Kune mitoro yakakwirira uye spans, zvikamu zvedanda zvinowanikwa nekuverenga, izvo zvakaoma kuwana muhurefu hunodiwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, munhu anofanira kushandura kune zvivakwa zvakaoma. Zvivakwa zvinotsanangurwa pasi pe 1 uye 2 mabasa emaoko zvachose. Panguva imwecheteyo, kushandiswa kwemazuva ano ekubatanidza nzira kwakanyatsokodzera.
1. Beam yakabatana nematanda
Matanda maviri panguva, uye dzimwe nguva matanda matatu panguva yekugadzira mabhiriji, anoiswa pamusoro pemumwe uye ipapo akabatana nemadhoweri uye screws. Kusvika papi chikamu chemuchinjiko chakadaro chichaita kuti chikwanise kutakura mutoro wechikamu chinoenderana nechakazara chinoenderana nekushanda kwehuropi, chiyero chekunyorova kwezvinhu uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa. Izvi hazvingambovi zvakadaro zvakakwana. Zvinoenderana nechiyero cheDIN, nguva yekupikisa yematanda maviri ndeye W=0,85bh__2_/6_, uye pamatanda matatu inokwana W=0,7bh__2_/6._ Pamabhiriji, aya coefficients akaderedzwa kusvika0,8, kureva0,6. Paunenge uchiverenga kutsauka, funga kuti nguva ye inertia yematanda maviri ndeye I =0,6bh__3_/12_, uye pamatanda matatu I=0,3bh__3_/12._ Iyo screws, kana iri shrinkage yehuni, inofanira kusimbiswa kusvika pamwero wakakodzera.
Mufananidzo 1: Danda rakabatanidzwa nematanda, rinoshandiswa sechinhu chiduku mukuvaka mezzanine.
Kune rectangular carpenter’s mortises, iyo inogara ichigadzirwa nemuti weoki, iyo yakanyanya kudzika kudzika kwekucheka ndeye.1/8ku1/10kureba kwematanda ega ega; mafiibhi emedulla nemafibhi ematanda anofanira kufamba nenzira imwe chete.
Kuitira kudzivirira kukotama pasi, matanda ane huropi anopiwa kurembera kana museve wakananga pakati penguva pamberi pegungano rekupedzisira. Matanda akabatanidzwa kune mumwe nemumwe ane screws, uye grooving yezvigadziko inoitwa muchikamu chimwe chekushanda nemuchina wecheni grooving. Mumuonde. 1 inoratidza danda rine macheki anoshandiswa kune substructure mukuvaka mezzanine. Mapariro ane mabhureshi akagadzirwa kusvika 15 m renji.
Matanda ane huropi anofanirwa kushandiswa chete zvakasarudzika, sezvo marudzi ese, kuwedzera kune yakaderera-yekutakura mutoro, inoda basa rakawanda uye kushandiswa kukuru kwezvinhu. Izvo zvakakosha kuti deformations inokonzerwa nemutoro idiki sezvinobvira.
2. Hanger, inotsigira uye inotsigirwa hanger
Pakaitika kuti iyo yakajairwa muchinjikwa-chikamu chedanda haina kukwana, uye pane nzvimbo yakakwana mundege yayo parutivi rwezasi kana rwepamusoro (semuenzaniso pamacheya edenga, mabhiriji, scaffolding, nezvimwewo), pane mukana wekuisa hanger, kana. rutsigiro kana musanganiswa wehanger nerutsigiro. Tichitarisa huwandu hwenzvimbo dzinoturikwa kana kutsigira kunoitwa, kune nyore uye double hangers, kana nyore uye rutsigiro kaviri. Pakuverenga hanger iri nyore (fig. 2), zvinoonekwa kuti vertical she kana zvose zviri pamusoro_ hafu yespan uye inotamirwa kune mabearings nehafu yemutoro iyo, sezvakagoverwa zvakaenzana, inoshanda pane yakatwasuka tension. Mumuonde. 3 inoratidza kubatana pakati peyakamira uye kushushikana. Mumuonde. 4 inoratidza hanger yakapetwa kaviri inomiririra denga rinotsigira chimiro (hafu yekuruboshwe: denga rine matrusses, hafu yekurudyi: denga nemakoni).
