Izinto ezinamathelayo ezisetshenziselwa ukhuni lokunamathisela kufanele zizinze ngokwanele emanzini, zimelane nokutheleleka kwefungal futhi kufanele zibe namandla aphezulu elunga elihlanganisayo. Lawa mandla kufanele akhuphukele emandleni okugunda okhuni olunanyathiselwe ncamashi.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinamathiselo ngokuya ngemvelaphi
Ngokwemvelaphi yazo, izinto ezinamathelayo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu:
- isilwane, ezenziwe ngamaprotheni emvelaphi yezilwane (ubisi, igazi, amathambo nesikhumba ezilwaneni). Leli qembu lihlanganisa ithambo (tutkalo), isikhumba, i-albumin kanye namaglue e-casein;
- i-herbal, eyenziwe ngesitashi namaprotheni ezitshalo (imbewu kabhontshisi, i-vetiver, imvubelo ye-soy, imbewu ye-sunflower, njll.). Iglue yesitashi nayo ingeyaleli qembu;
- zokwenziwa, ezitholwe ngamakhemikhali ku-phenol, i-formaldehyde ne-carbamide.
Ukuzinza emanzini nasekuziphatheni ezingeni lokushisa
Ama-Adhesives ahlukaniswe azinze kakhulu emanzini, azinzile emanzini futhi angagxili emanzini. Izinamathiselo eziqine kakhulu emanzini zimelana nesenzo samanzi ngezinga lokushisa100oC ngaphandle kokunciphisa okukhulu kwamandla okunamathela (i-phenol-formaldehyde adhesives). Izinamathiselo ezimelana namanzi ngaphansi kwethonya lamanzi anezinga lokushisa18ku20I-oC ngokuvamile ayiwanciphisi kakhulu amandla okunamathela (ama-urea resins nama-albumin adhesives). Izinamathiselo ezingazinzile emanzini zilahlekelwa amandla azo okunamathela ngaphansi kwethonya lamanzi (ithambo, isikhumba, i-casein-ammonia). Amaglue aphinde ahlukaniswe abe thermoreactive noma angahlehliseki kanye ne-thermoplastic noma abuyisele emuva. Izinamatheliso ezishisayo ziphenduka ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa zibe into eqinile, engancibiliki futhi engabuyiseleki emuva (i-carbamide ne-melarnine resin). Ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa, izinamathiselo ze-thermoplastic ziyancibilika, futhi ngemva kokupholisa ziyaqina futhi azishintshi isimo sazo samakhemikhali (ithambo nezicubu zesikhumba). Izinamathiselo ze-Thermoplastic zisetshenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi iglue yombazi neglue yesikhumba. Ukuze kukhiqizwe i-plywood engavimbeli amanzi, kusetshenziswa ama-adhesive thermoreactive.
Ikhwalithi yeglue Umbazi
Ikhwalithi yeglue yokubaza inqunywa ukunyibilika kwayo, ukuba manzi, ukuvuvukala, i-colloidity, amandla okwenza amagwebu, ukuqina, ukubola, amandla okubopha namandla okunamathela.
Ukulungiswa nokugcinwa kweteyipu yombazi
Ukuncibilika kweglue kunqunywa izinga lokushisa lamanzi. Emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-25oC, ingcina ayincibiliki. Ngakho-ke, ukuvuvukala kwe-putty eyomile kumathayili kanye ne-fish scale putty kungenziwa kuphela ezingeni lokushisa elingaphezulu kuka-25oC. Ngaphezulu kokuthi 70 - 80oC, inhlama akufanele ishiswe.
Umswakama ozwakalayo akufanele ube ngaphezu kuka-15 - 17%, ngakho-ke ugcinwa ezindaweni ezomile ezinomoya omuhle. Izwa kunomswakama ngaphezu kuka-20% ibola ngokushesha (ibole) futhi ilahlekelwe amandla ayo okunamathela. Umswakama we-pulp unqunywa ngendlela efanayo nokuqukethwe komswakama wezinkuni.
I-putty yombazi i-hygroscopic kakhulu. Ingakwazi ukumunca amanzi 10 - 15 iphinda isisindo sayo. Indlela yokwenza isekelwe kulesi sici se-tutkal. I-batter kuma-tile, efakwe esitsheni esihlanzekile, ithululelwa ngamanzi abilisiwe ezingeni lokushisa elingu-25 - 30 oC futhi ngaleyo ndlela igcinwa amahora angu-10 - 12. Ngalesi sikhathi, inhlama ithatha inani eliphakeme lamanzi adingekayo ekulungiseni kwayo. Inhlama, evuvukele ngale ndlela, ifakwa esitsheni esinephansi eliphindwe kabili futhi sishiswe ezingeni lokushisa elingu-70 - 80 oC. Uma igwebu eliningi kwakheka phezulu ngesikhathi sokushisisa, inhlama kufanele ibiliswe imizuzu engu-5 -10 m bese igwebu kufanele likhishwe. Kodwa-ke, inhlama akufanele ivame ukuvunyelwa ukuba ibilise, njengoba ilahlekelwa yi-viscosity yayo nokunamathela.
