Masiku ano, Savo Kusić amayang’ana kwambiri mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo, khomo ndi zopempha za mawu. Mawuwa amakhalabe ngati malo osungiramo nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale ndipo siwopereka kupanga, kuchita kapena kugwiritsa ntchito makina otenthetsera.
Kutentha kwapakati kapena pansi
Ngati chowotchera chili pansi kwambiri pazigawo zotentha (mwachitsanzo m’chipinda chapansi), ndiye kuti ndi chotenthetsera chapakati, ndipo ngati zinthu zotenthetsera ndi chowotcha zili pamlingo womwewo, ndiye kuti ndikuwotcha pansi.
Pali njira ziwiri zamapaipi zotenthetsera chapakati. Zomwe zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito pazochitika zina, zimadalira makamaka khalidwe la nyumbayo (nyumba).
Dongosolo lomwe lili ndi magawo ochepa
Kwa mphamvu yokoka yokhala ndi makonzedwe apansi, mizere yogawa ndi madzi otentha omwe amachokera ku boiler komanso kusonkhanitsa - mizere yobwerera ndi madzi ozizira ndi osonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku radiator kupita ku boiler amagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma radiator kuchokera pansi (mkuyu 1). Kugawa ndi kubweza mizere yopita ku chinthu chotenthetsera chakutali kwambiri kumakwera molingana kotero kuti podzaza mizere, mpweya wonse umatuluka mu mapaipi. Kona ya kupendekera kwa malo okwera iyenera kukhala osachepera 3-5% (pa mita yothamanga 3-5 mm). Ndi dongosololi, pa kugwirizana kwa munthu aliyense pa radiator, ziyenera kukhala pafupi ndi valve yoyendetsera, kapena. kutseka, ndi valavu osiyana kapena mpopi kumasula mpweya. Mukadzaza dongosolo, ma valve onse ayenera kutsegulidwa payekha kuti mpweya utuluke m’malo onse. Zikatero, chidebe chachikulu (chidebe) chiyenera kuikidwa pansi pa mipope yolowera mpweya ndipo mpope uyenera kutsekedwa pokhapokha ngati madzi akutuluka popanda mpweya.
M’zomera zazikulu, mavavu otsegulira asinthidwa ndi mizere yopyapyala ya mapaipi (3/8’’). Komabe, ndi zomera zing’onozing’ono izi sizofunikira, zimangopanga ntchito zosafunikira komanso ndalama. Makonzedwe apansi amatha kuchitidwa makamaka pamene chipinda chapansi chimafikira pansi pa nyumba yonse, kapena pali mwayi wopangira mapaipi popanda kukweza pansi (mwachitsanzo, pamene nyumbayo ikumangidwa).
Thanki yokulitsa (mkuyu 1, d) ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chowonjezera pachotenthetsera. Chombo chokulitsa nthawi zonse chimakhala chokwera kwambiri pachomeracho. Ntchito ya chotengera chowonjezera ndi kulandira madzi owonjezera omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha kutentha kwa kutentha pamene dongosolo likutenthedwa, kubwezera madziwo ku dongosolo pamene dongosolo likuzizira (pamene silikutenthedwa). Izi zimatsimikizira kuti dongosololi limaperekedwa nthawi zonse. Kuphatikiza pa izi, ntchito ya thanki yowonjezera ndikuchotsanso madzi ochulukirapo kuchokera m’dongosolo kudzera mu kusefukira, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kudzaza. Kuchuluka kwa chombo chokulitsa chiyenera kukhala 0,06-0,07 mi gawo la voliyumu yonse ya zomera. Popeza mawerengedwe amtunduwu ndi aatali, tikhoza kutenga kutentha kwa zomera monga maziko a kuwerengera, mwachitsanzo pa 1000 kcal/ola lililonse, tengani 2-2,1 lita imodzi ya voliyumu ya chotengera chokulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, kwa chomera cha 15.000 kcal/ola, 15 x 2 = 30 malita akhoza kutengedwa. Pankhani ya dongosolo lomwe lili ndi makonzedwe apansi, ndi bwino kuika chotengera chokulitsa m’chipinda chimodzi ndi madzi (monga bafa, chimbudzi, khitchini), pansi pa denga. Mwanjira imeneyi, palibe njira zoletsa kuzizira zomwe zimafunikira, ndipo kusefukira kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi ngalande.
