Faka kungobo yomlando okuqukethwe kochwepheshe: isihloko sidlulisa isingeniso esingokomlando somdwebo wobuchwepheshe nokuklama. Ayithathi indawo ye-SRPS yamanje, EN, ISO noma amanye amazinga asebenzayo, imithethonqubo, imigomo yereferensi, ukubala, imibhalo yobuchwepheshe noma ukugunyazwa. Izimpawu ze-JUS ezindala, ubukhulu obubonisiwe, ukubekezelelwa, amafomethi nemithetho yokuqagela kufanele ihlolwe ngokuya ngohlobo lwamadokhumenti, izinga lenkontileka kanye nezidingo ezisebenzayo. Ngesakhiwo, imishini, ugesi, igesi kanye neminye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokuphepha, umklami ogunyaziwe womsebenzi ofanelekile uyadingeka.
Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lesi sihloko sihlala siyingobo yomlando futhi ayihlanganisi isevisi yokuklama.
Dizayina ngaphambi kokwakhiwa
Noma yini esiyenzayo noma esiyilungisayo, isigaba sokuqala somsebenzi, hhayi kuphela ngokulandelana kwesikhathi kodwa futhi ngokubaluleka, siyaklama. Ngokuvamile lesi sigaba somsebenzi senziwa kuphela engqondweni. Impumelelo ngalolu hlobo lokuklama “ekhanda kuphela” ingalindelwa ngemisebenzi elula. Ukuze uthole imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi, ukuklama kuyadingeka, kumdwebo noma umdwebo. Omunye umuntu angakuklama, futhi umsebenzi wakho ukulandela idizayini.
Indlela yokwenza imidwebo yobuchwepheshe, izimpawu ezisetshenzisiwe, imigqa inqunywa yi-JUS-standards, ongayithola ngolwazi oluningi oluwusizo, isb. encwadini ethi Umdwebo wobuchwepheshe ka-Todor Pantelić, Belgrade, noma umdwebo wobuchwepheshe ka-Branko Kovač, Zagreb.
Umbhalo wethu, kunjalo, awukwazi ukulinganiswa nesethi eyodwa yemithetho. Sinesikhala kuphela semithetho ebaluleke kakhulu evela kumdwebo wobuchwepheshe (isithombe 1).
Figure 1 — ukubuka konke komlando wezimiso eziyisisekelo zomdwebo wobuchwepheshe.
Amazinga: ukucaphuna amazinga e-JUS namamanuwali amadala kulondoloza umongo wangempela, kodwa akuqinisekisi ukuthi leyo mithetho iyasebenza namuhla. Iphrojekthi ngayinye kufanele isho ngokucacile izinga elisetshenzisiwe, amayunithi, isistimu yokuqagela, ukubuyekezwa komdwebo kanye nomuntu onomthwalo wemfanelo.
Ubukhulu nezinhlobo zemigqa
Okokuqala, sidinga ukudweba imidwebo ngesilinganiso esithile (Fig1b), okungukuthi ukukhombisa into emdwebeni incishisiwe noma inwetshiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nowokuqala.
Isibonelo: isikali M=1:5ibonisa ukuthi ibha ubude bayo buyoba850 mmkube emdwebeni izikhathi ezinhlanu zincishiswe, i.e.170 mm(kodwa sizoyisebenzisa ekuphakameni850). Izinto ezincane kakhulu, isibonelo, i-shaft yewashi, izokwandiswa emdwebeni, ithi, ngesilinganiso.10:1noma2:1. Ukukhulisa nakho kuboniswa yisikali “esihlanekezelwe”, isb. M=2:1.
Eshidini elilodwa, masidwebe izingcezu ngesilinganiso esithile kuphela, futhi ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokudla, maka isikali. Uma imininingwane inezilinganiso ezihlukene, sibonisa isikali esihambisanayo eduze kwemininingwane ngayinye.