Ukubola (ukonakala) kungenye yezinto ezingezinhle ze-pulp yokhuni. Ngakho-ke, inhlama elungisiwe kufanele igcinwe ezingeni lokushisa elingu-5 - 10 oC ukuze ingonakali. Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zefindo lombazi yikhono lalo lokushintsha libe yisimo esimangalisayo. I-wax ephezulu yokugxila iya esimweni esibucayi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kune-wax ephansi yokugxila. Ama-weaves amahle kakhulu ashintsha kancane noma acishe abe yisimo sesithombe. Ama-glues anjalo awafanelekile ukunamathiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yokhuni. Impahla eyisisekelo yeglue encibilikisiwe, ukunamathela, kuncike ezingeni lokugxila kwayo. Izinga lokugxila linqunywa inani lamanzi kusixazululo se-putty.
Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi ehlanganyelwe kanye nemodi yokubopha
Imvelo yendawo yokugunda yamashubhu okuhlola ajwayelekile inquma ikhwalithi yokubopha ngokhuni. Uma ukugunda kwenziwa ngokhuni, khona-ke ikhwalithi ye-gluing iyona engcono kakhulu, uma iphezu kwezinkuni kanye ne-weave, ikhwalithi imbi kakhulu, futhi okubi kakhulu uma ukugunda kwenziwa ku-weave ngokwayo.
Ngaphezu kwekhwalithi yokuzwa kanye nokunamathela kwayo, imodi yokunamathisela inethonya elikhulu emandleni e-gluing yokhuni. Etafuleni. 1 izindlela zokuma kwe-adhesive bonding ziyanikezwa.
| Operations | Izinga lokushisa lendawo yokusebenzela, amadigri | Glue concentration | Isikhathi ngaphambi kokucindezela, min | Ukucindezela, kg/cm2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gluing slats | 25 | 25-30 | 2 | 4-5 |
| Izixhumanisi ze-Gluing nama-wedges | 25-30 | 30-33 | 3 | 8-10 |
| Veneering kanye gluing izakhi | 30 | 32-40 | – | 8-10 |
| I-Veneering nge-veneer encane | 25-30 | 35-40 | 8-15 | 6-8 |
Ekamelweni lapho i-gluing yenziwa khona, izinga lokushisa akufanele libe ngaphansi25oC. Imidwebo kanye nemidwebo yomoya obandayo eyenziwe yimishini yezinkuni enesivinini esiphezulu eseduze kufanele igwenywe. Ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa kwezindawo ezizonamathiselwa kungabangela ukwehla kwamandla okuhlangana okuhlangene.
Ukushisa kuqala izakhi ezizonamathiselwa kuthuthukisa inqubo ye-gluing.
Ukumelana nesisombululo sokunamathela esijwayelekile sokulwa nokubola (isikhutha).25I-oC ilingana nezinsuku ezine zohlobo oluhle kakhulu lwe-bone weave, izinsuku ezintathu zohlobo lwe-I, II kanye no-III. Ukumelana nesixazululo esijwayelekile sezicubu zesikhumba kungokwezinsuku ezine futhi kuhlobo olungcono kakhulu I izinsuku ezintathu, izinsuku ezinhlanu zohlobo II - izinsuku ezine, kanye nohlobo lwe-III izinsuku ezinhlanu ezingeni lokushisa.25o.
Amandla okugcina e-shear amasampula anamathiselwe awokuluka kwesikhumba, okuhamba phambili kanye nohlobo loku-1.100 kg/cm2, ohlotsheni II75 kg/cm2kanye nohlobo III60 kg/cm2. Ngomnkantsha wamathambo, amandla okugcina okugunda amasampula anamathiselwe ewuhlobo olungcono kakhulu90 kg/cm2, ngoba ngibhalayo80 kg/cm2, ohlotsheni II55kanye no-III45 kg/cm2.
Casein glue
I-casein glue eyimpushana iyingxube ye-casein, i-lime e-slaked, usawoti wamaminerali (i-sodium fluoride, i-soda, i-copper sulfate, njll.) kanye ne-petroleum. Isetshenziselwa ukunamathisela izakhi zokhuni, izinkuni nezindwangu, amakhadibhodi, njll Ngokusho kwekhwalithi yezinto eziyisisekelo kanye nendlela yokukhiqiza, kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-casein glue: extra (B-107) nokujwayelekile (OB).