Magawo apamwamba kwambiri
Pankhani ya zomera zomwe zili ndi dongosolo ili pamwambapa (Mkuyu.1, b) Madzi otentha amafika pachipinda chapamwamba, kudzera papaipi yogawa yomwe imayikidwa pansi padenga kapena poyimirira motchedwa zokwera zazikulu. Kuchokera ku chitoliro chogawa, madzi amatsikira kuzinthu zowotcha pogwiritsa ntchito mizere yokwera, ndipo kuchokera kuzinthu zowotcha, pogwiritsa ntchito mipope yosonkhanitsa, yomwe ili pansi pa zinthu zotentha, imabwerera ku boiler. Ndi yankho ili, mapaipi ogawa kuchokera kumalo otentha kwambiri kupita kumalo okwera kwambiri akuyenera kukhala okwera, ndipo mapaipi osonkhanitsira amayenera kugwera kuchophikira.
SLIKA 1
Tanki yowonjezera iyenera kuikidwa m’chipinda chapamwamba ndipo iyenera kutetezedwa ku kuzizira. Izi zitha kuthetsedwa m’njira yosavuta kwambiri ndi pepala lophimba ndi kutsekereza zinthu pakati pa chotengera ndi chophimba (utuchi wouma, udzu, nsanza, ndi zina). Makulidwe a insulating wosanjikiza ayenera kukhala osachepera15 cm. Chitoliro chosefukira chimayikidwa kuti madzi aziyenda pamwamba pa denga kulowa m’ngalande.
Palibe ma valve apadera olowera m’malo omwe amafunikira pamitengo yambiri. Podzaza mbewuyo, madzi amakankhira mpweya kutsogolo kwake mumzere wokulitsa. Dongosolo lomwe lili ndi gawo lapamwamba limapangidwa pomwe palibe chipinda chapansi pansi pa nyumbayo, ndipo vuto ndikuyika madzi obwerera pansi. Mulimonsemo sitiyenera kuyika maukonde ogawa opingasa padenga (ngakhale iyi ingakhale yankho labwino kwambiri kuchokera pamawonekedwe okongoletsa), chifukwa zikatero kuyenera kukhala kotetezedwa bwino ndi thermally, ndipo ngakhale zili choncho, tidzakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu.
Kutentha kwapansi
Kutentha kwapansi (mkuyu 1, c) ndi mapangidwe apadera otenthetsera madzi otentha a mphamvu yokoka ndi kugawa kumtunda kumene zipangizo zonse, zopangira, komanso zomera zonse zili pamtunda womwewo wa nyumbayo. Chowotchera nthawi zambiri chimayikidwa m’chipinda chimodzi cha nyumbayo (chomwe nthawi zambiri chimayenera kutenthedwa) ndipo m’chipinda chomwecho, pansi pa denga, chotengera cha condensation chimayikidwa.
Poyerekeza makina otenthetsera, tinganene kuti makina omwe ali ndi magawo ochepa amafunikira mapaipi ang’onoang’ono komanso kuti dongosololi lili ndi kuyika kosavuta. Choyipa chake ndikuti ndizovuta kwambiri kuchotsa mpweya kuchokera pamenepo. Ubwino wa dongosololi ndi kugawa kwapamwamba ndikuti pakuziziritsa chitoliro, zomwe zimapangidwira kuzungulira ndi mpweya sizovuta. Kuipa kwa dongosololi ndikuti msonkhano wake ndi wovuta kwambiri ndipo umafuna zipangizo zambiri.
Kuwerengera ndi kukula kwa mapaipi
Tikasankha njira yabwino kwambiri kwa ife, titha kujambula chithunzi cha mawaya. Ndikofunikira kuti chithunzicho chikhale axonometrically (chifukwa chimakhala chowonekera) ndikugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mizere yamadzi otentha ndi mizere yobwerera. Kusintha konse kwa mayendedwe kuyenera kuwonetsedwa pazojambula, ngakhale zomwe zimatchedwa kulumikizana kwamlingo ndikulemba kutalika kofananira ku gawo lililonse. Mavavu ayenera kuperekedwa polumikizira ma radiator, ndi mavavu otseka pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunikira.
