Zolemba zakale za akatswiri: Nkhaniyi ili ndi mbiri yakale yojambula ndi kapangidwe kake. Sikulowa m’malo mwa SRPS, EN, ISO kapena milingo, malamulo, mawu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito, mawerengedwe, zolemba zamakono kapena kuvomereza. Zolemba zakale za JUS, miyeso yowonetsedwa, kulolerana, mawonekedwe ndi malamulo owonetsera ziyenera kufufuzidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa zolembedwa, mulingo wopangidwa ndi mgwirizano ndi zofunikira. Kwa zomangamanga, zamakina, zamagetsi, gasi ndi ntchito zina zofunika kwambiri pachitetezo, wopanga wovomerezeka wa ntchito yoyenera amafunikira.
Masiku ano, Savo Kusić amayang’ana kwambiri mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo, khomo ndi zopempha za mawu. Nkhaniyi ikhalabe mbiri yakale ndipo sintchito yokonza mapulani.
Kupanga musanamangidwe
Chilichonse chomwe timapanga kapena kukonza, gawo loyamba la ntchito, osati motsatira nthawi komanso kufunikira, ndikukonza. Nthawi zambiri gawoli la ntchito limachitika m’malingaliro okha. Kupambana ndi mapangidwe amtunduwu “pamutu pokha” kungayembekezere ntchito zosavuta. Kwa ntchito zovuta kwambiri, kupanga ndikofunikira, pazithunzi kapena zojambula. Wina akhoza kukupangani, ndipo ntchito yanu ndikungotsatira kapangidwe kake.
Njira yopangira zojambula zamakono, zolembera zogwiritsidwa ntchito, mizere imatsimikiziridwa ndi JUS-standards, zomwe mungapeze ndi zina zambiri zothandiza, mwachitsanzo. m’buku la Technical drawing lolemba Todor Pantelić, Belgrade, kapena Technical drawing lolemba Branko Kovač, Zagreb.
Zolemba zathu, ndithudi, sizingayesedwe ndi ndondomeko imodzi. Tili ndi malo okhawo a malamulo ofunikira kwambiri kuchokera ku zojambula zamakono (chithunzi 1).
Figure 1 — chithunzithunzi cha mbiriyakale yamalamulo oyambira azojambula.
Miyezo: kutchula miyezo ya JUS ndi zolemba zakale zimasunga nkhani zoyambirira, koma sizikutsimikizira kuti malamulowo ndi ovomerezeka masiku ano. Pulojekiti iliyonse inene momveka bwino mulingo womwe wagwiritsidwa ntchito, magawo, kachitidwe kowonera, kuwunikanso zojambula ndi munthu wodalirika.
Makulidwe ndi mitundu ya mizere
Choyamba, tiyenera kujambula zithunzi mu sikelo inayake (mkuyu1b), mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsa chinthu chomwe chili pachithunzichi chachepetsedwa kapena kukulitsidwa poyerekeza ndi choyambirira.
Mwachitsanzo: sikelo M=1:5zikuwonetsa kuti bala yomwe kutalika kwake kudzatero850 mmkukhala mu kujambula kasanu kuchepetsedwa, i.e.170 mm(koma tidzagwiritsa ntchito pamwamba850). Zinthu zing’onozing’ono, mwachitsanzo, shaft ya wotchi, idzakulitsidwa muzojambula, kunena, mu scale.10:1kapena2:1. Kukulitsa kumawonetsedwanso ndi sikelo ya “inverted”, mwachitsanzo. M=2:1.
Patsamba limodzi, tiyeni tijambule zidutswazo mulingo wakutiwakuti, ndipo mukona yakumanja yakumanja, lembani sikelo. Ngati tsatanetsatane ali ndi masikelo osiyanasiyana, tikuwonetsa sikelo yofananira pafupi ndi chilichonse.
Miyeso yovomerezeka
Ndondomeko yapansi1:100-1:50(yachepetsedwa pachithunzi)
Mapulani a nyumbayi1:20-1:10(yachepetsedwa pachithunzi)
Mkati1:10-1:5(yachepetsedwa pachithunzi)
Makina ang’onoang’ono1:5-1:2(yachepetsedwa pachithunzi)
Zipangizo zamanja 1:2 - 1:1 (zachepetsedwa pachithunzi)
Zambiri zamakina abwino 1:1 - 1:2 (zokulitsidwa pachithunzi)
Kupanga mawotchi 2:1 - 5:1 (pachithunzi chokulitsa)
Masikelo 1:5, 1:50 kapena 5:1 apewe ngati nkotheka, chifukwa ndizovuta kuwerengetsa mozungulira komanso osawerengera. Pachiyerekezo cha 1:5, mwachitsanzo, ndodo yautali 763 mm ijalidwe 152,6 mm ndipo tiyenera kuŵerengeratu muyesowo. Pankhani ya sikelo 1:10 kutalika kwake kudzakhala 76,3 mm ndipo kudzapezedwa mosavutikira.