Mifananidzo 2–5: Yakareruka uye yakapetwa kaviri hanger, kubatanidza verticals uye tension uye mapfundo epurlin, column uye crossbar.
Kamuti kakachinjika pakati pemativi maviri akachinjika inonzi muchinjikwa. Mumuonde. 5 inoratidza node panosangana muchinjiko, column uye crossbar; kana iri mitoro inorema, nodal sheet inoiswa. Pamusoro pechitsigiro, chimiro chekutsigira chinowanikwa pasi pedanda rinotsigirwa pane imwe nguva (fig. 6) kana mapeji maviri (fig. 7). Muchiitiko ichi, chikamu chehorizontal (kusundira) chinofanira kugamuchirwa nerutsigiro. Kuti uwedzere kushushikana, alternator iri pamufananidzo 7 yakabatana nayo ne nuts uye mabhoti. Mufananidzo 8 unoratidza inotsigirwa hanger, inomiririra musanganiswa uri pakati pehanger nerutsigiro. Kuti ukwanise kuita makucheka pasina kuenderera mberi, kushushikana kunofanirwa kunge kwakapetwa kaviri.
Mifananidzo 6–8: Tsigiro yepoindi imwe nembiri uye hanger inotsigirwa.
3. Yakazara mabhainda
Beam fasteners
Matanda akasimba, akafananidzwa neI-zvikamu zvezvivako zvesimbi, zvinoonekwa mumhando yemapuranga akabatanidzwa nematanda, akaiswa kana varnished nezvipikiri. Muganho wepamusoro wehuwandu ndeye 15 m. Panyaya yehurefu hwemaumbirwo, zvakafanana nekugadzirwa kwesimbi, inofanira kunge iri mu 1/8 kusvika 1/12 renji. Iyo yakapfava fomu yembabvu inomiririrwa ne vertically yakaiswa talpa, yakabatana nemabhaudhi uye screws ane mabhandi (fig. 9). Kuomesa verticals, iyo inogadzirwa nematanda ezvimedu uye yakaiswa pakati pemabhanhire, inofanira kudziviswa nokuda kwezvitsigiro izvi, nokuti zvinodzivirira kuderedzwa kwekukwirira apo huni hunoderera, uye hunogona kutungamirira kukubvaruka kwembabvu.
Mufananidzo 9: Yakareruka mbabvu chimiro chesimbi yakasimba tayi.
Mumuonde.10danda riri nyore rinoratidzwa14,04 m. Izvo zvikamu pamabvu zvakafukidzwa nezvidimbu zvakanamirwa zveplywood. Mbabvu dzakavharirwa nesimbi dzakaoma dzakagadzirwa nematanda akakweshwa kuti asaputika. Kumanikidzwa kunodiwa kana gluing zvinhu zvinopihwa nescrews izvo zvichiri kusara muchimiro mushure mekunge glue raomarara kuitira kuchengetedza. Mbabvu yacho ine zvidimbu zviviri zvemapuranga, gobvu24-40 mm, izvo zvinoyambuka uye zvinorovererwa kune mumwe nemumwe. Kuita kubatanidza nezvinhu zvakawanda, madhoweri uye screws, kana zvipikiri, zvinoshandiswa. Kana mabhandi akaumbwa nemapuranga akati wandei, kutama kwawo akananga kumbabvu kunowedzera kana mapuranga ari kure nembabvu. Bhandi rakamanikidzwa rinofanira kuedzwa kuti riite buckling. Mumuonde.11muenzaniso maererano nemitemo yeRussia inoratidzwa.
Mufananidzo10: Nyore span danda14,04 m.
*Mufananidzo11: Muenzaniso webhainda rinoenderana nemaitiro ekuRussia.
