AB uye kana tikatora nzvimbo yekutsvedza zvisina tsarukano AC, simba rekunze Ep rinopikiswa nehuremu W hweprism inotsvedza ABCA uye kupikisa Q painotsvedza AC. Sezvo huremu W huchizivikanwa nehukuru, kutungamira uye kutungamira, nepo mauto Q uye Ep achizivikanwa negwara uye gwara, zvinokwanisika kugadzira chirongwa chemasimba (Fig.2b), kubva uko ukuru hwesimba Ep hunotsanangurwa.

Chirongwa chemasimba epasi pasi pekumanikidza maererano naCoulomb, fig.159

Sl.2. Coulomb Passive Earth Pressure

Zvisineyi, sezvo diki diki diki diki diki Ep,min inodiwa, iyo inoenderana neyakaomesesa inotsvedza nzvimbo AC, iyo inotsvedza prism ingangoita uye nekusundirwa kunze zvakanyanya pasi pesimba rekunze, inoitwa sezvizvi (fig.3)

Graphic kutsunga kweakakosha kutsvedza pamusoro uye passive pressure, fig.160

Sl.3. Kutsunga kwepasi pasi kudzvinyirira EP naCoulomb

Nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzinotsvedza dzinotsvedza AC dzinodhonzwa1, AC2, AC3. . . uye kune yega yega inotsvedza prism sarudza huremu W1 = AΔABC1 x1,00x γ, W2 = AΔABC2 x1,00x γ, W3 = AΔABC3 x1,00x γ. Zvino, paprism yega yega, chirongwa chinowirirana chemasimba chinogadzirwa uye masimba EP anotemwa.1, EP2, EP3… Masimba aya anoshandiswa muchiyero chiri nyore kune simba dhiyagiramu EP uye tangent kune iyi dhayagiramu inofambirana neabscissa axis inopa diki kukosha Ep, iyo inoenderana neyakaomesesa inotsvedza nzvimbo AC. Kuipa kweiyi nzira ndeyekuti, nekuda kweiyo graphical mhinduro, inogona kupa simba Ep rinotsauka zvakanyanya kubva pachokwadi. Nokudaro, nzira iyi haiwanzoshandiswa.

Culmann’s graphic nzira

Zvinoenderana nenzira iyi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti pasi pepasi dzvinyiriro Ep inobata pakona -δ neyakajairwa kumadziro anotsigira, kuti mutsara wenzvimbo yakasarudzika yevhu inoputira kona -ϕ neyakachinjika, uye kuti mutsara wenzvimbo unodarika kona -(δ+ϕ) nemutsara wemadziro (Fig.4a). Munzvimbo yekuenzanisa mauto matatu anoshanda W, Q uye Ep anopindirana pane imwe nguva. Sezvo simba W richizivikanwa negwara raro, ukuru negwara, uye masimba Q ne_Ep_ negwara raro negwara, tinogona kudhirowa hurongwa hwemasimba (fig.4b). Kana tikatenderedza gonyonhatu iyi yemasimba90°- ϕ pakatarisana newachi, simba W richadonha richienda kumutsara wekutenuka kwechisikigo kwepasi AN, simba Q munzira inotsvedza AC, uye simba Ea munzira yenzvimbo mutsara BH, sezvo pakati pesimba W uye _Q_α pakona W _Q_α uye zvakajairwa kumadziro kune kona δ, saka kwainongedzo yesimba Ep inofambirana negwara renzvimbo mutsara BH (fig.4a).

Culmann chirongwa chemasimba uye mitsetse yezvinongoita pasi zvinomanikidza, fig.161