Miyezo yosonyezedwa iyenera kukhala miyeso yeniyeni ya chinthucho mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwake pachithunzicho (chifukwa cha sikelo).
Zofunika: mndandanda wa masikelo ovomerezeka wasamutsidwa kuchokera ku mbiri yakale. Chinthucho chimapangidwa molingana ndi kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake, osati kuyeza zowonetsera papepala kapena zenera, zomwe zitha kusinthidwa posindikiza kapena kuwonetsedwa.
Ndi mizere yokhuthala, timajambula m’mphepete mwake, ndipo ndi mizere yopyapyala, timajambula kukwera ndi mizere yothandizira panthawi ya kukula (kuti okwera asakhudze m’mphepete mwa chinthucho). Mzere wa madontho umasonyeza m’mbali zosaoneka (omwe tikayang’ana kutsogolo kumagwera kuseri kwa chinthucho ndipo saoneka kwa ife).
Mzere wokhotakhota wokhala ndi nsonga pakati pa kusweka kulikonse umasonyeza mzere wofanana wa matupi ozungulira kutalika kwa thupi (mwachitsanzo, mzere wapakatikati wa kutalika kwa mipope, shafts, ndi zina zotero) ndi mzere wachigawo, ngati thupi liyenera kudulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ndege yongoganizira kuti iwonetsere zamkati zomwe sizingafikike, mwachitsanzo, osafikirika. Timayika pamwamba pa gawo lolingalira ndi mizere yozungulira (yoswa). Malekezero a mizere yosonyeza malo okwera amathera ndi mivi yomwe ili pa mizere yothandizira.
Mzere wodukidwa wokhala ndi madontho awiri pakati pa nthawi yoduka imasonyeza malo. Mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito zachitsulo, mapepala ayenera kupindika pamalo olembedwa motere. Ulusi wa screw umayikidwa chizindikiro ndi mzere wopyapyala wofanana ndi mzere wokhuthala kuti mzere wokhuthala uchoke kunja. Pa mtedza, mzere wamkati ndi wokhuthala ndipo umasonyeza kukula kwa malo otseguka, pamene ulusiwo umakhala ndi mzere wocheperako.
Zimachitika kuti zinthu zina sizingafanane ndi miyeso yonse. Zikatero m’pofunika kupereka zinthu zongoyerekeza. mawonekedwe ambali zambiri, mwina gawo kapena gawo ndi mawonekedwe (chithunzi 2 chapamwamba).
Zoneneratu ndi Zigawo
Image 2 — zolozera, zigawo ndi mawonekedwe a zojambula.
Pojambula zolozera zina (“mawonedwe”), dongosolo “losiyana” limakhazikitsidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zomwe zasankhidwa zapakati (main view) zimabwera pakati. Chinthu chomwe chikuwoneka kumanja chimakokedwa kumanzere kwa projekiti yapakati. Chinthu chowonedwa kuchokera kumanzere, kapena kuwonedwa kuchokera pansi ndichojambula pamwamba, ndi zina zotero. (chithunzi 1d).
Timayesa kujambula zolozera pang’ono (magawo) momwe tingathere, koma tisaiwale kuti kusowa kwachiwonetsero chofunikira kumabweretsa kupanga skart. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito pamndandanda. Lamulo ndiloti muyeso uliwonse wofunikira uwonetsedwe pajambula, koma osapitirira chimodzi. Malo okwera omwe amabwerezedwa kuti atetezeke nthawi zambiri amakhala otsutsana ndipo amayambitsa vuto (Chithunzi 3).
Makulidwe ndi kulolerana
Figure 3 — kufananiza kwa miyeso yosokonekera komanso yoyendetsedwa.
Miyezo yayikulu iyenera kuperekedwa nthawi zonse pachithunzichi. Kwa kukhalapo kwa miyeso ina, ndikofunikira ngati pali kuthekera koyezera tsatanetsatane komanso ngati kuli kofunikira pakupanga chinthucho. Ngati n’kotheka, miyeso iyenera kuwonetsedwa kuchokera kumapeto, mwachitsanzo. m’mphepete. Zomangidwa pamodzi, izi zitha kubweretsa kulakwitsa popanga zinthu. Ndikofunikira kuti miyesoyo iwunikidwe ndi sikelo osati pajambula komanso pa chinthu (chithunzi 4)
Picture 4 — miyezo iyenera kukhala yokwanira, yoyezeka komanso yosamveka bwino.