Mgawo lomaliza la mapangidwe, ma diameter a mapaipi ayenera kutsimikiziridwa pagawo lililonse la payipi. Kukula chitoliro, choyamba tsimikizirani mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake, i.e. kuthamanga komwe kulipo kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa. Izi, monga tafotokozera kale, zimapezedwa ngati kusiyana kwa miyeso yeniyeni ya madzi otentha (kugawidwa) ndi ozizira (kubwerera). Kupanikizika kumawerengedwa kuchokera ku formula p = a x h, pamene p ndi mphamvu yomwe ilipo mu millimeters ya madzi, a - ndi kusiyana kwa miyeso yeniyeni ya madzi otentha ndi kubwezera mu kp/m3; h - ndiye kutalika kwake kothandiza, mtunda wapakati pa mzere wapakati wa chowotchera ndi chotenthetsera mu mita (mkuyu 2, a).
Magawo odutsa mapaipi amatsimikiziridwa ndi mawerengedwe. Ziyenera kukhala zokwanira kuti mphamvu yozungulira (kupanikizika komwe kulipo) kugonjetse zotayika chifukwa cha kukangana kwa mapaipi komanso chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mayendedwe, komanso kuti madzi okwanira adutse zinthu zotentha pa ola kuti apereke kutentha komwe kumawerengedwa. Mwachitsanzo, chotenthetsera chopangidwa kuti chizipereka kutentha kwa 200 kcal/ola liyenera kudutsa osachepera 100 malita amadzi paola.
SLIKA 2
Kukula kwa mapaipi, akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito matebulo. Pachithunzi No. 2, b ikuwonetsa dongosolo lotenthetsera pansi la nyumba yabanja. Ndi kutentha kwapansi, kutalika kothandiza kumakhala kochepa ndipo kupanikizika komwe kulipo kumapezeka pafupifupi chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa chitoliro. Apa sitiyenera kukulitsa malire, tiyenera kusiya malire achitetezo nthawi zonse. Ndi zinthu zotenthetsera zomwe zili pafupi ndi chowotchera, 10-15% nkhokwe ziyenera kusiyidwa, chifukwa kumayenda pang’ono kotero kuti kutentha kumakhala kochepa.
Kuyika ndi kuyesa dongosolo
Powerengera miyeso ya chitoliro, tatsiriza mapangidwewo ndikukhala ndi deta zonse zofunika pomanga chomeracho. Kutengera iwo, tikhoza kugula mipope zofunika, zovekera, mbiri. (Kugula mapaipi opangira malata kumangowonjezera ndalama zosafunikira.) Kuyika mapaipi kungatheke m’njira ziwiri powotcherera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zomangira za ulusi. Njira yowotcherera ndiyofulumira komanso yokongola kwambiri, koma ndiyovuta kuyithetsa pa DIY. Kuwotcherera kumafuna makina ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu ovomerezeka. Kuphatikiza pa chikhalidwechi, ndikofunikira kuti munthu amene akugwira ntchitoyi akhale ndi chidziwitso pa ntchito ya mapaipi.
Posonkhanitsa mapaipi ndi njira yowotcherera, kuti asinthe njira, mapaipi amapindika potentha. Mapaipi ang’onoang’ono (mpaka1““) ndi chidziwitso china akhoza kupindika “chopanda”, pomwe mapaipi okhala ndi mainchesi okulirapo amapindika kuti amadzazidwe ndi mchenga kale. Msonkhano udzakhala wofulumira ngati titenga mbali zopindika za mapaipi okhala ndi mainchesi okulirapo. Kuchokera pazidutswazi, titha kupanga zinthu zina (mwachitsanzo, kulumikizana kwa arc).
Mukayika mapaipi okhala ndi manja, monga mapaipi amadzi, zinthu zachitsulo zosungunuka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Timayika zinthuzo mwanjira yanthawi zonse ndikuyika tow yonyowa pakati pa ma coil. Chifukwa cha ulusi, njira iyi yosonkhanitsa imafuna ntchito yambiri, komanso luso lochepa.
