Kwa katundu wapamwamba ndi ma spans, magawo a mtengo amapezedwa mwa kuwerengera, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzipeza muutali wofunikira. Zikatero, munthu ayenera kusinthana ndi zomangamanga zovuta. Zomanga zomwe zalongosoledwa pa 1 ndi 2 ndi ntchito zamanja. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zolumikizira ndizoyenera.
1. Beam yolumikizidwa ndi mizati
Mitanda iwiri nthawi imodzi, ndipo nthawi zina matabwa atatu panthawi yopangira milatho, imayikidwa pamwamba pa mzake ndikugwirizanitsa ndi zomangira ndi zomangira. Kufika pamlingo wotani ngati gawolo lidzakwaniritsa mphamvu yonyamula katundu yofananira ndi gawo lonselo zimadalira mphamvu ya ubongo, kuchuluka kwa chinyezi cha zinthu ndi mtundu wa ntchitoyo. Izi sizidzakhala choncho konse. Malinga ndi muyezo wa DIN, mphindi yotsutsa matabwa awiri ndi W=0,85bh__2__/6_, ndipo pamitengo itatu imakhala W=0,7bh__2__/6._ Kwa milatho, ma coefficients awa amachepetsedwa kukhala0,8,ndiyo0,6. Powerengera kupotoza, ganizirani kuti mphindi ya inertia ya matabwa awiri ndi I =0,6bh__3__/12_, ndi mizati itatu I=0,3bh__3__/12._ Zomangira, ngati matabwa akucheperachepera, azimitsidwa moyenerera.
Chithunzi 1: Mtsinje wolumikizidwa ndi matabwa, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo laling’ono popanga mezzanine.
Kwa mitembo ya akalipentala amakona anayi, yomwe nthawi zonse imakhala yopangidwa ndi matabwa a oak, kuya koyenera kwambiri ndiko kudula.1/8ku1/10kutalika kwa matabwa a munthu; ulusi wa medula ndi ulusi wa matabwa ayenera kuyenda mbali yomweyo.
Pofuna kupewa kugwada pansi, mizati yomwe ili ndi ubongo imapachikidwa pamwamba kapena muvi kulowera pakati pa danga lomaliza lisanachitike. Mitanda imalumikizidwa wina ndi mzake ndi zomangira, ndipo grooving ya sockets imachitika mu gawo limodzi logwira ntchito ndi makina opangira unyolo. Mu mkuyu. 1 ikuwonetsa mtengo wokhala ndi zotchingira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma mezzanine. Miyendo yokhala ndi zingwe amapangidwa mpaka 15 m osiyanasiyana.
Miyendo yokhala ndi ubongo iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera, popeza mitundu yonse, kuphatikiza ndi mphamvu yotsika yonyamula katundu, imafunikira ntchito yambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri. Ndikofunikira kuti zopindika zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi katunduyo ndizochepa momwe zingathere.
2. Hanger, chothandizira komanso chothandizira
Zikachitika kuti gawo loyenda bwino la mtengowo silikwanira, ndipo pali malo okwanira mu ndege yake kumunsi kapena kumtunda (mwachitsanzo, pamipando yapadenga, milatho, scaffolding, etc.), pali kuthekera koyika hanger, kapena. thandizo kapena kuphatikiza hanger ndi chithandizo. Poganizira kuchuluka kwa mfundo zomwe kuyimitsidwa kapena kuthandizira kumachitidwa, pali simple ndi double hangers, kapena simple ndi zothandizira kawiri. Powerengera chophatikizira chosavuta (mku. 2), zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi_zowonjezera_ziwiri_zonse ndi_zowonjezera_ndi_zowonjezera_ theka la span ndipo amasamutsidwa ku mayendedwe ndi theka la katundu yemwe, monga momwe amagawira mofanana, amachitira pa tension yopingasa. Mu mkuyu. 3 ikuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa ofukula ndi kukanika. Mu mkuyu. 4 ikuwonetsa chopachikidwa pawiri chomwe chimayimira denga lothandizira (theka lakumanzere: denga lokhala ndi timiyala, theka lakumanja: denga lokhala ndi zimanga).