Ubukhulu obunconyiwe
Uhlelo lwaphansi1:100-1:50(kwehlisiwe emdwebeni)
Ipulani yesakhiwo1:20-1:10(kwehlisiwe emdwebeni)
Ngaphakathi1:10-1:5(kwehlisiwe emdwebeni)
Imishini emincane1:5-1:2(kwehlisiwe emdwebeni)
Amathuluzi esandla 1:2 - 1:1 (kwehlisiwe emdwebeni)
Imininingwane yezinsimbi ezinhle 1:1 - 1:2 (inwetshiwe kumdwebo)
Ukwenza iwashi inhlawulo 2:1 - 5:1 (emdwebeni unwetshiwe)
Izikali 1:5, 1:50 noma 5:1 kufanele zigwenywe uma kungenzeka, ngoba zinzima ngenhliziyo ukubala kabusha. Ngokwesilinganiso 1:5, isibonelo, induku yobude 763 mm kufanele idwetshwe 152,6 mm futhi kufanele sibale leso silinganiso kusengaphambili. Esimeni sesikali 1:10 ubude obudwetshiwe buzoba 76,3 mm futhi buzotholwa ngaphandle kobunzima.
Izilinganiso ezikhonjiwe kufanele njalo zibe izilinganiso zangempela zento kungakhathalekile ukuthi zingakanani kumdwebo (ngenxa yesikali).
Okubalulekile: uhlu lwezilinganiso ezinconyiwe ludluliswa lusuka emthonjeni womlando. Into yenziwe ngokuhambisana nobukhulu kanye nokucaciswa, hhayi ngokulinganisa isibonisi ephepheni noma esikrinini, esingalinganiswa lapho kuphrintwa noma kuboniswa.
Ngemigqa ewugqinsi, sidweba imiphetho ebonakalayo, futhi ngemigqa emincane, sidweba ukuphakama nemigqa eyisekelayo phakathi nokukala (ukuze ukuphakama kungathinti imiphetho eyinhloko yento). Ulayini onamachashazi ubonisa imiphetho engabonakali (okuthi uma ibhekwa ngaphambili iwe ngemuva kwento futhi ayibonakali kithi).
Umugqa wedeshi onephuzu phakathi kokuhlukana ngakunye ubonisa i-eksisi yokulinganisa yemizimba ezungezayo ngobude bomzimba (isibonelo, umugqa omaphakathi wobude bamapayipi, ama-shaft, njll.) kanye nomugqa wesigaba, uma umzimba ubuzosikwa kusetshenziswa indiza ecatshangelwayo ukuze kugqanyiswe leyo mininingwane yangaphakathi, eboshiwe, isibonelo esingafinyeleleki. Simaka ingaphezulu lesigaba esicatshangelwayo ngemigqa etshekile (echanyuselwe). Iziphetho zemigqa ekhombisa ukuphakama ziphetha ngemicibisholo elele emigqeni eyisiza.
Umugqa odayishiwe onamachashazi amabili phakathi kwekhefu ngalinye ubonisa amasayithi agoqekayo. Isibonelo, emisebenzini yensimbi yeshidi, amashidi kufanele agotshwe ezindaweni ezimakwe kanje. Intambo yesikulufu imakwe ngomugqa owodwa omncane ohambisana nomugqa owugqinsi ukuze umugqa oshubile uvele ngaphandle. Kumantongomane, umugqa ongaphakathi ujiyile futhi ubonisa ububanzi bembobo, kuyilapho intambo imakwe ngomugqa omncane.
Kuyenzeka ukuthi ezinye izinto azikwazi ukulingana bonke ubukhulu. Ezimweni ezinjalo kuyadingeka ukunikeza izinto eziqagelayo okungukuthi. ukubuka okunezinhlangothi eziningi, okungenzeka isigaba noma isigaba kanye nokuqagela (isithombe 2 ingxenye engaphezulu).
Ukuqagela kanye nezigaba
Isithombe 2 — ukuqagela, izigaba nokuma kwemidwebo.
Uma udweba ukuqagela okuthile (“ukubuka”), uhlelo “oluphambene” luyanqunywa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iphrojekthi emaphakathi ekhethiwe (ukubuka okuyinhloko) iza phakathi. Into ebonwa ngakwesokudla idwetshwa kwesokunxele se-projection emaphakathi. Into ebonwa kwesokunxele, noma ebukwa ngezansi idwetshwe ngenhla, njll. (isithombe 1d).