Sl.4. Kutsunga kwekumanikidza kwepasi pasi naCoulomb

Iyo nzira yekuona iyo passive yepasi kumanikidza ndeyekutevera (Fig. 4c). Kubva pagumbo remadziro A tinodhirowa akati wandei anotsvedza nzvimbo AC1, AC2, AC3…. Imwe neimwe yenzvimbo idzi inofambirana neprism inotsvedza ABC1, ABC2, ABC3…, iyo urefu hwayo hunoenderana negwaro ratinofungidzira kuti rakaenzana nekubatana. Kana huremu hwemaprizimu evhu aya W1 = AΔABC1 x1,00x γ, W2 = AΔABC2 x1,00x γ, W3 = AΔABC3 x1,00x γ, apo γ ihwo huremu hwevhu, hunoshandiswa kumutsara wekutenderera kwevhu kwevhu AN, tichawana pfungwa I, II, III … Nokudhirowa mitsara inopindirana nemutsara wenzvimbo kubva panzvimbo idzi, tinowana nzvimbo dzepakati R1, R2, R3… Triangles A_I_R1, A_II_R2, A_III_R3 ndidzo ndege dzesimba W, Q uye Ep dzenzvimbo dzinotsvedza. Nekubatanidza mapoinzi R1, R2, R3… tinowana mutsara weCullmann wekumanikidzika kwepasi, iyo inonzi Cullmann’s Ep Line. Tanjent kumutsara uyu unofambirana nemutsara wekuteremuka kwepasi kunopa hurefu hudiki KK’, hunoenzana nemasimba W hunopa kungoita pasi pasi Ep.

Kana tikatambanudza nzira AK kumharadzano ine terrain line, tinowana nzvimbo inotsvedza yekushomeka AC.

Rebhann-Poncelet nzira

Maererano nenzira iyi, maitiro akafanana neaya ekuona kushanda kwepasi kudzvinyirira nemusiyano wekuti simba Q rinoita pakona -ϕ neyakajairwa kune inotsvedza, uye simba Ep pakona -δ neyakajairwa kumutsara wemadziro. Maererano naRebhann, AΔABC = AΔACD (fig.5a). Nzira yekuona kuti passive earth pressure ndeiyi inotevera:

Graphic kugadzirwa kwepasi pasi pressure maererano naRebhann-Poncelet, fig.162

Sl.5. Kutsunga kwekumanikidza kwepasi pasi maererano naRebhann-Poncelet

Kubva patsoka yemadziro A tinokwevera mutsara wekutsika kwepasi kwevhu pakona -ϕ ine horizontal.

Kubva pamusoro pemadziro B tinodhirowa mutsara wenzvimbo BH pakona -(δ+ϕ). Panzvimbo M yemharadzano yenzvimbo uye kutsetseka kwechisikigo kwemutsara wepasi, zvakajairika zvinosimudzwa kusvika pamharadzano L ine semicircle pamusoro pe_AN_ sedhayamita.

Nekuvhurwa kwekambasi AL, tinoendesa poindi L kuenda ku_D_ (AL=AD).

Nekudhirowa kubva pachinhanho D parallel kumutsara wenzvimbo kuenda kumharadzano C nemutsetse wenzvimbo, tinowana rimwe divi repasi rinomanikidza katatu DC = e. Kuendesa poindi C kuenda ku F (DC= DF) nekudzikisira yakajairika CK kumutsara wemutsetse wepasi, tinowana the earth pressure triangle DCF, kwatinowana Ep=1/2_γ_ ef, papi γ pane kuwanda kwevhu.

Mutsetse AC unomiririra panotsvedza. The passive earth pressure diagram is ba (Fig.5b). Inowanikwa pahwaro hwefomu

Ep = xh/2, kubva x =2_Ep_/h

Nzvimbo yekurwisa kwesimba Ep iri pahurefu hwepakati pegiravhiti yegonyonhatu abc. Simba Ep rinoshanda nekona -δ neyakajairwa kumadziro anochengetedza.

Nzira dzakataurwa, mayuniti, mafomula uye kukosha zvinotamiswa kubva kunhoroondo sosi uye hazvisi zvinotsiva geotechnical kudzidza, static kuverenga, kuchengetedza madziro chirongwa kana chirongwa chekuuraya. Iko mukana wekuunganidza kusinganzwisisike kupikisa kunoenderana neyakatenderwa deformation, chaiyo paramita uye layer yevhu, pasi pevhu uye pamusoro pemvura, dhiraivha, mamwe mitoro, seismic kukanganisa, kukukurwa, kuchera, nhanho dzekuvaka uye zvivakwa zvakavakidzana. Mhinduro yenzvimbo chaiyo inofanirwa kutariswa nekutsvagisa kwakakodzera uye nemvumo geotechnical uye nyanzvi dzekuvaka zvinoenderana nemirairo iripo.