Don manyan nau’o’i da tsayi, ana samun sassan katako ta hanyar lissafi, waɗanda ke da wuya a samu a cikin tsayin da ake bukata. A irin waɗannan lokuta, dole ne mutum ya canza zuwa gine-gine masu rikitarwa. Gine-ginen da aka kwatanta a ƙarƙashin 1 da 2 gabaɗayan sana’ar hannu ne. A lokaci guda, amfani da hanyoyin haɗin zamani ya dace sosai.
1. Beam da aka haɗa ta katako
Biyu a lokaci guda, wani lokacin kuma katako uku a lokaci guda lokacin yin gadoji, ana sanya su a saman juna sannan a haɗa juna tare da dowels da screws. Har zuwa wane irin nau’in nau’in giciye zai iya cimma nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyin da ya dace daidai da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa, yanayin zafi na kayan aiki da ingancin aikin. Wannan ba zai taba zama al’amarin gaba daya. Bisa ga ma’aunin DIN, lokacin juriya na katako guda biyu shine W=0,85bh__2_/6_, kuma ga katako guda uku ya kai W=0,7bh__2_/6._ Ga gadoji, an rage waɗannan ƙididdiga zuwa0,8, wato0,6. Lokacin ƙididdige jujjuyawa, ɗauka cewa lokacin inertia don katako guda biyu shine I =0,6bh__3_/12_, kuma na katako guda uku I=0,3bh__3_/12._ Sukurori, idan akwai raguwar itacen, yakamata a matsa su gwargwadon yadda ya dace.
Hoto 1: Wani katako da aka haɗa ta takalmin gyaran kafa, ana amfani da shi azaman tsarin ƙasa a ginin mezzanine.
Don mortises na kafinta na rectangular, wanda a koyaushe ana yin su da itacen oak, zurfin yanke mafi dacewa shine.1/8ku1/10tsawo na kowane katako; zaruruwan medulla da zaruruwan katako dole ne su gudana a hanya guda.
Don hana lankwasawa ƙasa, ana ba da katako mai gabobin sama ko kibiya zuwa tsakiyar tazarar kafin taron ƙarshe. An haɗa katako da juna tare da sukurori, kuma ana yin shinge na kwasfa a cikin wani lokaci na aiki tare da na’ura mai sarkar sarkar. A cikin fig.1an nuna katako tare da takalmin gyaran kafa da aka yi amfani da su don ginin ginin mezzanine. An yi katako mai kwakwalwa har zuwa15 miyaka.
Ya kamata a yi amfani da katako tare da kwakwalwa kawai na musamman, tun da kowane nau’i, ban da ƙananan ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi, yana buƙatar aiki mai yawa da babban amfani da kayan aiki. Yana da mahimmanci cewa nakasar da nauyin ya haifar ya zama ƙanana kamar yadda zai yiwu.
2. Hanger, tallafi da goyan bayan rataye
A yanayin da al’ada giciye-sashe na katako bai isa ba, kuma akwai isasshen sarari a cikin jirgin sama a kan ƙasa ko babba gefen (misali a kan rufin trusses, gadoji, scaffolding, da dai sauransu), akwai yiwuwar sanya hanger, ko support ko _haɗin rataye da tallafi. simple da biyu ana goyan bayan. Lokacin ƙididdige madaidaicin rataye (Fig.2), an yi la’akari da cewa rabin nauyin nauyin, wanda aka rarraba a ko’ina, yana aiki akan tashin hankali na kwance. A cikin fig.3ana nuna haɗin tsakanin tsaye da tashin hankali. A cikin fig.4an nuna rataye biyu wanda ke wakiltar tsarin rufin tallafi (rabin hagu: rufin da gables, rabin dama: rufin tare da cornices).
Hotuna 2–5: Sauƙaƙe kuma mai ratayewa biyu, haɗin kai tsaye da tashin hankali da kullin purlin, shafi da mashaya.
Ana kiran sandar kwance a tsakanin tsaye biyu crocifix. A cikin fig. 5 yana nuna kumburi inda mashigin giciye, ginshiƙi da mashaya giciye suka hadu; idan akwai nauyi mai nauyi, ana sanya takardar nodal. A kan goyon baya, tsarin tallafi yana ƙarƙashin katako wanda aka goyan bayan lokaci ɗaya (fig. 6) ko maki biyu (fig. 7). A wannan yanayin, ɓangaren kwance (tutsi) dole ne a karɓa ta hanyar tallafi. Don ƙara tashin hankali, alternator a cikin hoton 7 an haɗa shi da goro da kusoshi. Hoton 8 yana nuna mai goyan bayan hanger, wanda ke wakiltar haɗe tsakanin mai rataye da tallafi. Domin samun damar yin yankewa ba tare da ci gaba ba, dole ne tashin hankali ya kasance sau biyu.