Sizama ukudweba ukuqagela (izigaba) ezimbalwa ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa masingakhohlwa ukuthi ukuntuleka kwanoma yikuphi ukuqagela okudingekayo kuholela ekwakhiweni kwesiketi. Okufanayo kuyasebenza ekufakweni kuhlu. Umthetho uwukuthi bonke ubukhulu obudingekayo kufanele buboniswe emdwebeni, kodwa kungabi ngaphezu kokukodwa. Ukuphakama okuphindiwe ukuze kuphephe ngokuvamile kuyaphikisana futhi kubangele inkinga (Umfanekiso 3).
Ubukhulu nokubekezelela
Figure 3 — ukuqhathaniswa kwe-dimensioning engaqondakali futhi elawulwayo.
Izilinganiso eziyinhloko kufanele zihlale zinikezwe emdwebeni. Ngokuba khona kwezinye izilinganiso, kubalulekile ukuthi ngabe kukhona ithuba lokulinganisa imininingwane nokuthi kudingekile yini ekukhiqizeni into. Uma kungenzeka, izinyathelo kufanele ziboniswe kusukela ekugcineni, okungukuthi. umphetho. Kuboshwe ndawonye, lokhu kungaholela kalula ephuthani lokwakha into. Kubalulekile ukuthi izilinganiso zingabhekwa ngesilinganiso hhayi kuphela emdwebeni kodwa futhi entweni (isithombe 4)
Isithombe 4 — izilinganiso kufanele zanele, zilinganiseke futhi zingaqondakali.
Izilinganiso zinikezwa ngamamilimitha emidwebeni yemishini, emidwebeni yokwakha neyemboni yokhuni ngamasentimitha, nasezinhlelweni zomhlaba ngamamitha. Izinombolo, ezibonisa izilinganiso, zibhalwa ngenhla kwemigqa evundlile, ebonisa ukuphakama, futhi ohlangothini lwesobunxele, uma zime mpo, nge-engeli engu-90° ngokuhlobene nangaphambili. Izinombolo zibhalwe kahle, ngendlela engacacile futhi efundekayo nangendlela echazwe ngenhla ukuze ukuphakama okuqondile kufundwe ngekhanda litshekiswe kancane kwesokunxele (isithombe 1e).
Emisebenzini ethi “zenzele ngokwakho”, ilebula yokubekezelelana ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa - ukuchezuka okuvunyelwe kwento kusukela kokulungile, izilinganiso. Uphawu olubekwe ngemva kwenombolo yokulinganisa kanye nenombolo encane ngaphezulu kwalo luxwayisa ukuthi izilinganiso zento ekhiqiziwe zingaba zikhulu noma zibe zincane kunalokho okubonisiwe. (Isibonelo 204+0 ikhombisa ukuthi isilinganiso sangempela singase sibe sincane, kodwa singabi sikhulu). Uma 204-1+0,5 kubonisiwe, into ingaba yinde ngobuningi besigamu semilimitha, noma ibe mfushane ngemilimitha eyodwa.
Qaphela ukubekezelelana: umlando wamamaki akulesi sigaba kungenzeka awuphelele ngokokuthayipha. Ukubekezelela, ukulinganisa, ukubekezelela kwejometri, ubuhhadlahhadla kanye nesisekelo sokulinganisa kumele kubhalwe ngokungaguquki ngokwezinga elisetshenzisiwe; akumele zikopishwe kusukela kulesi sihloko ukuya emdwebeni wokukhiqiza.
Kubalulekile futhi ukukhombisa ikhwalithi yokwelashwa okungaphezulu. Uphawu olugoqiwe u-S (~) olubekwe emugqeni wekhonta lubonisa ukuthi indawo engaphezulu ayicutshungulwa, futhi uphawu N lubonisa uhlangothi lomhlaba (bona phansi kwesithombe 2).
Ifomethi yomdwebo ingaba usayizi wephepha lephepha lomshini wokubhala, uhhafu wesayizi, kabili noma izikhathi eziningana ezinkulu (esimweni sokuqala, iphepha ligoqwe libe izingxenye ezimbili, futhi emdwebeni wesibili, lakhiwa ngokubeka amashidi amabili noma ngaphezulu eduze komunye nomunye, ukuze uthole ifomethi ethile). Izimpawu zamafomethi atholiwe yilezi: iphepha lomshini wokubhala A4, uhhafu we-A5, u-A3 ophindwe kabili njll.