Kuomarara kushoma kunoratidzwa ne hollow inotsigira (fig.12) Bhandi repamusoro uye rezasi rimwe nerimwe rinogadzira danda rimwe rakakweshwa, iro rinogona kupihwa zviri nyore overhang inodiwa. Zvinobatsira kuisa chinhu chakatemerwa chakatsikirirwa padyo nemubhedha, icho chinotsamira pazasi uye bhandi repamusoro rine notch; inowedzera kuoma kwedanda, kunyange zvazvo isiri yakawanda.
Mufananidzo12: Hollow rutsigiro.
Arch binders
Mumuonde.13inoratidzwa ibhinda reimba yekuchengetera munyu muNetherlands. Huwandu huwandu54 m, chinhambwe chebhainda5,4 m. Iyo prestress inowanikwa nekupeta mapuranga anonamirwa haana mhedzisiro inooneka pane inotakura-inotakura simba rechimiro. Kuderedzwa kwechinguva cheinertia uye nguva yekupokana kwezvikamu zvakanamirwa hazvidiwi.
*Mufananidzo13: Arch binder yekuchengetera munyu kuNetherlands.
Mumuonde.14chiedza chetatu-jointed frame support yakagadzirwa negluing inoratidzwa. Mbabvu dzakagadzirwa nezvidimbu zvehupamhi18 cmku20 cm, ukobvu5 cm, iyo, mushure mekuoma, inonamirwa kune imwe neimwe uye kune bhanhire rezasi nepamusoro nekaurit glue ine yellow cold harding additive.
*Mufananidzo14: Chiedza chetatu-yakabatanidzwa furemu rutsigiro yakagadzirwa negluing.
Riveted arch fasteners, ane mbabvu ine maviri akachinjika mapuranga pamakona ekurudyi, uko akati wandei akamira mapuranga akaiswa zvinoenderana nechimiro chearch anoroverwa semabhandi, ane hupfumi zvakanyanya. Pane mukana wekushandisa matanda asina kusimba uye mapfupi kunyangwe akakurisa.
4. Lattice fasteners
Mavakirwo emazuva ano ematanda ematanda anonyanya kufananidzwa nezvivakwa zvesimbi maererano nechimiro uye masisitimu, kunyangwe zvisiri nguva dzose zvine musoro pazvivakwa zvemapuranga. Zvivako zvemapuranga zvakagadzirirwa kuitira kuti simba shoma sezvinobvira riitike mumativi ekubatanidza. Secondary stress haina kukosha kwaainako muzvimiro zvesimbi. Tsvimbo dzinotongwa nezvitsuwa zvidiki kazhinji hazvidi kubatanidzwa nechepakati, kunyanya kana kurerutsa kunovaka kuchiitwa. Zvivakwa zvelatisi zvine hupfumi kupfuura zvitsigiro zvakazara, kana paine hurefu hwakakwana hwechimiro. Ivo, zvisinei, vanoisa muvezi nezvinhu pamberi pebasa rakaoma zvikuru.
Lower bhendi yezvitsigiro zvinonyanya kuchinjika, i.e. panguva yekugadzira, inowana imwe overhang, inoyerwa nenzira yekuti haikotamire pasi pasi pemutoro wakazara. Kukosha kwepamusoro kunoenderana nekunze nzira, humidity yechivako uye static urefu hwezvisungo. Zviri nani kupa yakakura zvishoma kudarika kudarika zvishoma. bhandi repamusoro rinonyanya kupetana nedenga remba.
Panyaya yediki diki diki (pazasi 6%) pane njodzi yekuti, nediki diki rechimiro uye inobereka node, kudonha kwakapesana kuchagadzirwa pedyo nekubereka nemhedzisiro yayo yakaipa. Kutenuka kwetsvimbo yebhandi repamusoro pamubhedha haifanire kunge iri pasi pe 1:3.