Hotuna 6–8: Goyan bayan maki ɗaya da biyu da goyan bayan rataye.*
3. Cikakken masu ɗaure
Ƙwaƙwalwar katako
Ƙaƙƙarfan katako, wanda aka tsara bayan sassan I-sections na karfe, suna bayyana a cikin nau’i na katako da aka haɗa tare da sanduna, manne ko varnished tare da ƙusoshi. Babban iyaka na kewayon shine 15 m. Dangane da tsayin tsari, kwatankwacin ginin ƙarfe, yakamata ya kasance cikin kewayon 1/8 zuwa 1/12. Mafi sauƙaƙan nau’in haƙarƙari yana wakilta ta hanyar talpa da aka sanya a tsaye, an haɗa shi da kusoshi da sukurori tare da bel (fig. 9). Ya kamata a guje wa ƙwanƙwasa tsaye, waɗanda aka yi da itacen ɓarke da kuma sanya su a tsakanin bel, don waɗannan abubuwan tallafi, saboda suna hana raguwar tsayi lokacin da itacen ke raguwa, kuma yana iya haifar da tsagewar haƙarƙari.
Hoto 9: Siffar haƙarƙari mafi sauƙi na taurin katako mai ƙarfi.
A cikin fig.10Ana nuna katako mai sauƙi14,04 m. Abubuwan da ke kan hakarkarin an rufe su da guntun plywood manne. An tsare haƙarƙarin tare da ƙwanƙwasa da aka yi da katako da aka goge a kan kumbura. Matsalolin da ake buƙata lokacin gluing abubuwan ana ba da su ta screws waɗanda har yanzu suna cikin tsarin bayan manne ya taurare don aminci. Haƙarƙarin ya ƙunshi alluna guda biyu, mai kauri24-40 mm, wanda ke ƙetare kuma ana ƙusa da juna. Don yin haɗi tare da yawancin abubuwa, ana amfani da dowels da screws, ko ƙusoshi. Idan bel ɗin ya ƙunshi alluna da yawa, ƙaura zuwa haƙarƙarin yana ƙaruwa idan allunan sun yi nisa da hakarkarin. Dole ne a gwada bel ɗin da aka matsa don ɗaurewa. A cikin fig.11ana nuna misali ɗaya bisa ga ka’idodin Rasha.
Hoto10: Sauƙaƙe katako mai tsayi14,04 m.
Hoto11: Misalin binder binder bisa ga ka’idodin Rasha.
Ana nuna ƙarancin taurin kai ta hollow supports (fig.12). Belin na sama da na ƙasa kowanne yana samar da katako mai gogewa guda ɗaya, wanda za’a iya ba da shi cikin sauƙi. Yana da amfani don shigar da wani nau’i mai ma’ana a kusa da gado, wanda ya dogara da ƙananan bel da babba tare da daraja; yana ƙara tsauri na katako, ko da yake ba yawa ba.
Hoto12: Taimako mara kyau.
Arch binders
A cikin fig.13wanda aka nuna shine ɗaure don ajiyar ajiyar gishiri a cikin Netherlands. Yawan kewayon54 m, Nisa na ɗaure5,4 m. Prestress da aka samu ta hanyar lanƙwasa allunan da aka manne ba su da wani tasiri mai tasiri akan ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyin tsarin. Rage lokacin inertia da lokacin juriya don sassan manne ba lallai ba ne.
Hoto13: Arch binder don rumbun ajiyar gishiri a cikin Netherlands.
A cikin fig.14ana nuna goyan bayan firam mai haɗe-haɗe uku mai haske da aka yi ta manne. Haƙarƙari an yi su ne da filaye na faɗin18 cmku20 cm, kauri5 cm, wanda, bayan bushewa, ana manne da juna kuma zuwa bel na kasa da na sama tare da manne kaurit tare da ƙarar rawaya mai taurin sanyi.
*Hoto14: Haske mai goyan bayan firam ɗin haɗin gwiwa uku wanda aka yi ta hanyar gluing.