Zithunzi 2–5: Hanger yosavuta komanso iwiri, kulumikizana kwa ofukula ndi kukanikizana ndi mfundo za purlin, mizati ndi crossbar.
Ndodo yopingasa pakati pa zopinga ziwiri imatchedwa crossbar. Mu mkuyu. 5 ikuwonetsa mfundo yomwe pali chopingasa, chipilala ndi chopingasa; pakakhala katundu wolemetsa, pepala la nodal limayikidwa. Pa chithandizo, dongosolo lothandizira liri pansi pa mtengo womwe umathandizidwa panthawi imodzi (mkuyu 6) kapena mfundo ziwiri (mkuyu 7). Pachifukwa ichi, gawo lopingasa (kukankhira) liyenera kulandiridwa ndi chithandizo. Kuti muwonjezere kupsinjika, chosinthira chomwe chili pachithunzichi 7 chimalumikizidwa nacho ndi mtedza ndi mabawuti. Chithunzi 8 chikuwonetsa hanger yothandizidwa, yomwe imayimira kuphatikiza pakati pa cholumikizira ndi chothandizira. Kuti athe kuchita mabala popanda kupitiriza, kukangana kuyenera kukhala kawiri.
Zithunzi 6–8: Zothandizira mfundo imodzi ndi ziwiri komanso chopachika chothandizira.
3. Zomanga zonse
Zomangamanga za Beam
Mitengo yolimba, yotsatiridwa ndi magawo a I-mapangidwe azitsulo, imawoneka ngati matabwa ophatikizidwa ndi ndodo, zomatira kapena zokongoletsedwa ndi misomali. Malire apamwamba amtunduwu ndi 15 m. Pankhani ya kutalika kwamapangidwe, mofanana ndi zomangamanga zachitsulo, ziyenera kukhala mu 1/8 mpaka 1/12. Mtundu wosavuta kwambiri wa nthiti umayimiridwa ndi talpa yokhazikika, yolumikizidwa ndi mabawuti ndi zomangira zokhala ndi malamba (mkuyu 9). Ma verticals owumitsa, omwe amapangidwa ndi matabwa a matabwa ndikuyika pakati pa malamba, ayenera kupewedwa chifukwa cha zothandizira izi, chifukwa zimalepheretsa kuchepa kwa msinkhu pamene nkhuni zimachepa, ndipo zimatha kung’amba nthiti.
Chithunzi 9: Mphepete mwa nthiti yosavuta kwambiri ya tayi yolimba yamtengo.
Mu mkuyu.10mtengo wosavuta wa span ukuwonetsedwa14,04 m. Zomwe zili panthitizo zimakutidwa ndi zidutswa za plywood. Mphepete mwa nthitizo ndi zomangika ndi zomangira zopangidwa ndi matabwa ophwanyidwa kuti asagwedezeke. Kupanikizika kofunikira pakumangirira zinthu kumaperekedwa ndi zomangira zomwe zimasiyidwabe pamapangidwewo guluu litalimba kuti litetezeke. Nthitiyi imakhala ndi matabwa awiri, okhuthala24-40 mm, omwe amawoloka ndi kukhomeredwa wina ndi mzake. Kuti agwirizane ndi zinthu zambiri, ma dowels ndi zomangira, kapena misomali, amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati malamba apangidwa ndi matabwa angapo, kusuntha kwawo ku nthiti kumawonjezeka ngati matabwa ali kutali ndi nthiti. Lamba woponderezedwa uyenera kuyesedwa ngati wamanga. Mu mkuyu.11chitsanzo molingana ndi mfundo zaku Russia chikuwonetsedwa.
*Chithunzi10: Mtengo wosavuta wa span14,04 m.
*Chithunzi11: Chitsanzo cha chomangira mtengo molingana ndi miyezo yaku Russia.