Parallel brackets
Iyo yakakurumbira Howe’s ichiri kushandiswa nhasi (Fig.15) Iwo ma diagonals anoiswa kuitira kuti agamuchire kudzvanywa pakuremerwa kwakazara, nepo ma verticals ari tensioned. Verticals matanda esimbi echikamu chedenderedzwa ane nzungu kumativi ese (fig.15, rudyi). Kana iyo bracket ichikotama pasi nekuda kwekuderera kwehuni kana kuvakwa kwakashata, makungu anogona kusimbiswa mushure. Kune zvidiki zvidiki kana nemutoro wakaderera, verticals inogona zvakare kugadzirwa nenzira yepire (fig.15, ruboshwe). Kureba kwekuvaka kunokurudzirwa, kufanana nematsigiro akazara, kuva1/8ku1/12range; yezvipanu zvakakura uye mitoro inorema, kusvika1/6.
Mufananidzo15: Howe’s parallel beam.
One-way padenga fasteners
Mumuonde.16uye17single-waya tie masisitimu ediki uye epakati spans uye kune akareruka mitoro inounzwa.
*Mifananidzo16-20: Single-waya uye katatu padenga tie masisitimu.
Mufananidzo21: Details of lattice binder.
Triangular binders
Triangular fasteners (fig.18ku22) kune zvidiki uye zvepakati spans zvinomiririra zvakanyanya hupfumi uye zvakapararira fasteners yezvivakwa zvemapuranga. Masimba makuru emabhandi haaitike pakati penguva, asi pazvitsigiro. Sezvo matanda akazadzwa, kunyangwe aine asymmetric mutoro, kukakavara chete kunoitika, i.e. kudzvanywa, pasina kuchinjika mavheti, inorerutsa zvakanyanya kugadzirwa kwemapfundo, kunyanya mukuvaka kwemapuranga. Mumuonde.22binder yehoro yetaundi muHolzminden inoratidzwa. Panyaya yezvipamhi zvakakura, zvisungo zvetatu zvine maeves akasimudzwa anogadzirwa (fig.23)
*Mifananidzo22uye23: Binder retrianngular reimba yedhorobha uye bhainda rine nzeve dzakasimudzwa.
Mansard fasteners
Mansard fasteners (fig.24ku26) yezvikamu zve15 mku35 mvakabvumikisa kuva vane mari zvikuru. Izvo zvinokurudzirwa kune hurongwa hurefu1/8ku1/6range. Nokuda kwekuvhara, zvinotevera zvinotaridzirwa: mashizha emarara easbestos fibers, pamwe chete nemapuranga edenga. Kune kutsetseka kwechikamu chakarerekera zvishoma chedenga, iyo shoma inofanira kutorwa pano zvakare6%. Mumuonde.26iyo system mutsara wezvisungo zveM ** ünc** hen-Ost zvirimwa zvebasa zvinoratidzwa, pamwe nemamwe akati wandei akakosha node - iyo Kübler system. Huwandu huwandu26,5 m, uye chinhambwe chebhainda7 m.
Mifananidzo24uye25: Mansard binders.
*Mufananidzo26: System line nemanodhi emansard tie yeMünchen-Ost chirimwa.
Parabolic uye arc fasteners
Kune matenga ane huremu hukuru uye mutsetse muduku, kureva nzvimbo duku dzinosangana nemhepo dzine inenge yakaenzana yakagoverwa mutoro wechando, zvine musoro kugadzirisa chimiro chezvisungo kumutsara wekutsigira. Iyo infill tsvimbo yeparabolic zvisungo haagamuchire chero masimba kana mutoro uchigoverwa zvakaenzana. Basa ravo nderekugamuchira kusaenzana kwakangoerekana kwaitika mumutoro uye kudzivirira bhanhire repamusoro kuti risaputike mundege yemafasteners. Filler tsvimbo dzinofanirwa kusungwa kuitira kuti dzitore kushushikana uye kudzvanywa. Mupendero wepamusoro wakaumbwa kuita arch nesawing (fig. 27). Mumuonde. 28 inoratidza tambo yesystem uye matatu mabhainda node.
