Izinto zokuncamathelisa ezisetyenziselwa ukuncamathelisa iinkuni kufuneka zizinze ngokwaneleyo emanzini, zixhathise kusulelo lomngundo kwaye kufuneka zibe namandla aphezulu ekhonkco eziwenza. La mandla kufuneka anyuke aye kowona mandla okuphela komthi ochebayo oncamatheliswayo.
Ulwahlulo lokuncamathelisa ngokwemvelaphi
Ngokwemvelaphi yazo, izinto zokuncamathelisa zahlulwe ngokwamaqela amathathu:
- isilwanyana, esenziwe kwiiproteni zemvelaphi yezilwanyana (ubisi, igazi, amathambo kunye nolusu lwezilwanyana). Eli qela libandakanya ithambo (tutkalo), isikhumba, i-albumin kunye ne-casein glues;
- i-herbal, eyenziwe kwi-starch kunye neeprotheni zezityalo (imbewu yeembotyi, i-vetiver, i-soy yeast, imbewu yejongilanga, njl.). Iglu yesitatshi ikwayeli qela;
- i-synthetic, efunyenwe ngamachiza kwi-phenol, i-formaldehyde kunye ne-carbamide.
Uzinzo emanzini kunye nokuziphatha kwiqondo lobushushu
I-Adhesives ihlulwe ibe yizinzile kakhulu emanzini, izinzile emanzini kwaye ingazinzi emanzini. Izincamathelisi ezizinzile kakhulu emanzini zimelana nesenzo samanzi ngobushushu100oC ngaphandle kokunciphisa okukhulu kumandla okunamathela (i-phenol-formaldehyde adhesives). I-adhesives enganyangekiyo emanzini phantsi kweempembelelo zamanzi ezinobushushu18ukuya20I-oC ngokuqhelekileyo ayinciphisi kakhulu amandla okunamathela (i-urea resins kunye ne-albumin adhesives). I-Adhesives engazinzanga emanzini ilahlekelwa amandla abo okubambelela phantsi kweempembelelo zamanzi (ithambo, isikhumba, i-casein-ammonia). Iiglues zikwahlulwe zibe thermoreactive okanye irreversible and thermoplastic or reversible. I-Adhesives thermoreactive adhesives ijika phantsi kwefuthe lobushushu ibe yinto enzima, enganyibilikiyo kwaye engenakuguqulwa (i-carbamide kunye ne-melarnine resin). Ngaphantsi kwefuthe lokushisa, i-thermoplastic adhesives iyanyibilika, kwaye emva kokupholisa iyaqina kwaye ayitshintshi ubume bayo beekhemikhali (ithambo kunye nezicubu zesikhumba). I-Thermoplastic adhesives isetyenziswa kakhulu, ngakumbi iglu yomchweli kunye neglu yesikhumba. Ukuvelisa i-plywood enganyangekiyo yamanzi, i-adhesives ye-thermoreactive iyasetyenziswa.
Umchweli umgangatho weglue
Umgangatho weglue wokuchwela umiselwa kukunyibilika kwayo, ukumanzi, ukudumba, ukubumbana, ukukwazi ukwenza amagwebu, ukuqina, ukubola, ukomelela kweqhina kunye namandla okuncamathela.
Ukulungiswa kunye nokugcinwa kweteyiphu yomchweli
I-solubility yeglue ithathwa bubushushu bamanzi. Kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi kwe-25oC, iglue ayinyibiliki. Ngoko ke, ukuvuvukala kwe-putty eyomileyo kwiitile kunye ne-fish scale putty kungenziwa kuphela kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphezulu kwe-25oC. Ngaphezulu kwe-70 - 80oC, intlama akufanele itshiswe.
Ukufuma kwelizwi akufunekanga kube ngaphezulu kwe-15 - 17%, ngoko ke igcinwa kwindawo ezomileyo ezinomoya olungileyo. Iva ngokufuma ngaphezulu kwe-20% ikhawuleza iyonakalise (ibola) kwaye iphulukane namandla ayo okuncamathela. Ubumanzi be-pulp bumiselwa ngendlela efanayo nokufuma kwemithi.
I-putty yokuchwela i-hygroscopic kakhulu. Iyakwazi ukufunxa amanzi 10 - 15 ukuphindaphinda ubunzima bayo. Indlela yokuyenza isekelwe kule nkalo ye-tutkal. I-batter kwiitile, ezibekwe kwisitya esicocekileyo, igalelwe ngamanzi abilisiwe kwiqondo lokushisa 25 - 30 oC kwaye ngoko igcinwe 10 - 12 iiyure. Ngeli xesha, intlama ithatha inani eliphezulu lamanzi afunekayo ukulungiselela ukulungiswa kwayo. Inhlama, idumbile ngale ndlela, ifakwe kwisitya esine-double bottom kwaye ishushu kwiqondo lokushisa 70 - 80 oC. Ukuba i-foam eninzi ifom ebusweni ngexesha lokufudumala, inhlama kufuneka ibiliswe 5 -10 m imizuzu kwaye i-foam kufuneka isuswe. Nangona kunjalo, inhlama akufanele ivumeleke ukuba ibilise, njengoko ilahlekelwa yi-viscosity yayo kunye nokunamathela.