Riveted braces, wanda haƙarƙarinsa ya ƙunshi yadudduka biyu na allunan da aka ketare a kusurwoyi madaidaici, waɗanda aka ƙulla ƙusoshi da yawa a tsaye bisa siffar baka a matsayin bel, suna da tattalin arziki sosai. Akwai yuwuwar yin amfani da katako mai rauni da gajere har ma da mafi girman tazara.
4. Lattice fasteners
Tsarin katako na katako na zamani galibi ana kwatanta su da sifofin ƙarfe dangane da sifofi da tsarin, kodayake ba koyaushe ba ne masu ma’ana don tsarin katako. An tsara gine-ginen katako ta yadda ƙananan ƙarfin da zai yiwu ya faru a cikin haɗin kai. Matsalolin na biyu ba su da mahimmancin da suke da shi a cikin tsarin ƙarfe. Sanduna waɗanda ƙananan tsibiran ke mamaye galibi ba sa buƙatar haɗa su a tsakiya, musamman idan an sami sauƙaƙa masu ma’ana. Gine-ginen lattice sun fi tattalin arziki fiye da cikakken tallafi, idan akwai isasshen tsayin tsari. Sun, duk da haka, sun sanya kafinta da kayan a gaban ayyuka masu wuyar gaske.
Lower bel na na’urorin katako yawanci a kwance yake, watau lokacin tela, sai ya samu wani abin da ya wuce gona da iri, wanda ake auna shi ta yadda ba zai lankwasa kasa ba a cike da kaya. Darajar overhang ya dogara ne akan hanyoyin waje, zafi na ginin da tsayin tsayi na fasteners. Zai fi kyau a ba da ɗan ƙaramin girma fiye da kaɗan. Upper Belt yana gudana yawanci daidai da rufin rufin.
A cikin yanayin ɗan ƙaramin gangara (a ƙasa 6%), akwai haɗarin cewa, tare da ɗan ƙaramin tsayin tsari da nodes, za a haifar da faɗuwar gaba ɗaya a kusa da gadon, tare da mummunan sakamakonsa. Gangaren sandar bel ɗin sama da ke kan gadon bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da 1:3.
Daidaitacce goyon baya
Ana amfani da shahararren Howe’s a yau (Fig.15). Ana sanya diagonals ta yadda za su sami matsa lamba a cikakken kaya, yayin da na tsaye suna da ƙarfi. A tsaye sandunan karfe ne na sashin madauwari tare da kwayoyi a bangarorin biyu (fig.15, dama). Idan sashin ya lanƙwasa ƙasa saboda raguwar itacen ko ginin da ba daidai ba, ana iya ƙara ƙwaya bayan haka. Don ƙarami tazara ko tare da ƙasan kaya, ana iya yin madaidaitan tsaye a cikin nau’i na pliers (fig.15, hagu). Ana ba da shawarar tsayin gini, kama da cikakken tallafi, don zama1/8ku1/12zango; don manyan tazara da kaya masu nauyi, har zuwa1/6.
Hoto15: Howe’s parallel biam.
Masu rufin rufin hanya ɗaya
A cikin fig.16kuma17Ana nuna tsarin ƙulla wayoyi guda ɗaya don ƙanana da matsakaicin matsakaici da kuma nauyin nauyi.
Hotuna16-20: Waya guda ɗaya da tsarin ɗaure rufin rufin triangular.
Hoto21: Cikakkun bayanan lattice daure.
Masu ɗaure uku-uku
Masu ɗaure uku-uku (fig.18ku22) don ƙarami da matsakaicin matsakaici suna wakiltar mafi yawan tattalin arziki da yaduwa na ginin katako. Ƙungiyoyin bel mafi girma ba su faruwa a tsakiyar tsaka-tsakin, amma a cikin goyon baya. Tun da an cika sandunan, har ma da nauyin asymmetric, kawai tashin hankali yana faruwa, watau matsa lamba, ba tare da sauye-sauyen wutar lantarki ba, yana sauƙaƙe samar da kullun, musamman a cikin gine-ginen katako. A cikin fig.22an nuna ɗaure don zauren gari a Holzminden. A cikin yanayi mafi girma, ana yin maɗauran ɗamarar ɗamara tare da ɗagaɗaɗɗen belin (fig.23).
Hotuna22kuma23: Mai ɗaure uku-uku don zauren gari da ɗaure tare da ɗauren bene.