Miyeso imaperekedwa mu ma millimeters pa zojambula zamakina, pa zomangamanga ndi zojambula zamakampani amatabwa mu masentimita, komanso pamapulani a malo mu mita. Nambala, zomwe zimasonyeza miyeso, zimalembedwa pamwamba pa mizere yopingasa, yomwe imasonyeza kukwera, ndipo kumanzere, pamene ali oima, pakona ya 90° poyerekezera ndi zam’mbuyo. Manambalawa analembedwa bwino, mosadziŵika bwino komanso momveka bwino komanso m’njira imene tafotokoza pamwambapa kuti mizere yolunjika iwerengedwe ndi mutu wopendekera pang’ono kumanzere (chithunzi 1e).
Mu ntchito za “dzitani nokha”, chizindikiro cha kulolera sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri - kupatuka kololedwa kwa chinthucho kuchokera pamiyezo yabwino. Chizindikiro choyikidwa pambuyo pa nambala yoyezera ndi nambala yaing’ono pamwamba pake imachenjeza kuti miyeso ya chinthu chopangidwa ikhoza kukhala yayikulu kapena yaying’ono kuposa momwe yasonyezedwera. (Mwachitsanzo 204+0 imasonyeza kuti muyeso weniweniwo ukhoza kukhala wocheperapo, koma osati wokulirapo). Ngati 204-1+0,5 yasonyezedwa, chinthucho chikhoza kukhala chachitali ndi theka la millimeter, kapena chachifupi ndi millimeter imodzi.
Zindikirani pa kulolerana: mbiri yakale ya zilembo zomwe zili mundimeyi zitha kukhala zosakwanira pakulemba. Kulekerera, kukwanira, kulolerana kwa geometric, roughness ndi maziko a kuyeza ziyenera kulembedwa momveka bwino molingana ndi muyezo womwe wagwiritsidwa ntchito; sayenera kukopera kuchokera m’nkhaniyi kukhala zojambula.
Ndikofunikiranso kuwonetsa mtundu wa chithandizo chapamwamba. Chizindikiro chogwa S (~) chomwe chaikidwa pamzere wozungulira chimasonyeza kuti pamwamba sichikukonzedwa, ndipo chizindikiro cha N chimasonyeza mbali ya dziko (onani pansi pa chithunzi 2).
Mawonekedwe a zojambulazo angakhale kukula kwa pepala la pepala lotayirira, theka la kukula kwake, kawiri kapena kangapo zazikulu (poyamba, pepalalo limakulungidwa mu magawo awiri, ndipo mujambula lachiwiri, limapangidwa poyika mapepala awiri kapena kuposerapo pafupi ndi mzake, kuti apeze mtundu wina). Maonekedwe amitundu yomwe adapezedwa ndi awa: pepala lotayirira A4, theka la A5, A3 iwiri ndi zina.
Chilembo R kapena r kutsogolo kwa chithunzicho chimawonetsa utali wozungulira. Kutalika kwa gawo lozungulira (mwachitsanzo, pazitsulo za ndodo, etc.) kumasonyezedwa ndi chizindikiro Ø choyikidwa patsogolo pa chithunzicho. Mwachitsanzo, muyeso wa chimbale chokhala ndi radius R16 ungathenso kulembedwa ndi Ø 32, kutengera muyeso womwe ndi wosavuta kuyeza.
Pojambula, timagwiritsa ntchito cholembera cha semi-hard graphite kapena cholembera chokhala ndi nsonga yayitali. Tsamba la wolamulira liyenera kukhala papepala, ndipo timajambula mzere ndi chida chomwe timachigwira molunjika pafupi ndi wolamulira. Ngati tikufuna kupanga chojambula ndi inki, ndiye kuti m’mphepete mwa oblique wa wolamulira sayenera kugona pamapepala koma ayenera kukhala pamwamba, kotero kuti inkiyo isapaka zojambulazo. Ndibwino kuti mupange chimango 1 cm kuchokera m’mphepete mwa pepala lojambula.
Pakujambula, mapepala a square kapena ma graph atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe mizere imatha kukokedwa mosavuta ndikukokedwa pamlingo. Zomwe taphunzira mpaka pano za zojambula zamakono ndizo maziko a mapangidwe abwino. Popanga, sikokwanira kungodziwa malamulo, koma luso loganiza komanso kudzipangira nokha limabwera patsogolo. Palinso malamulo ochepa a golide. Chimodzi mwa izo ndikugwirizanitsa ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu wazinthu, kusankha kulemera koyenera ndi mtengo wazinthuzo.
