Umthi uqulathe izitya, isiqu, amasebe kunye amagqabi. Isiqu simele obona bunzima bomthi kwaye senza 50–90 % yecubature yawo; imithambo kunye namasebe enza 10–50 % iindimbane zamaplanga.

Amalungu asisiseko omthi

Kukho la malungu alandelayo emthini: intliziyo, i-pith, i-cambium kunye nexolo. Ixolo yindawo engaphandle yomthi, eyahluke ngokucacileyo entliziyweni. Phakathi kwexolo kunye ne-pith kukho umsesane obhityileyo, ongabonakali ngeso lenyama kwaye ubizwa ngokuba yi-cambium. Iiseli zecambium, ngokwahlulahlula, unyaka nonyaka zahlula iiseli zentliziyo ngaphakathi kwesiqu somthi, kunye neeseli zamaxolo ngaphandle komthi. Kuba i-cambium ikhupha iiseli zentliziyo ezininzi kuneeseli zexolo, zininzi iintliziyo kunexolo.

Intliziyo yeyona ndawo ixabisekileyo emthini; ibekwe phakathi kwentliziyo nexolo. Intliziyo ibekwe embindini womthi. Iqukethe izicubu ezithambileyo, ezinobuncwane, ezinobuthathaka kakhulu bemishini. Xa kukho iintliziyo kwiibhodi, iileyile okanye iiplanga, ke le mpahla ifumana ukuqhekeka ngexesha. Ke ngoko, kwizinto ezininzi ezibaluleke ngakumbi, ubukho bentliziyo kwizinto eziphathekayo abuvumelekanga.

Iiplanga ezintathu eziphambili

Ukumelwa kakuhle komthi kunokufumaneka xa kujongwa kumacandelo amathathu: transverse, radial kunye tangential.

Icandelo eliguquguqukayo lelo lathiswa kwiaxis yomthi, icandelo leradial lihamba ecaleni komthi, lidlula entliziyweni, kwaye tangential lelo lihamba ecaleni komthi ngaphandle kwentliziyo (fig. 1).

Amacandelo amathathu aphambili omthi: tangential, radial and transverse

Fig. 1. Iinqununu ezintathu eziphambili zomthi: 1 - tangential; 2 - i-radial; 3 — transverse.

Iminyaka, iinkuni zakuqala nasemva kwexesha

Kwicandelo lomnqamlezo womthi, izangqa zingabonwa, ezinyuka ukusuka embindini ukuya kwiperiphery, ezibizwa ngokuba ngamakhonkco onyaka (iminyaka). Iringi yonyaka ngamnye inomaleko wangaphakathi kunye nongaphandle. Umaleko ongaphakathi ubizwa ngokuba early wood, kunye umaleko wangaphandle late wood. Iinkuni zakuqala zenziwe entwasahlobo, kwaye ngasekupheleni kwehlobo - ehlobo. Imithi yangaphambili i-porous, iqulethe izicubu ezingenanto, amanzi adlula kuyo kunye nezinto ezinyibilikayo zamaminerali, eziyimfuneko kwisondlo somthi. Umthi osemva kwexesha uneeseli ezineendonga ezishinyeneyo ezithwala iimpawu zomatshini.

Imitha engundoqo kwindawo enqamlezileyo, ejikelezayo kunye namacandelo eplanga

Fig. 2. Imitha engundoqo kumacandelo anqamlezayo, ajikelezayo kunye ne-tangential: 1 - ixolo; 2 - umlinganiswa; 3 ​​- iminyaka; 4 - intliziyo; 5 kunye 6 — imitha engundoqo ebanzi.

Kwicandelo le-radial, iileya zonyaka zibonwa ngendlela yemigca yobude obuthe ngqo, kwicandelo le-tangential - ngendlela yemigca egobileyo.