Uhlamvu R noma u-r phambi komfanekiso ubonisa irediyasi yokuzungezisa. Ububanzi besigaba esiyindilinga (isb. endabeni yamashubhu wezinduku, njll.) kuboniswa uphawu Ø olubekwe phambi kwesibalo. Isibonelo, ukulinganisa kwediski enerediyasi engu-R16 kungaphinda kumakwe ngokuthi Ø 32, kuye ngokuthi isiphi isikali esilula ukusikala.
Ngokudweba, sisebenzisa i-graphite eqondile eqinile noma ipeni le-ballpoint elinethiphu emide. I-blade yerula kufanele ihlale ephepheni, futhi sidweba umugqa ngethuluzi esilibambe endaweni eqondile eduze kwerula. Uma sifuna ukwenza umdwebo ngoyinki, khona-ke umkhawulo we-oblique wombusi akufanele ulale ephepheni kodwa kufanele ube ohlangothini olungaphezulu, ukuze uyinki ungagxili emdwebeni. Kunconywa ukuthi udale uhlaka 1 cm kusuka emaphethelweni eshidi lokudweba.
Ekudwebeni, kungasetshenziswa iphepha eliyisikwele noma legrafu, lapho imigqa enqamulayo ingadwetshwa kalula ngesandla futhi idonswe esikalini. Esikufundile kuze kube manje mayelana nokudweba kobuchwepheshe kuyisisekelo kuphela sokuklama okuhle. Ekuklameni, akwanele ukwazi imithetho kuphela, kodwa ikhono lokucabanga nokuzicabangela liza phambili. Kukhona nemithetho embalwa yegolide. Okunye kwakho ukuvumelanisa uhlelo lokusebenza nomthamo womthwalo wezinto ezibonakalayo, ukukhetha isisindo esiphelele kanye nentengo yezinto.
Uma sesivele sicabange ukuthi sifuna ukwenza ini futhi kanjani, ake sinqume into edingekayo. Amamanuwali asinika usizo oludingekayo kodwa olunganele ekukhetheni izinto zokwakha, ngoba acabanga ukuthi kukhona okungahle kwenzeke. Nokho, siphoqeleka ukuthi silawule ngesitokwe sethu sezinto zokwakha, noma ezikhathini eziningi ngenxa yokungakhethi kahle kwezinto ezingafanelekile, izitolo ezisinika zona.
Ngezinto ezithile ezibalulekile, sizokwazi kabanzi ezahlukweni ezichaza ukucutshungulwa kokhuni, insimbi namapulasitiki. Ngakho-ke lapha sizonamathela kuphela kwezinye izici ezibalulekile ezijwayelekile njenge:
-amandla ento enqunywa ingxenye yayo ebuthaka kakhulu; ifindo phakathi kwe-batten, ingxenye ethambile yesiphethu sensimbi, isitini esifriziwe sekholomu, yenza konke kube buthaka.
-isiqondiso sezintambo zokhuni, ukuma kwe-cross-section, indlela yokubopha, indlela yokusekela ithonya kakhulu amandla ezakhi.
-amandla wento ayanda ngokukhula kwe-cross-section. Izinto eziwugqinsi zinamandla engeziwe. Kodwa-ke, nge-cross-section efanelekile kanye nendawo encane ye-cross-sectional (ngakho-ke isisindo esincane nezindleko) impahla ingaba namandla afanayo nangaphezulu. Isibonelo, insimbi ye-U-profile inamandla acishe afane nensimbi yobukhulu obufanayo enephrofayili egcwele.
Inothi lobunjiniyela: izimangalo ezijwayelekile “zamandla acishe afanayo” zamaphrofayela ahlukene azisona isisekelo sokukhethwa kwesici esithwala umthwalo. Umthamo womthwalo uncike ezintweni, i-eksisi yomthwalo, ukuzinza, ukugoqa, ukugoqa, amalunga, ukukhathala, umlilo, ukugqwala kanye nezimo zomngcele. I-elementi ephethe kufanele ibalwe endaweni ethile.
-izinto ezisetshenziswayo ngazinye kuye ngohlobo nendlela yomthwalo zinamandla ahlukene.