Titha kuyambitsa kuyika mapaipi titayika boiler ndi zinthu zotenthetsera. Choyamba, ma valve ayenera kuikidwa pazinthu zotentha kuti aziganizira podula mapaipi. Mavavu amamangirira kulumikiza kwa radiator ndi ulusi nati. Ma gaskets a mphira wa asibesitosi ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsulo zokhala ndi mtedza wa Dutch ndi rim. Zisindikizo zachikopa ndi mapepala olimba ndizosasangalatsa chifukwa zimakhala ndi moyo waufupi. Pamaso pa msonkhano womaliza, mphete yosindikizira iyenera kupakidwa mafuta. Ma valve sayenera kuikidwa mobwerera kumbuyo, chifukwa kukana kwawo kumathamanga kwambiri. Mukayika valavu, lembani mabowo ofunikira pamakoma ndi madenga ndikubowola. Tiyenera kusamala za kukula kwa mipata imeneyi kuti tisakulitse pamisonkhano.
Kuyika kwa chitoliro kuyenera kuyamba kuchokera ku cholumikizira chowotchera ndikuyika koyamba chokwera chachikulu ndi mizere yogawa, kenako ndikulumikiza zinthu zotenthetsera kuchokera kwa iwo. Zomwezo ziyenera kuchitika ndikuyika mizere yobwerera ndi kusonkhanitsa. Pokwera ndi mtedza wa chubu, zopindika, kapena mapaipi osonkhanitsira, ziyenera kulumikizidwa ndi magawo amodzi a mapaipi, ndikulumikizanso kofunikira. Kwa mapaipi, omwe amaikidwa mopingasa, kukula kofunikira ndi njira yolowera ziyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi msinkhu wa mzimu. Pamalo aliwonse, kumene kupangidwa kwa matumba a mpweya kumayembekezeredwa, ma valve otsegulira ayenera kuikidwa, koma kuonetsetsa kuti valavu ili pamwamba pa gawolo. Kumene chitoliro chimadutsa khoma, manja ayenera kuikidwa pa chitoliro panthawi yoikapo, mwachitsanzo, chidutswa cha chitoliro chotalika kuposa khoma.10 mmndi kukula pang’ono m’mimba mwake kuposa chitoliro (2-5 mm.) Mwanjira imeneyi, chitolirocho sichidzawononga khoma ndi pulasitala chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha.
Mizere, yomwe imayikidwa mopingasa, iyenera kumangirizidwa ku 2-3 m iliyonse yokhala ndi zothandizira zitsulo, komanso mizere yowongoka yayitali yokhala ndi zonyamula. Zomangira zisamangidwe mopitirira muyeso kuti chitoliro zisamasulire ma struts kapena mabulaketi chifukwa chakukulitsa. Pambuyo pa msonkhano, fufuzaninso mwatsatanetsatane maukonde onse, kugwirizana ndi kugwirizana kwa mapaipi kuti azindikire zolakwika zomwe zingatheke.
Pambuyo pa kuwongolera kowoneka bwino, kuwongolera madzi kumatha kuchitika. Pofuna kuwongolera madzi, ma valve onse a radiator ayenera kutsegulidwa. Kulumikiza kukhetsa ndi kudzaza, komwe kuli pafupi ndi boiler, timalumikiza maukonde amadzi kapena mpope wamadzi ndi payipi ya rabara ndikudzaza dongosolo ndi madzi. Ngati ndi kotheka, dongosololi likhozanso kudzazidwa kudzera mumtsinje wa condensation (ndi chidebe), koma kudzaza motere kumakhala kotopetsa komanso kuwononga nthawi, chifukwa mpweya uyenera kuchoka pa dongosolo lotsutsana ndi kutuluka kwa madzi omwe akubwera.
Panthawi yolipira, dongosololi liyenera kuyang’aniridwa mosalekeza ndipo ngati liyamba kudontha penapake, siyani kulipiritsa nthawi yomweyo ndikupitilira mutatha kukonza cholakwikacho. Sitiyeneranso kuiwala kutsegula ma valve otulutsa mpweya (pomwe pali) panthawi yodzaza dongosolo. Dongosolo limadzazidwa pamene madzi akutuluka mu chotengera chotsitsimutsa kudzera pakusefukira komanso tikamapanga ma valve otulutsa mpweya kuti madzi aziyenda mosalekeza. Ngati palibe kutayikira kulikonse, titha kukonzekera kuyesa kuyesa.