Kutsika kolimba kumawonetsedwa ndi hollow support (mkuyu.12). Lamba wam’mwamba ndi wam’munsi aliyense amapanga mtanda umodzi wophwanyika, womwe ukhoza kupatsidwa mwayi wowonjezera wofunikira. Ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa chinthu choponderezedwa pafupi ndi bedi, chomwe chimakhazikika pa lamba wapansi ndi wapamwamba wokhala ndi notch; imawonjezera kukhazikika kwa mtengo, ngakhale osati kwambiri.
Chithunzi12: Thandizo lopanda kanthu.
Zomangamanga za Arch
Mu mkuyu.13chowonetsedwa ndi chomangira nyumba yosungiramo mchere ku Netherlands. Ndalama zake54 m, mtunda wa chomangira5,4 m. The prestress apindula ndi kupinda matabwa kuti glued alibe zotsatira zoonekeratu pa katundu katundu mphamvu ya dongosolo. Kuchepetsa mphindi ya inertia ndi mphindi ya kukana kwa magawo omatira sikofunikira.
*Chithunzi13: Arch binder yosungiramo mchere ku Netherlands.
Mu mkuyu.14chothandizira cholumikizira cholumikizira katatu chopangidwa ndi gluing chikuwonetsedwa. Nthiti zimapangidwa ndi timizere ta m’lifupi18 cmku20 cm, makulidwe5 cm, omwe, atatha kuyanika, amamatira kwa wina ndi mzake ndi lamba wapansi ndi wapamwamba ndi kaurit guluu ndi chowonjezera chachikasu chowumitsa chozizira.
*Chithunzi14: Chothandizira chimango cholumikizira katatu chopangidwa ndi gluing.
Zomangamanga za Riveted arch, zomwe nthiti zake zimakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri za matabwa omwe amawoloka pamakona olondola, pomwe matabwa angapo oyimirira omwe amayikidwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe a arch amakhomeredwa ngati malamba, ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri. Pali kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito matabwa ofooka komanso aafupi ngakhale pamatali akulu akulu kwambiri.
4. Zomangira za lattice
Zomanga zamakono zamatabwa nthawi zambiri zimafaniziridwa ndi zitsulo potengera mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe, ngakhale sizikhala zomveka pakupanga matabwa. Zomangamanga zamatabwa zimapangidwira kuti mphamvu zochepa zomwe zingatheke zichitike m’malumikizidwe ambali. Zopanikizika zachiwiri zilibe kufunikira komwe ali nazo muzitsulo zazitsulo. Ndodo zolamulidwa ndi zisumbu zing’onozing’ono nthawi zambiri siziyenera kulumikizidwa chapakati, makamaka ngati kuphweka kolimbikitsa kumatheka. Zomangamanga za lattice zimakhala zotsika mtengo kuposa zothandizira zonse, ngati pali kutalika kokwanira. Iwo, komabe, amaika mmisiri wamatabwa ndi zipangizo patsogolo pa ntchito zovuta kwambiri.
Lower band of beam fasteners nthawi zambiri imakhala yopingasa, i.e. pakusokera, imakhala ndi overhang, yomwe imayezedwa m’njira yoti isapindire pansi ndikulemedwa kwathunthu. Mtengo wa overhang umadalira njira zakunja, chinyezi cha nyumbayo komanso kutalika kwa zomangira. Ndi bwino kupereka chowonjezera pang’ono kuposa chochepa kwambiri. Lamba wakumtunda nthawi zambiri amalumikizana ndi denga.
Pamalo otsetsereka ang’onoang’ono (pansi pa 6%) pali ngozi yomwe, yokhala ndi kutalika kwachipangidwe kakang’ono ndi mfundo zololera, kugwa kosiyana kudzapangidwa pafupi ndi kunyamula ndi zotsatira zake zoipa. Kutsetsereka kwa ndodo yogwira ntchito bwino ya lamba wakumtunda pabedi sikuyenera kuchepera 1:3.