Ukubola (ukonakala) yenye yeempawu ezingalunganga zomthi womthi. Ngoko ke, inhlama elungiselelwe kufuneka igcinwe kwiqondo lokushisa 5 - 10 oC ukwenzela ukuba ingonakalisi. Enye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo zeqhina lomchweli kukukwazi ukutshintsha kwimo yemifanekiso. I-wax ephezulu yoxinaniso iya kwisimo esichukumisayo kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu kune-wax ephantsi. I-weaves entle kakhulu itshintsha ngokubuthathaka okanye ayifane ibe yimbonakalo yemifanekiso. Iiglues ezinjalo azifanelekanga kwi-gluing ephezulu yomthi. Ipropathi esisiseko yeglue enyibilikayo, ukunamathela, kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokugxila kwayo. Iqondo lokugxila lichongwa ngumlinganiselo wamanzi kwisisombululo seputty.
Uvavanyo lomgangatho odibeneyo kunye nemo yokudibanisa
Ubume bendawo yokucheba yeityhubhu zovavanyo olusemgangathweni lumisela umgangatho wokudibanisa iinkuni. Ukuba ukucheba kwenziwa emthini, ngoko umgangatho we-gluing ungowona ungcono, ukuba uphezu komthi kunye ne-weave, umgangatho ubi kakhulu, kwaye umbi kakhulu ukuba ukucheba kwenziwa kwi-weave ngokwayo.
Ukongezelela kumgangatho wokuziva kunye nokubambelela kwayo, imodi ye-gluing inefuthe elikhulu kumandla omthi wokunamathela. Etafileni. 1 iindlela zokuqhelaniswa nokuncamathelisa zinikiwe.
| Imisebenzi | Amaqondo obushushu eWorkshop, degrees | Uxinzelelo lweglu | Ixesha phambi kokucofa, min | Uxinzelelo, kg/cm2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gluing slats | 25 | 25-30 | 2 | 4-5 |
| Ukudibanisa i-Gluing kunye ne-wedges | 25-30 | 30-33 | 3 | 8-10 |
| I-Veneering kunye ne-gluing yezinto | 30 | 32-40 | – | 8-10 |
| I-Veneering nge-veneer encinci | 25-30 | 35-40 | 8-15 | 6-8 |
Kwigumbi apho i-gluing yenziwa khona, ukushisa akufanele kube ngaphantsi25oC. Iidrafti kunye noyilo lomoya obandayo owenziwe ngoomatshini bomthi okhawulezayo obekwe kufutshane kufuneka bagwenywe. Ukunciphisa iqondo lokushisa kweendawo eziza kugxininiswa kunokubangela ukuhla kwamandla okubambisana.
Ukufudumala izinto eziza kuxutywa kuphucula inkqubo ye-gluing.
Ukumelana nomgangatho wokuchasana nokubola (ukungunda) isisombululo sokunamathela25I-oC ilingana neentsuku ezine zolona hlobo lungcono lwe-bone weave, iintsuku ezintathu kwiintlobo ze-I, II kunye ne-III. Ukuchaswa kwesisombululo esisemgangathweni sezicubu zesikhumba iintsuku ezine kwaye kolona hlobo lungcono lweentsuku ezintathu, iintsuku ezintlanu kuhlobo lwe-II - iintsuku ezine, kunye nohlobo lwe-III iintsuku ezintlanu kwiqondo lokushisa.25o.
Awona mandla okugqibela eesampulu ezincamathelisiweyo kukwalukwa kwesikhumba, kokona kulungileyo kunye nohlobo loku-1.100 kg/ i-cm2, kudidi II75 kg/ i-cm2kunye nohlobo III60 kg/ i-cm2. Kumongo wamathambo, awona mandla okucheba eesampulu ezincamathelisiweyo lolona hlobo lubalaseleyo90 kg/ i-cm2, kuba ndichwetheza80 kg/ i-cm2, kudidi II55kunye ne-III45 kg/ i-cm2.