Mufananidzo 27: Parabolic fastener ine arched kumusoro kumucheto.
Mufananidzo 28: Mutsetse weSitimu uye mabhainda nodhi.
Kana, munyaya yezvipanha zvakakura kwazvo, chete denga rekuvhara tsigiro rinoshandiswa serutsigiro rwelatisi (Fig.29) ipapo bhanhire rezasi remufananidzo, iro rinogamuchira kumanikidzwa, rinofanira kuzorora pane corneas ne studs. Nekuda kwekuchinjika kutsetseka kwekuvhara denga, isina-terrated kadhibhodhi inouya mukufunga. Pane mukana wekugadzira kunyange mutsetse wedenga, ingave ine matanda akasimudzwa anogara pamusoro peeves uye ridge, kana neave wall, i.e. nekuisa gable denga rine mutsetse wakapfava sezvinobvira.
Maviri-akabatanidzwa uye matatu-akabatanidzwa mabhandi
Mafuremu maviri-akabatanidzwa anoratidzwa mufig.30uye31. Kugadzira mapfundo akaomarara pamakona kunogadzira mamwe matambudziko, ayo anogona kukundwa zviri nyore nekushandisa mapfunde emapfundo akanamirwa neresin yekugadzira. Alternating voltages anoitika mumafiller rods, zvichiita kuti mapfundo asaite nyore kugadzira. Mumuonde.32iyo-yakabatanidzwa grid frame yeimwe chikepe pekugara inoratidzwa (chinhambwe chiri pakati pezvisungo chiri5,6 m) Mumuonde.33bhainda rine majoini matatu rinounzwa. Majoini chaiwo anonyanya kubva kunze kwemubvunzo; kumwe kufamba chete kunokwana. Matatu-akajoined fasteners anonyanya kushandiswa kune makuru uye makuru spans, nekuti iwo ane hupfumi kune ichi chinangwa uye anogona kugadziriswa nehunyanzvi.
*Mifananidzo29uye30: Rutsigiro rwelatisi rwekuvhara denga uye maviri-akabatanidzwa furemu.
*Mifananidzo31uye33: Maviri-akabatanidzwa furemu uye matatu-akabatanidzwa binder.
*Mufananidzo 32: Akabatanidzwa maviri-akabatanidzwa lattice furemu yepekugara chikepe.
Multi-nave halls
Mumuonde. 34, 35 uye 36 inoratidzwa semhando dzinoshanda dzemahoro akawanda. Mumuonde. 36 inoratidzwa semusungiri wehoro yemhemberero yesangano rekuimba muVienna. Pakuvakwa kwekubatanidza, mhete dzemhete dzakashandiswa.
Mifananidzo 34 uye 35: Mhando dzinoshanda dzemaholo ane maNave akawanda.
Mufananidzo 36: Binder yehoro yemhemberero yesangano revaimbi muVienna.
5. Shongwe, scaffolding uye matarenda
Huni sechinhu chekuvaka chinouya mukutariswa kwekuvakwa kweshongwe dzekutarisa uye maonero, shongwe dzechechi, pamwe neshongwe dzezvidyarwa zveindasitiri. Kugadzikana kwezvivakwa zvechigarire kunowanikwa zvakanyanya nekudzvanya mbiru munheyo. Zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa zvenguva pfupi zvinowanzovharirwa nekusungwa netambo dzesimbi dzakatambanudzwa kumativi matatu. Nheyo yacho kazhinji ine sikweya kana rectangular. Triangular nheyo dzinogona kupedzisira dziine hupfumi. Kunyanya kuchenjerera kunofanira kutorwa kuve nechokwadi kuti hapana mvura kana tsvina inounganidza munzvimbo dzeshongwe dzisina kuvhara uye kuti mweya unogona kutenderera kumativi ose. Kune zvinhu zvechigarire, huni chete hwakaiswa hunofanira kushandiswa. Impregnation inozadzisa chinangwa chayo chete kana ichiitwa mushure mekucheka zvinhu, asi pamberi pegungano. Inokurudzirwa kushandisa matanda akapoteredza mbiru, pasinei nokuti kugadzira zvibatanidza kunonyanya kuoma.
