Isihlahla siqukethe izitsha, isiqu, amagatsha kanye amaqabunga. Isiqu simelela inqwaba yesihlahla futhi sakha 50–90 % we-cubature yaso; imithambo namagatsha akha 10–50 % uquqaba lwezinkuni.
Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zesihlahla
Kunezingxenye ezilandelayo eziyisisekelo esihlahleni: inhliziyo, i-pith, i-cambium namagxolo. Amagxolo ingxenye engaphandle yesihlahla, ehluke ngokusobala enhliziyweni. Phakathi kwegxolo ne-pith kunendandatho encane, engabonakali ngeso lenyama futhi ibizwa ngokuthi cambium. Amaseli e-cambium, ngokuhlukana, unyaka ngamunye ahlukanisa amaseli enhliziyo ngaphakathi kwesiqu somuthi, namaseli amagxolo angaphandle kwesihlahla. Njengoba i-cambium ikhipha amaseli enhliziyo amaningi kunamagxolo amangqamuzana, kunezinhliziyo eziningi ngaphezu kwamagxolo.
Inhliziyo iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesihlahla; itholakala phakathi kwenhliziyo namagxolo. Inhliziyo itholakala maphakathi nesihlahla. Iqukethe izicubu ezithambile, ezinama-porous, ezinezici zemishini ezibuthakathaka kakhulu. Uma kunezinhliziyo emabhodini, ama-laths noma imishayo, khona-ke le nto ithola imifantu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ezintweni eziningi ezibalulekile, ukuba khona kwenhliziyo kokubalulekile akuvunyelwe.
Amapulangwe amathathu amakhulu
Ukumelwa okulungile kokhuni kungatholakala uma kubonwa ezigabeni ezintathu: transverse, radial kanye tangential.
Ingxenye eguquguqukayo yileyo eqondiswe e-eksisi yesihlahla, ingxenye ekhanyayo ihamba eduze kwesihlahla, idlule enhliziyweni, futhi tangential yileyo ehamba eduze kwesihlahla ngaphandle kwenhliziyo (fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Ukusikeka kokhuni okuthathu: 1 - tangential; 2 - i-radial; 3 — nqamula.
Iminyaka, izinkuni zakuqala nephuzile
Engxenyeni yesiphambano yesihlahla, imibuthano ingabonakala, ekhuphuka isuka enkabeni iye endaweni ezungezile, ebizwa ngokuthi izindandatho zonyaka (iminyaka). Iringi ngayinye yonyaka iqukethe ungqimba lwangaphakathi nolwengaphandle. Ungqimba lwangaphakathi lubizwa ngokuthi izinkuni zakuqala, kanti ungqimba lwangaphandle ukhuni oluphuzile. Izinkuni zakuqala zakhiwa entwasahlobo, futhi ngasekupheleni - ehlobo. Izinkuni zakuqala ziyi-porous, ziqukethe izicubu ezingenalutho, amanzi adlula kuwo ngezinto zamaminerali ezincibilikisiwe, ezidingekayo ekudleni kwesihlahla. Ukhuni oluphuzile luqukethe amaseli anezindonga eziwugqinsi ezingabathwali bezakhiwo eziwumshini.
Fig. 2. Imisebe eyinhloko ezingxenyeni ezivundlayo, ezikhazimulayo nezine-tangential: 1 — amagxolo; 2 — uhlamvu; 3 — iminyaka; 4 — inhliziyo; 5 kanye 6 — imisebe ewumgogodla ebanzi.
Esigabeni se-radial, izendlalelo zonyaka zibonwa ngendlela yemigqa yobude eqondile, esigabeni se-tangential - ngendlela yemigqa egobile.