Mabulaketi Ofanana
Ma Howe otchuka akugwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano (Mkuyu.15). Ma diagonal amayikidwa kuti alandire kukakamizidwa kwathunthu, pomwe zowonekera zimakhazikika. Zoyimira ndi ndodo zachitsulo zozungulira zozungulira zokhala ndi mtedza mbali zonse (mkuyu.15, kumanja). Ngati bulaketi igwada pansi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nkhuni kapena kumanga kolakwika, mtedzawo ukhoza kumangika pambuyo pake. Pazigawo zing’onozing’ono kapena zokhala ndi katundu wocheperako, zoyimirira zimatha kupangidwanso ngati ma pliers (mkuyu.15, kumanzere). Kutalika kwa zomangamanga kumalimbikitsidwa, mofanana ndi zothandizira zonse, kukhala1/8ku1/12range; pazitali zazikulu ndi katundu wolemera, mpaka1/6.
Chithunzi15: Mtengo wofanana wa Howe.
Zomangira padenga zanjira imodzi
Mu mkuyu.16ndi17Makina omangirira a waya ang’onoang’ono ndi apakatikati komanso akatundu opepuka amaperekedwa.
*Zithunzi16-20: Makina omangira denga limodzi ndi katatu * *
Chithunzi21: Tsatanetsatane wa lattice binder.
Zomangira katatu
Zomangira katatu (mkuyu.18ku22) pazigawo zing’onozing’ono ndi zapakati zimayimira zomangira zachuma komanso zofala kwambiri zamapangidwe amatabwa. Mphamvu zazikulu za lamba sizichitika pakati pa span, koma pazothandizira. Popeza ndodo zimadzazidwa, ngakhale ndi katundu wa asymmetric, kukangana kokha kumachitika, mwachitsanzo, kupanikizika, popanda kusinthasintha kwa magetsi, kumachepetsa kwambiri kupanga mfundo, makamaka muzomangamanga zamatabwa. Mu mkuyu.22chomangira cha holo ya tauni ku Holzminden chikuwonetsedwa. Pankhani yazitali zazikulu, zomangira za katatu zokhala ndi ma eaves okwera zimapangidwa (mkuyu.23).
*Zithunzi22ndi23: Zomangira za katatu za holo ya tauni ndi zomangira zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yokweza.
Zomangira za Mansard
Zomangamanga za Mansard (mkuyu.24ku26) kwa mitundu ya15 mku35 miwo anatsimikizira kukhala osunga ndalama kwambiri. Iwo akulimbikitsidwa kwa dongosolo kutalika1/8ku1/6osiyanasiyana. Pakuphimba, zotsatirazi zikuganiziridwa: mapepala a malata a ulusi wa asibesitosi, komanso mapepala apadenga. Kwa otsetsereka a gawo lopendekeka pang’ono la denga, osachepera ayenera kutengedwa panonso6%. Mu mkuyu.26Mzere wamakina omangira a M *** ünc** hen-Ost zogwirira ntchito zikuwonetsedwa, pamodzi ndi mfundo zingapo zofunika - dongosolo la Kübler. Ndalama zake26,5 m, ndi mtunda wa chomangira7 m.
Zithunzi24ndi25: Zomangamanga za Mansard.
*Chithunzi26: Mzere wamakina ndi mfundo za tayi ya mansard ya chomera cha München-Ost.
Parabolic ndi arc fasteners
Kwa madenga okhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu ndi malo otsetsereka ang’onoang’ono, mwachitsanzo, madera ang’onoang’ono omwe amakumana ndi mphepo ndi katundu wa chipale chofewa pafupifupi wogawanika mofanana, ndizomveka kusintha mawonekedwe a zomangira ku mzere wothandizira. Ndodo zodzaza zomangira za parabolic sizilandira mphamvu zilizonse pamene katunduyo akugawidwa mofanana. Ntchito yawo ndikulandira kusagwirizana kwachisawawa mu katundu ndikuletsa lamba wapamwamba kuti asamangidwe mu ndege ya zomangira. Ndodo zodzaza ziyenera kumangirizidwa kuti athe kutenga zovuta komanso kupanikizika. Mphepete yakumtunda imapangidwa kukhala chipilala pocheka (mkuyu 27). Mu mkuyu. 28 ikuwonetsa mzere wamakina ndi ma binder nodi atatu.