Casein glue
I-casein glue yomgubo ngumxube we-casin, i-lime e-slaked, i-salt mineral (i-sodium fluoride, i-soda, i-copper sulfate, njl.) kunye ne-petroleum. Isetyenziselwa ukuncamathelisa izinto zomthi, iinkuni kunye namalaphu, amakhadibhodi, njl. Ngokomgangatho wezinto ezisisiseko kunye nendlela yokuvelisa, kukho iindidi ezimbini zeglue ye-casin: eyongezelelweyo (B-107) kunye nesiqhelo (OB).
Le glu kufuneka ibe nenkangeleko yempuphu elinganayo ngaphandle kokungcola kwamanye amazwe, inambuzane, izibungu kunye nemikhondo yesikhunta kwaye akufanele ivumba lokubola. Xa ixutywe1iqhezu ubunzima le glu i2,1iinxalenye ngobunzima bamanzi ngeyure enye kwiqondo lobushushu15-20I-oC, isisombululo esine-homogeneous sifunyenwe, esingenayo i-lumps kwaye ifanelekile kwi-gluing.
Xa ulwakhiwo lobunjineli begluing, olusebenza kwiimeko zokwahluka kwamaqondo amancinci kunye nomswakama omncinci, i-brand ye-samente yasePortland yongezwa kule glu.400(ukuya kubunzima75%yobunzima bomgubo) ukwenzela ukwandisa ukuxhathisa kwawo emanzini kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zawo. Kwiglue yecasein, amandla ayo okuncamathela abaluleke kakhulu, oko kukuthi, ixesha encangathi ngalo, nto leyo elungele umsebenzi osebenzayo. Isisombululo sale glu, uhlobo olongezelelweyo luyafuneka kamva24ukuze ube nenkangeleko yobunzima bepictic enwebekayo, isisombululo seglu yodidi lwe-OB kufuneka sibe nokuncamathela okusebenzayo okuncinci.4iyure emva kokuba ixutywe namanzi.
Amandla omda wokudityaniswa kweglu kumlotha kunye ne-oki kufuneka ubuncinane100 kg/ i-cm2kuhlobo lweglu eyongezelelweyo, xa ivavanywa kwindawo eyomileyo,70 kg/ i-cm2 - emva24iiyure zokuntywiliselwa emanzini; yohlobo OB -70 kg/ i-cm2xa kuvavanywa kwimeko eyomileyo i50 kg/ i-cm2emva24iiyure zokuntywiliselwa emanzini. Uvavanyo lwezikhombisi zekhwalithi zale glu zenziwa kwiibhubhoratri.
Xa u-gluing kunye ne-casein glues, uxinzelelo kwii-presses luvela2ukuya15 kg/ i-cm2ngokohlobo lomsebenzi ekujoliswe kuwo.
Xa le glu iqulethe ilitye okanye i-caustic soda, akufanele isetyenziswe ukuncamathelisa ezo ntlobo zokhuni ezine-tannin ekubunjweni kwazo, ezifana nomthi we-oki.
Izinto ezincamathelayo zokwenziwa
I-Synthetic adhesives iyaxhathisa ngokupheleleyo emanzini. Iiglu zePhenolformaldehyde zodidi olubandayo lwepolymerization yeKB zisetyenziswa kakhulu -3kunye no-B-3. Ekuqulunqweni kuka-B -3Nantsi lapho10iinxalenye resin B, enye inxalenye obhityileyo kunye2iindawo zokuzalisa ukunyanga.
I-Phenolformaldehyde adhesives ilungiswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-resin B ifakwe kwisixa esicacisiweyo kwisitya sokuxuba i-tin apho ubushushu bugcinwa khona.15-20oC, emva koko i-diluent yongezwa kwaye ixutywe kancinane de kufumaneke ukwakheka okulinganayo. Emva koko, i-filler yokuphilisa yongezwa kwaye ixutywe10-15 minutha. Iglu eyenziwe ngale ndlela kufuneka igcinwe efrijini, eyona nto iyisitya apho amanzi ahambayo adlula khona. Ukudibanisa iinkuni, iiglues ze-carbamide nazo zisetyenziswa, eyona nto iphambili i-carbamide resin, efumaneka kwi-synthetic carbamide kunye ne-formaldehyde. Xa uncamathelisa ngezi glu, iinkuni kufuneka zibe nowona mswakama uphezulu12%. Kwiglue ze-urine-formaldehyde, iglue K- kufuneka igxininiswe.7, equka intlaka MF-17, uqina,10%isisombululo se-oxalic acid (ukusuka7,5ukuya14iinxalenye ngobunzima) kunye nezizalisi zomgubo zokhuni.
Ngezihloko ezinxulumeneyo, bona iipropati zomthi, ukufuma komthi kunye nokomisa iinkuni zendalo. Ukuba uceba indawo entsha yokudibanisa, dibana iifestile zomthi zesiqhelo okanye ungenise isicelo sekowuti.