Imisebe eyinhloko
Esigabeni esivundlayo, esikhanyayo nesine-tangential, eduze kwezendlalelo zonyaka, ungabona imisebe eyisisekelo (Fig. 2). Esigabeni esiphambanayo, banesimo semicu emincane, engxenyeni ye-tangential - imigqa emnyama enemikhawulo emincane. Imisebe ewumgogodla isetshenziselwa ukuqhuba amanzi nomoya esiqwini somuthi lapho iya khona, kanye nokugcina imisoco egciniwe. Inani lemisebe eyinhloko ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zokhuni lihlukile futhi lilingana nokungu-3000 kuya ku-1 cm2 kuphayini, futhi 143000 ku-spruce. Ezinhlotsheni ze-coniferous, ama-core ray athatha 3 — 10 %, nasezihlahleni ezivuthuluka 9 - 36% wevolumu yokhuni.
Imisebe ewumgogodla iqukethe amaseli, anamandla aphansi okusebenza, ngenxa yalokho akhulisa ukuhlukana kokhuni.
Amabala abalulekile nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezinkuni
Kwezinye izinhlobo zokhuni, isb. amachashaza amhlophe noma ansundu angabonakala esigcemeni se-alder, birch, yew, chub, ne-hornbeam. Lawa machashaza abangelwa izinambuzane noma isithwathwa esilimaza i-cambium, futhi abizwa ngokuthi core spots. Lawa mabala ayisisekelo anciphisa amandla emishini yokhuni. Zonke izinhlobo zokhuni zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane:
- Izinhlobo ezingcwele (i-oki, i-walnut, umtholo omhlophe, uphayini, umsedari, i-larch, njll.);
- Izinhlobo ezine-heartwood ezivuthiwe (ibhichi, i-linden, isihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi, fir, fir evamile yaseSiberia naseCaucasia, njll.);
- Izinhlobo ezinomgogodla ne-heartwood evuthiwe (umlotha ongenalutho, i-elm, njll.);
- Izinhlobo ezinkulu (i-birch, i-aspen, i-alder emnyama nemhlophe, i-hornbeam, i-maple, i-chestnut yasendle, i-maple, njll.).
I-core, sapwood namathayili
Ohlotsheni lwe-softwood, ingxenye emaphakathi enombala omnyama ibizwa ngokuthi core, kanti ingxenye enombala okhanyayo ibizwa ngokuthi stem. Endabeni yezinhlobo zezinkuni ezinenhliziyo evuthiwe, ingxenye emaphakathi yesigaba ibonakala ngenani eliphansi lomswakama kunengxenye ye-peripheral. Esihlahleni esikhulayo, i-sapwood isebenza ngokuhambisa amanzi futhi iqongelele imisoco. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezinkuni, i-sapwood ephindwe kabili ingabonakala esigabeni esiphambanayo. Lokhu akulutho ngaphandle kwesigaba sokuqala sokubola kwezinkuni okubangelwa isikhunta esikhethekile esicekela phansi izinkuni.
Amandla omshini we-sapwood awahlukani nenkambo, kodwa amelana kancane nokubola. Ngokukhula kwesihlahla, i-sapwood kancane kancane ingena e-heartwood. Enqubweni yalolu shintsho, emikhunjini yezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga, nakuqhoqhoqho wamaconifers, kuvela amahlumela akhethekile, abizwa ngokuthi tiles, futhi izimbotshana nezimvilophu zamaseli zigcwele izinto ezisetshenziswayo zamaselula nezikhiphayo.
Amathayela agcwalisa izingxenye zenhliziyo, ayenze ingangeneki kahle oketshezini. Ngakho-ke, i-srcica isetshenziselwa ukwenza imiphongolo, amathangi enkuni, njll. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inhliziyo equkethe amathayili inzima kakhulu ukufaka ama-antiseptics. Lokhu kusebenza nasesihlahleni se-beech, esinomnyombo ongamanga, odalwe ngenxa yokuthi isihlahla sitheleleke ngesikhunta esisibhubhisa ngesikhathi sokukhula kwaso.
Ukuze uqhubeke nesihloko, bona izindatshana kokuthi umswakama wokhuni kanye nokomiswa kokhuni lwemvelo. Uma uhlela indawo entsha yokuhlanganisa, hlola amafasitela okhuni ngokwezifiso noma uhambise isicelo sekhwothi.