Chithunzi 27: Chomangira cha Parabolic chokhala ndi m’mphepete mwapamwamba.
Chithunzi 28: Mzere wamakina ndi ma binder node.
Ngati, pakakhala mipata yayikulu kwambiri, chothandizira chotchingira padenga chokha chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira chala (Chith.29) ndiye lamba wapansi wa chiwerengerocho, chomwe chimalandira kukakamizidwa, chiyenera kukhala pa corneas ndi studs. Chifukwa cha kutsetsereka kosinthika kwa kuphimba denga, makatoni osakhazikika amaganiziridwa. Pali kuthekera kopanga malo otsetsereka a denga, kaya ndi denga lokwezeka lomwe limakhazikika pamwamba pa ma eves ndi mtunda, kapena ndi khoma la eave, mwachitsanzo, poika denga la gable ndi otsetsereka mofatsa momwe mungathere.
Zolumikizana ziwiri komanso zolumikizana zitatu
Mafelemu ophatikizana awiri amawonetsedwa mkuyu.30ndi31. Kupanga mfundo zolimba pamakona kumabweretsa zovuta zina, zomwe zimatha kugonjetsedwa mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za mfundo zomatira ndi utomoni wochita kupanga. Kusinthasintha kwamagetsi kumachitika muzitsulo zodzaza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mfundozo zikhale zovuta kupanga. Mu mkuyu.32chimango cha gridi chokhala ndi magawo awiri achitetezo cha bwato limodzi chikuwonetsedwa (mtunda pakati pa zomangira ndi5,6 m). Mu mkuyu.33chomangira chophatikiza katatu chimaperekedwa. Zolumikizana zenizeni nthawi zambiri sizimafunsidwa; kusuntha kwina kokha ndikokwanira. Zomangamanga zophatikizana zitatu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazitali zazikulu komanso zazikulu, chifukwa ndizopanda ndalama pazifukwa izi ndipo zimatha kukonzedwa mwaluso.
*Zithunzi29ndi30: Thandizo la lattice lotchingira denga ndi chimango cholumikizira ziwiri.
*Zithunzi31ndi33: Mafelemu ophatikizana awiri ndi chomangira cholumikizira katatu.
Chithunzi 32: Chomangira chalatisi chokhala ndi zingwe ziwiri pobisalira ngalawa.
Nyumba zambiri za nave
Mu mkuyu. 34, 35 ndi 36 akuwonetsedwa ngati mitundu yothandiza yamaholo okhala ndi maulendo angapo. Mu mkuyu. 36 ikuwonetsedwa ngati chomangira holo yamwambo wa gulu loimba ku Vienna. Pomanga maulumikizidwe, ndodo za mphete zidagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zithunzi 34 ndi 35: Mitundu yothandiza ya holo zokhala ndi maulendo angapo.
Chithunzi 36: Omangirira muholo yamwambo ya gulu loyimba ku Vienna.
5. Nsanja, scaffolding ndi ma tribunes
Wood ngati zomangira zimaganiziridwa pomanga nsanja zowonera ndi mawonekedwe, nsanja zamatchalitchi, komanso nsanja zamakampani opanga mafakitale. Kukhazikika kwa nyumba zokhazikika nthawi zambiri kumatheka pomangirira mizati mu maziko. Zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira kwakanthawi nthawi zambiri zimatetezedwa pomanga ndi zingwe zachitsulo zotambasulidwa mbali zitatu. Pansi pake nthawi zambiri amakhala masikweya kapena amakona anayi. Maziko a katatu amatha kukhala olemera. Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuchitidwa kuonetsetsa kuti palibe madzi kapena dothi lomwe limasonkhanitsidwa muzitsulo za nsanja zomwe zilibe zotchinga komanso kuti mpweya uzitha kuzungulira mbali zonse. Kwa zinthu zokhazikika, matabwa okhawo omwe ali ndi pathupi ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Impregnation imakwaniritsa cholinga chake pokhapokha ngati ikuchitidwa pambuyo podula zinthu, koma pamaso pa msonkhano. Ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito matabwa ozungulira pazipilala, ngakhale kuti kupanga kugwirizana kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.