Mansard fasteners
Mansard fasteners (fig.24ku26) don jeri na15 mku35 msun tabbatar da cewa suna da tattalin arziki sosai. Ana ba da shawarar su don tsayin tsarin1/8ku1/6iyaka. Don sutura, ana la’akari da waɗannan abubuwa: zanen gado na asbestos fibers, da kuma takardun rufi. Don gangaren ɓangaren rufin da aka ɗan karkata, ya kamata a karɓi mafi ƙarancin anan kuma6%. A cikin fig.26An nuna layin tsarin binders don M *** ünc *** hen-Ost shuke-shuken aikin, tare da wasu mahimman nodes - tsarin Kübler. Yawan kewayon26,5 m, da kuma nisan dauri7 m.
Hotuna24kuma25: Mansard binders.
Hoto26: Layin tsarin da nodes na mansard kunnen doki na München-Ost shuka.
Parabolic da arc fasteners
Don rufin da ke da babban mataccen nauyi da ƙananan gangara, watau ƙananan wuraren da aka fallasa su da iska tare da nauyin dusar ƙanƙara kamar yadda aka rarraba, yana da ma’ana don daidaita siffar masu ɗaure zuwa layin tallafi. Sandunan shigar da haɗin kai na parabolic basa samun wani ƙarfi lokacin da aka rarraba kaya daidai gwargwado. Ayyukan su shine karɓar rashin daidaituwa a cikin kaya da kuma hana bel na sama daga ƙugiya a cikin jirgin na fasteners. Dole ne a ɗaure sandunan filler don su iya ɗaukar tashin hankali da matsa lamba. Ana siffata gefen sama zuwa baka ta hanyar sarewa (fig.27). A cikin fig.28Ana nuna layin tsarin da nau’ikan nau’ikan ƙulle guda uku.
Hoto27: Maɗaukakiyar ɗaki mai ɗaci tare da gefen sama.
Hoto28: Layin tsarin da halayen ɗaurin ɗaure.
Idan, a cikin yanayin manyan nisa, kawai tallafin rufin rufin ne ake amfani da shi azaman tallafin lattice (Fig.29) to, ƙananan bel na adadi, wanda ke karɓar matsa lamba, dole ne ya tsaya a kan corneas tare da studs. Saboda madaidaicin gangara don rufe rufin, kwali da aka ƙera yana zuwa la’akari. Akwai yuwuwar ƙirƙirar ko da gangaren rufin, ko dai tare da ƙwanƙwasa da aka ɗagawa waɗanda ke hutawa sama da eaves da ƙwanƙwasa, ko tare da bangon eave, watau ta hanyar shigar da rufin gable tare da gangara mai laushi kamar yadda zai yiwu.
Haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe da ɗaure uku
An gabatar da firam ɗin haɗin gwiwa biyu a cikin fig.30kuma31. Yin ƙulli mai tsauri a sasanninta yana haifar da wasu matsaloli, waɗanda za’a iya shawo kan su cikin sauƙi ta amfani da faranti mai manne da resin wucin gadi. Maɓallin ƙarfin lantarki yana faruwa a cikin sandunan filler, yana sa kullin ba su dace ba don ginawa. A cikin fig.32an nuna firam mai haɗin gwiwa biyu don matsugunin jirgin ruwa ɗaya (nisa tsakanin haɗin gwiwa shine5,6 m). A cikin fig.33an gabatar da ɗaure mai haɗe-haɗe uku. Haƙiƙanin haɗin gwiwa galibi ba a cikin tambaya; kawai wasu motsi ya isa. Ana amfani da maɗauran haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-hade-3
*Hotuna29kuma30: Goyan bayan lattice don rufin rufin da firam mai haɗin gwiwa biyu.
Hotuna31kuma33: Firam mai haɗe-haɗe da ɗaure mai haɗaka uku.
- Hoton 32: Firam ɗin lattice mai haɗe-haɗe don matsugunin jirgin ruwa.
Multi-nave zauren
A cikin fig. Ana nuna 34, 35 da 36 ana nuna su azaman nau’ikan zauruka masu yawa. A cikin fig. An gabatar da 36 a matsayin mai ɗaure zauren taron mawaƙa a Vienna. Don gina haɗin gwiwar, an yi amfani da sandunan zobe.