Mufananidzo 37: Mutungamiriri wemapuranga muLeipzig.
Pamusoro pezvo, matanda anoshandiswa pakuvaka scaffolding uye tribunes. Mumuonde. 37 inoratidza imwe sekuru muLeipzig. Nezvekunze nzira, toothed ring alligator brain dzakashandiswa. Kana masitendi achizoshanda kwenguva pfupi chete, haana kumbovharwa. Zvisinei, kuchenjerera kunofanira kutorwa kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti dhizaini inoitwa nekunyatsotarisirwa uye kuti, kutanga kwezvose, inodiwa longitudinal uye transverse stiffeners inoiswa. Kuti zvinhu zvishandiswe zvakare mushure mekuputswa, mafundo anofanirwa kugadzirwa kuitira kuti kukuvadzwa kuve kudiki sezvinobvira.
6. Mabhiriji
Kuvakwa kwemabhiriji, huni, kuwedzera padombo, yakambotamba basa rakakosha. Nezve kusimba kwechinhu, hukama hwakachinja zvakanyanya. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera mukumanikidzwa kweaxle uye mitoro ine simba, iyi ndima yekuvaka inenge yarasika zvachose kune zvivakwa zvemapuranga. Mabhiriji emapuranga haashandiswe nhasi, asi chinyorwa chinotevera chichatsanangura magadzirirwo aakaitwa nekushandiswa kare.
Pamabhiriji, matanda chete emhando yechipiri kana ini anogona kushandiswa; paunenge uchiisa, huni hunofanira kunge huri semi-yakaoma, uye inofanira kuiswa nenzira iyo inogona kuoma mberi. Nechinangwa ichi, kupfekedza uye machira ekudzivirira, ayo mune ino kesi anofanira kuiswa mushure mekugadzirwa uye asati aiswa, haana kukwana ega.
Kusungirirwa kwezvipikiri kunotenderwa mabhiriji kana mwando uchigona kudzivirirwa kupinda pakati pezvinhu zvemapuranga zvakabatanidzwa nezvipikiri kana nenzira iyi zvipikiri zvichigona kudzivirirwa kubva mukukundikana nekuda kwekuita ngura. Glued connections inobvumirwa chete kana artificial resin glue ikashandiswa, iyo inonyatsopikisa kunyorova.
Mufananidzo 38: Muchinjikwa-chikamu chebhodhi rakarongwa nebhiriji renguva pfupi pamusoro peWeser muHöxter.
Kumabhiriji enguva pfupi, masisitimu akabatanidzwa ainyanya kushandiswa, kune matsigiro makuru ayo masimbi I-profile aishandiswa, nepo zvimwe zvikamu zvemuchina wepamusoro nepasi waisanganisira huni. Mumuonde. 38 inoratidza muchinjiko-chikamu chekumisikidzwa kwebhiriji renguva pfupi pamusoro peWeser muHöxter. Mabhiriji anogona kunge asina longitudinal girders, uye dzimwe nguva asina transverse girders, zvinoenderana nerudzi rwebhiriji uye chinangwa chayo. Muchiitiko chakadaro, mugwagwa unogara zvakananga pamatsigiro makuru. Mazhinji emabhiriji aya akagadzirirwa vanhu vanofamba netsoka. Mumuonde. 39 zambuko rinodzivirira riri pasi pemotokari yetambo rinoratidzwa.
Mufananidzo39: Zambuko rekudzivirira pasi pemotokari yewaya.
Misoro inoenderana
Ruzivo Hunoenderana: Kuveza nekuomesa basa · Kubva pachikumbiro cheprojekiti kuenda kuchakagadzirwa. · Mahwindo emapuranga akagadzirwa zvinoenderana nebasa rako. · Mahwindo ehuni-aruminiyamu akagadzirwa.