Le glue kumele ibe nokubukeka kwempushana elinganayo ngaphandle kokungcola kwangaphandle, izinambuzane, izibungu kanye neminonjana yesikhunta futhi akufanele iphunga lokubola. Uma kuxutshwe1isisindo ingxenye yale glue i2,1izingxenye ngesisindo samanzi ngesikhathi sehora elilodwa ezingeni lokushisa15-20I-oC, isixazululo se-homogeneous sitholakala, esingenazo izigaxa futhi esifanele ukunamathiswa.
Lapho ukwakhiwa kobunjiniyela be-gluing, okusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zomehluko omncane wokushisa kanye nomswakama omncane, uphawu lukasimende wasePortland lwengezwa kule glu.400(kuze kube isisindo75%yesisindo sempushana) ukuze kwandiswe ukumelana kwawo namanzi kanye nokwehlisa izindleko zawo. Ngeglue ye-casein, ikhono layo lokunamathela libaluleke kakhulu, okungukuthi, isikhathi lapho ligcina liqinile, elivuna umsebenzi ongokoqobo. Isixazululo sale glue, uhlobo olwengeziwe luyadingeka kamuva24ukuze kube nokubukeka kwe-pictic mass enwebekayo, isisombululo seglue se-OB kufanele sibe nokunamathela okusebenzayo okungenani.4ngemva kwehora lixutshwe namanzi.
Amandla omkhawulo wokuxhuma okunamathiselwe komlotha ne-oki kufanele kube okungenani100 kg/cm2uhlobo lwe-glue eyengeziwe, lapho ihlolwa esimweni esomile,70 kg/cm2 - ngemva24amahora wokucwiliswa emanzini; uhlobo OB -70 kg/cm2lapho ihlolwa esimweni esomile i50 kg/cm2ngemva24amahora wokucwiliswa emanzini. Ukuhlolwa kwezinkomba zekhwalithi zale glue kwenziwa kuma-laboratories.
Lapho unamathisela nge-casein glues, ingcindezi emishinini yokunyathelisa isukela2ku15 kg/cm2ngokohlobo lomsebenzi isici esihloselwe wona.
Uma le ngcina iqukethe idwala noma i-caustic soda, akufanele isetshenziselwe ukunamathisela lezo zinhlobo zokhuni ezine-tannin ekubunjweni kwazo, njengesihlahla se-oki.
Izinamatheliso zokwenziwa
Ama-Synthetic adhesives amelana ngokuphelele namanzi. Amaglue e-Phenolformaldehyde ohlobo olubandayo lwe-polymerization KB asetshenziswa kakhulu -3kanye no-B-3. Ekuqanjweni kuka-B -3nakhu10izingxenye ze-resin B, ingxenye eyodwa ibe mncane futhi2izingxenye zokugcwalisa ukwelapha.
Izinamathiselo ze-Phenolformaldehyde zilungiswa ngale ndlela elandelayo: i-resin B ifakwa enanini elishiwo esitsheni sokuxuba ithini lapho izinga lokushisa ligcinwa khona.15-20oC, bese i-diluent iyengezwa futhi kancane kancane ixutshwe kuze kutholakale ukwakheka okulinganayo. Emva kwalokhu, i-filler yokuphulukisa ingezwa futhi ixutshwe10-15 mithutha. Iglue eyenziwe ngale ndlela kufanele igcinwe esiqandisini, empeleni okuyisitsha lapho amanzi agelezayo adlula khona. Ngokhuni lokunamathisela, amaglue e-carbamide nawo asetshenziswa, ingxenye eyinhloko okuyi-carbamide resin, etholakala ku-carbamide yokwenziwa kanye ne-formaldehyde. Uma unamathisela ngalawa ma-glues, izinkuni kumele zibe nomswakama ophezulu kakhulu12%. Kumaglue omchamo-formaldehyde, iglue K- kufanele igqanyiswe.7, ehlanganisa i-resin MF-17, ukuqinisa,10%isixazululo se-oxalic acid (kusuka7,5ku14izingxenye ngesisindo) kanye nezigcwalisi zikafulawa wezinkuni.
Ngezihloko ezihlobene, bona izakhiwo zokhuni, umswakama wokhuni kanye nokomiswa kokhuni lwemvelo. Uma uhlela indawo entsha yokuhlanganisa, hlangana namafasitela okhuni ngokwezifiso noma thumela isicelo sekhwothi.