Chithunzi 37: Woyang’anira matabwa ku Leipzig.
Kuphatikiza apo, matabwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ma scaffolding ndi ma tribunes. Mu mkuyu. 37 ikuwonetsa chiwonetsero chimodzi ku Leipzig. Kwa njira zakunja, ubongo wa alligator wa mano unagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati zoyimilirazo zizingogwira ntchito kwakanthawi, sizikuphimbidwa. Komabe, kusamala kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti kapangidwe kake kakuchitidwa mosamala kwambiri komanso kuti, choyamba, zolimba zautali komanso zopingasa zimayikidwa. Kuti zinthuzo zigwiritsiridwenso ntchito pambuyo pogumula, mfundozo ziyenera kumangidwa kuti zowonongeka zikhale zochepa.
6. Bridges
Pakumanga milatho, matabwa, kuphatikiza mwala, m’mbuyomu adagwira ntchito yofunika. Ponena za kulimba kwa chinthucho, maubwenzi asintha kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kuchulukirachulukira kwa kupsinjika kwa ma axle ndi katundu wosunthika, gawo lomangali latsala pang’ono kutayika chifukwa cha matabwa. Milatho yamatabwa sakugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano, koma mawu otsatirawa afotokoza momwe amamangidwira komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mbuyomu.
Kwa milatho, matabwa okha a class II kapena ine angagwiritsidwe ntchito; pakuyika, nkhuni ziyenera kukhala zowuma pang’ono, ndipo ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa m’njira yoti zitha kuuma. Pachifukwa ichi, zokutira ndi zoteteza, zomwe apa ziyenera kuikidwa pambuyo pokonzedwa komanso musanaziike, sizikwanira zokha.
Kulumikiza misomali kumaloledwa pamilatho ngati chinyezi chingalephereke kulowa pakati pa zinthu zamatabwa zolumikizidwa ndi misomali ngati motere misomaliyo imatha kutetezedwa kuti isalephere chifukwa cha dzimbiri. Malumikizidwe omatira amaloledwa pokhapokha ngati guluu wopangidwa ndi utomoni atagwiritsidwa ntchito, yemwe samamva chinyezi.
Chithunzi 38: Gawo lodutsamo pa mlatho wosakhalitsa wodutsa pa Weser ku Höxter.
Kwa milatho yosakhalitsa, machitidwe ophatikizana ophatikizana ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, chifukwa cha zothandizira zazikulu zomwe zitsulo za I-profile zinagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene mbali zina za makina apamwamba ndi apansi anali matabwa. Mu mkuyu. 38 ikuwonetsa gawo lakudutsa la mlatho wosakhalitsa wodutsa pa Weser ku Höxter. Milatho ikhoza kukhala yopanda ma longitudinal girders, ndipo nthawi zina popanda zomangira zopingasa, zomwe zimadalira mtundu wa mlatho ndi cholinga chake. Zikatero, njirayo imakhazikika pazithandizo zazikulu. Ambiri mwa milathoyi adapangidwa kuti aziyenda oyenda pansi. Mu mkuyu. 39 mlatho woteteza pansi pa chingwe chagalimoto ukuwonetsedwa.
Chithunzi39: Mlatho woteteza pansi pa chingwe chagalimoto.
Mitu yofananira
Onani zambiri za zomwe zili patsamba la Zida, ndi momwe kampaniyo imagwirira ntchito patsamba la Kupanga. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito matabwa polumikizira, onani mazenera amatabwa ndi mawindo a aluminiyamu amatabwa.