Amandla nawo ancike kulokhu: ukushisa (ngaphansi kwethonya lakho, amanye amapulasitiki ayathamba), amanzi (ikakhulukazi ahlasela impahla yokwakha), amakhaza (enza ithini liqine kakhulu futhi libe brittle), amakhemikhali anolaka (athinta ngokulimaza cishe zonke izinto zokwakha), njll.
Uma siklama, kufanele sinake konke lokhu, singakhohlwa ukungenzeka okunomkhawulo. Uma sinezinto ezibonakalayo, ubuchwepheshe kufanele busungulwe ngokuya ngamakhono okukhiqiza. Sizokhetha into eyodwa lapho sifuna ukushisela, kanti enye, uma sifuna ukwenza uxhumano ngokufaka i-riveting. Ukuze uthole isembozo sebhokisi elihlotshiswe ngobuciko, kudingeka impahla efanelekile yokhuni, futhi emashalofini angaphansi, enye impahla. Sizosika ukufaka ngemuva kwesihlalo se-armchair kusuka kucezu olulodwa lwe-sponge foam. Kodwa-ke, izinsalela ze-sponge foam nazo zingasetshenziswa ukugcwalisa ama-cushions esihlalo somsebenzi.
Umthetho obalulekile: icebo elinemininingwane lenziwa kuphela ngemva kokutholwa kwezinto ezidingekayo. Ezinye izakhiwo azikwazi ukubonakala, isibonelo, ngenxa nje yokuthi kunezikulufu emakethe ezinobukhulu obukhulu kunalokho obekuhlosiwe.
Umdwebo uyinkohliso! Ngokuvamile imininingwane ingahlelwa kahle kakhulu kuyo, futhi ngesikhathi somhlangano kutholakala ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuwafaka; futhi kwabanye, ngeke besakwazi ukuhlakazwa ngemva komhlangano.
Akumele sikhohlwe ukuvikela ama-elementi ngokumelene nokushelela, ukuguquka nokuqaqa. Njengesibonelo, nazi izinketho ezimbalwa zokuvikela “uxhumano” ngesikulufu ngokumelene nokuvulwa: iwasha, iwasha yasentwasahlobo, iwasha yomqhele, ukuhlukaniswa, ukudabula isikulufu, i-nail polish, ukuhlafuna ushingamu, upende, inadi eliphikisayo (inadi), iwasha yepulasitiki, ikepisi elivikelayo, njll. I-fuse efaneleke kakhulu kufanele ikhethwe kusengaphambili futhi iboniswe emdwebeni.
Okubalulekile: Upende wezinzipho, ushingamu, upende nezinye izindlela ezithuthukisiwe akuvunyelwe ukuvikela isikulufu esibalulekile ngokuphepha. Indlela yokuvikela ikhethwa ngokubala nangokuya ngokwezinga, okubalulekile, ukudlidliza, izinga lokushisa, ukugqwala kanye neziqondiso zomkhiqizi, ngetorque ecacisiwe yokuqinisa nokulawula.
Futhi sicabanga ngokuzivumelanisa nezidingo. Sizozimisela kakhulu ngokuklama shaft yesiteringi ye-go-kart kunokuba sidizayine indlu yezinyoni. Umakhi ubeka izizathu ezihlukile lapho eklama imodeli yendiza elawula umsakazo kunalapho eklama isikebhe sokhuni samathoyizi samaholide onyaka.
Kunzima ukufunda konke ukuhlakanipha kokuklama embhalweni owodwa. Kodwa, impumelelo ngeke ibe khona uma sidweba futhi siklama ngokucabangisisa, ngokunembile, ngokuhlanzekile nangokulawulwa futhi uma singazisoli ngomzamo (kanye nemithombo yezimali encane) ukuze sithole izimvume ezidingekayo ezisemthethweni, izindinganiso nemithethonqubo yomsebenzi.
Inothi lokugcina: umsebenzi, ukuhlanganisa, ukunakekela, ukuqaqa, ukufinyeleleka, ukubekezelela, impahla, amalunga nazo zonke izingozi ezifanele ziyahlolwa ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa. Ukubukezwa komdwebo nokuvunywa kufanele kulandeleke; kuwo wonke umkhiqizo obalulekile ngokuphepha noma ukwakhiwa, ukubala kochwepheshe okufanele nokuqinisekisa kuyadingeka.