Ukhuni luyinto eguquguqukayo futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi, enezinhlelo zokusebenza kusukela ekwakheni nokwenza ifenisha kuya emisebenzini yezandla nemisebenzi yobuciko. Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ezithinta kakhulu izici zokhuni umswakama walo. Umswakama wokhuni udlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni amandla, ukuqina nokufaneleka kwezinhloso ezihlukahlukene. Umswakama wezinkuni ubhekisela enanini lamanzi akhona esakhiweni samangqamuzana awo. Ngokuvamile kuvezwa njengephesenti lesisindo sokhuni ngokuphathelene nesisindo samanzi aqukethe. Umswakama wezinkuni uyisakhiwo esiguqukayo esishintsha ngokuya ngezimo zemvelo, njengomswakama womoya nezinga lokushisa.
Amanzi esakhiweni sokhuni
Amanzi atholakala okhunini angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: amanzi amahhala, amanzi angenayo i-athesion kanye namanzi ahlanganiswe ngamakhemikhali. Okuyingozi kakhulu ngokhuni ngamanzi amahhala, ahamba ngemikhumbi yenqwaba yezinkuni futhi kukhona okuningi okhunini njengoba kunemigodi. Amanzi e-Athesion amanzi aboshwe ngokomzimba, enza imicu yokhuni. Amanzi aboshwe ngamakhemikhali ayingxenye yamangqamuzana akha ukhuni. Ngesikhathi sokumiswa, amanzi amahhala ayahwamuka kuqala, bese kuba amanzi e-athesion. Amanzi ahlanganiswe ngamakhemikhali awakwazi ukususwa okhunini ngokumiswa.
Izinkuni ezakhiweni
Inani lamanzi okhunini cishe njalo kufanele lilawulwe ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ekwakheni. Izinkuni ezinomswakama ophezulu zithinteka ekuthuthukiseni isikhunta nokubola, okusongela ubuqotho besakhiwo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukhuni kumele lwenze inqubo yokomisa. Kuye ngesicelo kanye nendawo lapho izinkuni zizotholakala khona, umswakama wokhuni olusha kufanele unciphise inani elifanele. Ukomisa kuthuthukisa izici zomzimba nezomshini zokhuni, ezifana: nokwenza ngcono izici zokuvikela ukushisa nokunamathela ngezinto ezinamathelayo, ukukhulisa amandla nokumelana nokubola, ukwehlisa ukuhamba kukagesi, ukusebenzisa kalula izendlalelo zokuzivikela.
Ukomiswa kokhuni kungenziwa ngokwemvelo noma ngokwenziwa. Ukomiswa kokhuni ngokwemvelo kufinyelelwa ngokunqwabelanisa izinkuni kumawintshi endaweni evulekile noma evalekile. Lena inqubo yokonga ngoba ayidingi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla engeziwe, kodwa ngesizathu esifanayo ihamba kancane, idinga indawo enkulu yamahhala futhi iyingozi yomlilo. Ngale ndlela yokomisa, ungathola izinkuni ngomswakama 15 %, futhi uzomiswa isikhathi esingakanani kuncike ebukhulu bezinkuni (kusukela emasontweni ambalwa kuya onyakeni nengxenye). Ukomiswa okwenziwa ngokwenziwa kwenziwa ezindaweni zokomisa izinkuni, ngezikhathi ezithile noma ngokuqhubekayo, ngokujikeleza kwemvelo noma okuphoqelelwe komoya kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi. Ukhuni luqale lushiswe ngesitimu ezingeni lokushisa elingu-70–80 °C, bese lomiswa ngomoya owomile ezingeni lokushisa elingu-50–60 °C.
Isimo esifanelekile sokugcina sokhuni sincike kumswakama womoya ozungezile, kanye nezinga lokushisa laso, njengoba ukhuni luyi-hygroscopic material - lungakhulula noma lwamukele amanzi emoyeni ozungezile kuze kube yilapho ukulingana, okungukuthi kufinyelelwe umswakama we-hygroscopic. Umswakama olinganayo umswakama owenzeka ngenxa yokuchayeka isikhathi eside kwezinkuni emoyeni. Kuye ngezimo lapho isakhiwo sokhuni sizotholakala khona, umswakama wokhuni kufanele ube: 6-12% ngezakhiwo ezisezikhaleni ezishisayo; 9-15% ngezakhiwo ezisezikhala ezivaliwe, ezingashisiwe; 12-22% ngezakhiwo endaweni yangaphandle; 30% yezakhiwo emanzini.
Ukuncipha nokuvuvukala
Izinkuni zinendawo - ngokuvamile engalungile kakhulu - yokunciphisa ivolumu yayo lapho yomiswa, ngaleyo ndlela inciphe. Ukuncipha kuqala ngokushesha lapho umswakama wokhuni unganele ukuvikela amafayibha okugcwala kwawo kusuka ku-25% kuya ku-30% okuqukethwe kwamanzi; ngokuncipha okuqhubekayo komswakama, umthamo wezinkuni nawo uyancipha. Ukuvunwa kwezinkuni kuhlukile ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko; yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke lapho iqondana khona nemicu, incane (cishe ingxenye enkulu) ekuqondeni kwe-radial, futhi ifana kakhulu noma ayisho lutho emicu.
Ukuze ukhawulele izinguquko zevolumu yezinto ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, izinguquko eziphambanayo kumafayibha zivinjelwa ngokunamathisela olunye ukhuni ngamafayibha abekwe ngokuphambene. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinkuni zezobuchwepheshe kwenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene (ukhuni oluhlanganisiwe njengamapulangwe-amabhodi, amabhodi e-veneer, ukhuni oluyinhlanganisela oluyinhlanganisela). Ukwengeza, izinguquko zevolumu zingancishiswa zibe ezinkulu noma ezincane uma ukhuni luvikelwe ngezinto ezivimbela ukumuncwa kwamanzi, kanye ne-bituminous nezinye izimbotshana.
Okuphambene nokushwabana ukuvuvukala kokhuni - ukwanda kobukhulu bomugqa kanye nenani eliphelele lezinkuni ngenxa yokwanda komswakama. Ukuvuvukala kuyingozi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinkuni, futhi kulokhu kubalulekile ukugcizelela umthelela wokuvuvukala ku-parquet. Ukuvuvukala kubangela ukuguqulwa nokuhlanekezeka kwezinkuni ngendlela yezindawo ezigobile noma ezisontekile. Lokhu kulimaza ngokulinganayo ukubukeka kobuhle nokuvikelwa kwe-parquet - izembatho zokugcina zokhuni zihlukaniswe futhi ziqhekeke. Ngaphezu kokuthinta ubuhle obusobala be-parquet, ukuvuvukala kunciphisa amandla okhuni, okuholela ekwenziweni buthaka kwesakhiwo nokwandisa amathuba okuba sengozini yokuphuka.
Ukuqonda nokulawula umswakama wokhuni kubalulekile ukuze uqinisekise ikhwalithi nokuphila isikhathi eside kwemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngalo mthombo wemvelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumbazi, umakhi noma umuntu othanda umsebenzi wokuzilibazisa, indlela eqaphelayo yokuqukethwe komswakama kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokulinganisa ezifanele kuzoba nomthelela empumelelweni yamaphrojekthi akho kanye nokusimama kukonke kwemboni esekwe ngokhuni.
Uma izinkuni ezizinzile nezomiswe kahle zibalulekile kuwena, bheka amafasitela okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium bese ucela umnikelo.