Imisebe engundoqo

Kwi-transverse, radial and tangential section, ecaleni kweeleya zonyaka, ungabona kwakhona core ray (Fig. 2). Kwicandelo lomnqamlezo, banesimo semicu emincinci, kwicandelo le-tangential - imigca emnyama eneziphelo ezinqamlekileyo. Imitha engundoqo isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa amanzi kunye nomoya kwisiqu somthi ukuya kwicala elinqamlezayo, kunye nokugcina izondlo ezigciniweyo. Inani lemitha engundoqo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokhuni zahlukile kwaye zilingana malunga ne-3000 ukuya ku-1 cm2 kwipine, kunye 143000 kwi-spruce. Kwiintlobo ze-coniferous, core ray ihlala 3 — 10 %, nakwimithi evuthulukayo 9 - 36% yomthamo wobunzima bomthi.

Imitha engundoqo iqulathe iiseli, ezinamandla aphantsi oomatshini, ngenxa yoko zandisa ukucandeka komthi.

Amabala angundoqo kunye nokwahlulwa kweentlobo zemithi

Kwezinye iindidi zeenkuni, umz. amabala amhlophe okanye amdaka angabonwa kwi-cross-section ye-alder, birch, yew, chub, kunye ne-hornbeam. La mabala enziwa zizinambuzane okanye yiqabaka eyonakalisa i-cambium, kwaye abizwa ngokuba zii-core spots_. La mabala angundoqo anciphisa amandla omatshini womthi. Zonke iindidi zomthi zingohlulwa zibe ngamaqela amane:

  1. Iintlobo ezingcwele (i-oki, i-walnut, i-acacia emhlophe, ipayina, imisedare, i-larch, njl.);
  2. Iintlobo ezine-heartwood ekhulileyo (ibhitshi, i-linden, ispruce, ifir, i-fir eqhelekileyo yaseSiberia kunye neCaucasian, njl.);
  3. Iintlobo ezinondoqo kunye nentliziyo evuthiweyo (umthuthu ocacileyo, ielm, njl.);
  4. Iintlobo ezininzi (ibirch, iaspen, ialder emnyama namhlophe, ihornbeam, imaple, i-chestnut yasendle, imaple, njl.njl.).

Undoqo, iinkuni kunye neethayile

Kwiintlobo ze-softwood, indawo esembindini enombala omnyama ibizwa ngokuba yi core, kwaye indawo ekhaphukhaphu ibizwa ngokuba yi_stem_. Kwimeko yeentlobo zokhuni ezinentliziyo evuthiweyo, indawo ephakathi yecandelo ibonakaliswe ngumlinganiselo ophantsi womswakama kunenxalenye yeperipheral. Kumthi okhulayo, i-sapwood isebenza ekuqhubeni amanzi kwaye iqokelele izondlo. Kwezinye iintlobo zemithi, i-sapwood ephindwe kabini inokubonwa kwinqanaba elinqamlezayo. Oku asiyonto ngaphandle kwenqanaba lokuqala lokubola kweenkuni okubangelwa kukungunda okukhethekileyo okutshabalalisa iinkuni.

Amandla omatshini wesapwood awohlukanga kumbindi, kodwa ixhathisa ngokubuthathaka ekuboleni. Ngokukhula komthi, i-sapwood ihamba ngokuthe ngcembe kwi-heartwood. Kwinkqubo yolu tshintsho, kwiinqanawa zeentlobo ezinamagqabi, kunye ne-trachea ye-conifers, kuvela izihluthulelo ezikhethekileyo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-tiles, kwaye i-cavities kunye ne-envelopes yeeseli zizaliswe ngezixhobo zeselula kunye ne-extractive.

Iithayile zigcwalisa izakhi zentliziyo, ziyenze ukuba ingangeni kakuhle kulwelo. Ngoko ke, i-srcica isetyenziselwa ukwenza imigqomo, iitanki zokhuni, njl. Ngelo xesha, intliziyo equkethe iileyile inzima kakhulu ukuyifaka kwi-antiseptics. Oku kusebenza nakumthi we-beech, onombindi wobuxoki, owenziwe ngenxa yokuba umthi wosulelwe ngumngundo owutshabalalisa ngexesha lokukhula kwawo.

Ukuqhubeka nesihloko, bona amanqaku ange-ukufuma komthi kunye nokomiswa komthi wendalo. Ukuba uceba indawo entsha yokudibanisa, jonga iifestile zomthi zesiqhelo okanye ungenise isicelo sekowuti.