- Hotuna 34 da 35: Nau’ikan dakunan dakunan da ke da yawa.*
Hoton 36: Mai daure zauren taron mawaka a Vienna.*
5. Towers, scaffolding da tribunes
Itace a matsayin kayan gini tana zuwa la’akari da ginin hasumiya don kallo da hangen nesa, hasumiya na coci, da kuma hasumiya na masana’antu. Ana samun kwanciyar hankali na gine-gine na dindindin ta hanyar matsa ginshiƙai a cikin tushe. Abubuwan da aka yi niyya don dalilai na wucin gadi galibi ana kiyaye su ta hanyar ɗaure da igiyoyi na ƙarfe waɗanda aka shimfiɗa aƙalla wurare uku. Tushen yawanci murabba’i ne ko kuma rectangular. Tushen triangular na iya zama na tattalin arziki a ƙarshe. Ya kamata a kula sosai don tabbatar da cewa babu ruwa ko datti da ke taruwa a cikin kuɗaɗen hasumiya waɗanda ba su da sutura kuma iska za ta iya zagayawa a kowane bangare. Don abubuwa na dindindin, kawai itace mai ciki ya kamata a yi amfani da shi. Impregnation cikakke yana cimma burinsa kawai idan an aiwatar da shi bayan yanke kayan, amma kafin hawa. Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da katako na zagaye don ginshiƙai, duk da cewa yin haɗin gwiwa ya fi wuya.
Hoton 37: Jirgin katako a Leipzig.*
Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da katako da amfani don gina katako da bleachers. A cikin fig. 37 an nuna kaka ɗaya a Leipzig. Don hanyoyin waje, an yi amfani da kwakwalwar zobe mai haƙori. Idan tayoyin za su yi aiki ne kawai don dalilai na ɗan lokaci, ba za a taɓa rufe su ba. Koyaya, dole ne a kula don tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da ƙirar tare da matuƙar kulawa kuma, da farko, an sanya masu tsauri masu tsayi da tsayi masu mahimmanci. Domin samun damar sake amfani da kayan bayan an rushe, ya kamata a gina nodes ta yadda lalacewar ta kasance kadan.
6. Bridges
Don gina gadoji, itace, ban da dutse, a baya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa. Game da dorewar abu, dangantaka ta canza sosai. Saboda yawan karuwar matsi na axle da kayan aiki masu ƙarfi, wannan filin ginin ya kusan ɓacewa gaba ɗaya don tsarin katako. Ba a amfani da gadoji na katako a yau, amma yadda aka yi su da kuma amfani da su a baya za a bayyana a kasa.
Za a iya amfani da katako mai inganci na aji II ko I don gadoji; a lokacin da ake sakawa, itacen dole ne ya zama aƙalla bushe-bushe, kuma ya kamata a sanya shi ta yadda zai iya bushewa. Don wannan dalili, impregnation da kayan kariya masu kariya, wanda a cikin wani akwati dole ne a yi amfani da shi bayan aiki da kuma kafin hawa, ba su isa da kansu ba.
An ba da izinin haɗin ƙusa don gadoji idan za a iya hana danshi shiga tsakanin abubuwan katako da aka haɗa da ƙusoshi idan ta haka za a iya kare kusoshi daga lalacewa saboda tsatsa. Ana ba da izinin haɗin haɗi kawai idan an yi amfani da manne da aka yi da resins na wucin gadi, wanda ke da tsayayya ga danshi gaba ɗaya.
Hoto38: Ketare-ɓangare na shimfidar gada na wucin gadi akan Weser a Höxter.
Don gadoji na wucin gadi, an yi amfani da tsarin haɗin gwiwar da aka haɗa da su, don manyan abubuwan tallafi waɗanda aka yi amfani da ƙarfe na I-profiles, yayin da sauran sassa na injuna na sama da na ƙasa sun ƙunshi itace. A cikin fig.38An nuna wani ɓangaren ɓangaren katako na gada na wucin gadi akan Weser a Höxter. Bridges na iya zama ba tare da ginshiƙai na tsaye ba, kuma wani lokaci ba tare da maɗaukaki masu juyawa ba, wanda ya dogara da nau’in gada da manufarsa. A irin wannan yanayin, shimfidar shimfidar wuri tana kan manyan goyan baya. Yawancin waɗannan gadoji an tsara su don zirga-zirgar masu tafiya a ƙasa. A cikin fig.39an nuna gada mai kariya a ƙarƙashin motar kebul.
Hoto39: Gadar kariya a ƙarƙashin motar kebul.
batutuwa masu alaƙa
Dubi ƙarin game da kayan a shafin Kayayyaki, da kuma game da yadda kamfanin ke aiki a shafin Production. Don amfani da itace a cikin haɗin gwiwa, duba tagar katako da itace-aluminum Taga.