Kutentha ndi kukonza kwa kuyesa
Mu boiler, timayatsa moto poyamba podzaza ng’anjoyo ndi nyuzipepala (zolembera zolembera ziyenera kutsegulidwa). Mwanjira iyi, tidzawotcha motowo ndikuwunika momwe akulembera. Ngati zonse zili bwino, ndiye kuti titha kuyatsa chitofu pafupipafupi. Poyesa kutentha, nkhuni ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati n’kotheka, chifukwa mbewuyo imatenthetsa mothamanga kwambiri. Patangopita mphindi zochepa kuyatsa, tiyenera kumva kutuluka kwa madzi otentha m’mizere, ndipo pambuyo pa 15-40 mmphindi, malingana ndi kukula kwa zomera ndi mphamvu ya kutentha, mzere wobwereza uyeneranso kutenthedwa, kupereka chizindikiro chakuti madzi amaliza kufalikira.
Madzi akayamba kuyenda mu ma radiator onse, madzi ayenera kutenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwa 90°C. Pankhani ya dongosolo lomwe lili ndi kugawa kochepa, ma valve onse otulutsa mpweya ayenera kutsegulidwa motsatizana kwa masekondi angapo ndipo izi ziyenera kubwerezedwa kangapo panthawi ya kutentha kwa mayeso. Mwa njira iyi, tidzakwaniritsa kuti mpweya, womwe umasiyanitsidwa ndi madzi chifukwa cha kutentha, ukhoza kuchoka pa dongosololi momasuka. Tikaonetsetsa kuti chomeracho chikugwira ntchito bwino, timalola moto kuzimitsa ndikusiya chomeracho kuti chizizire, kuti tithe kumaliza. Choyamba tiyenera kukonza makoma amene tinabowolera kenako ndi penti netiweki ya mapaipi. Kujambula kuyenera kuchitidwa mutatha kuyeretsa ndi kuchotsa mafuta mu zigawo zitatu (onani malangizo pogula utoto wapadera). Pakati pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zigawo za munthu aliyense, mesh iyenera kuloledwa kuti iume kwa maola osachepera 24, ngakhale musanagwiritse ntchito gawo lomaliza ndi zina zambiri, chifukwa enamel ili ndi maziko a nitro ndipo ngati mazikowo sakuuma mokwanira, adzapanga makwinya.
Madzi akuyenera kutenthedwa pamlingo wokhawo womwe ungatsimikizire kutentha komwe tikufuna kuzipinda zomwe tikuwotha. Kutentha kwa madzi kumadalira kutentha kwa kunja, ndipo tikhoza kuwongolera kutentha kwa chipinda mwa kusintha pang’onopang’ono valve ya radiator.
Mlingo wamadzi muchombo chokulitsa, kamodzi pamwezi, uyenera kuwongoleredwa kapena kuwonjezera. Timamasula madzi mudongosolo pokhapokha ngati zili zovomerezeka.
Ichi ndi cholembedwa chambiri, ndipo mayunitsi, ma fomu, zida ndi njira zomwe zalembedwa si ntchito, mawerengedwe, malangizo a msonkhano kapena kutumiza dongosolo lamakono. Osagwiritsa ntchito zosindikizira kapena zinthu zina zomwe zili ndi asibesitosi. Boiler, chimney, mpweya, chitetezo cha moto ndi mpweya wa carbon monoxide, kukulitsa, zipangizo zotetezera, kuthamanga, kutentha, zipangizo, kuwotcha ndi kuyesa ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi kuyang’aniridwa ndi wojambula wovomerezeka ndi kontrakitala malinga ndi malamulo omwe alipo panopa ndi malangizo a wopanga. Kudzaza molakwika, kuwotcherera, kuwotcha kapena kutseka makinawo kungayambitse moto, poizoni, kuyaka, kutayikira kapena kuthamanga koopsa.