Ngati taganizira kale zomwe tikufuna kupanga komanso momwe tikufuna kupanga, tiyeni tiwone zofunikira. Mabuku amatipatsa thandizo lofunikira koma losakwanira posankha zida, chifukwa amaganiza kuti pali kuthekera kokwanira. Komabe, timakakamizika kuyang’anira ndi katundu wathu, kapena nthawi zambiri chifukwa chosasankha bwino zinthu zosayenera, zomwe masitolo amatipatsa.
Ndi zida zina zofunika, tidziwa mwatsatanetsatane m’machaputala omwe akufotokoza za kukonza matabwa, zitsulo ndi mapulasitiki. Chifukwa chake apa tingomamatira kuzinthu zina zofunika monga:
-kulimba kwa chinthu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi gawo lofooka kwambiri; mfundo pakati pa nthiti, mbali yofewa ya kasupe wachitsulo, njerwa yowuma ya mzati, chepetsani zonsezo.
-kuwongolera kwa ulusi wamatabwa, mawonekedwe a mtanda, njira yolumikizira, njira yothandizira imakhudza kwambiri mphamvu ya zinthu.
-kulimba kwazinthu kumawonjezeka ndikuwonjezeka kwa magawo. Zinthu zokhuthala zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Komabe, ndi gawo loyenera ndi gawo laling’ono laling’ono (ndipo chifukwa chake kulemera kochepa ndi mtengo) zinthuzo zimatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zofanana komanso zapamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, mtengo wachitsulo wa U-profile uli ndi pafupifupi mphamvu zofanana ndi mtengo wa miyeso yofanana ndi mbiri yonse.
Chidziwitso chaukatswiri: zonena zambiri za “pafupifupi mphamvu zomwezo” zamitundu yosiyanasiyana sizoyambira pakusankha chinthu chonyamula katundu. Kulemera kwa katundu kumadalira zinthu, olamulira a katundu, kukhazikika, kugwedezeka, kugwedezeka, mafupa, kutopa, moto, dzimbiri ndi malire. Chonyamula chiyenera kuwerengedwa pazochitika zenizeni.
-zida zapayekha kutengera mtundu ndi komwe akunyamula zimakhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana.
Mphamvu zimadaliranso: kutentha (motengera mphamvu zake, mapulasitiki ena amafewetsa), madzi (makamaka amawononga zinthu zomangira), kuzizira (amapangitsa malata kukhala olimba kwambiri komanso osalimba), mankhwala ankhanza (amawononga pafupifupi zida zonse zomangira), ndi zina zotero.
Popanga, tiyenera kuganizira zonsezi, osaiwala zotheka zochepa. Ngati tili ndi zinthu, teknoloji iyenera kukhazikitsidwa malinga ndi luso lopanga. Tidzasankha chinthu chimodzi tikafuna kuwotcherera, ndi china, ngati tikufuna kulumikizana ndi riveting. Kwa chivindikiro cha bokosi lokongoletsedwa mwaluso, chinthu choyenera chamatabwa chimafunika, ndipo pazitsulo zapansi, zinthu zina. Tidula choyikapo kumbuyo kwa mpando wakumanja kuchokera ku thovu la siponji. Komabe, zinyalala za thovu za siponji zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kudzaza ma cushion ampando wantchito.
Lamulo lofunika: dongosolo latsatanetsatane limapangidwa pokhapokha atapeza zinthu zofunika. Zomanga zina sizingachitike, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chakuti pamsika pali zomangira zokulirapo kuposa momwe amafunira.
Zojambula ndi zabodza! Nthawi zambiri tsatanetsatane akhoza kukonzedwa bwino kwambiri pa izo, ndipo panthawi ya msonkhano amapezeka kuti n’zosatheka kuwakwanira; ndi kwa ena, kuti sangathenso kupasuka pambuyo pa msonkhano.
Sitiyenera kuyiwala kuteteza zinthu kuti zisaterereka, kusuntha ndi kumasula. Mwachitsanzo, nazi njira zingapo zotetezera “kulumikizana” ndi wononga potsegula: washer, wochapira masika, wochapira korona, kugawanika, kung’amba, kupukuta misomali, kutafuna chingamu, utoto, nati (nati), washer wa pulasitiki, kapu yoteteza, ndi zina zotero. Fuse yoyenera kwambiri iyenera kusankhidwa pasadakhale ndikuwonetsedwa pajambula.
Zofunika: Pula ya misomali, chingamu, penti ndi njira zina zotsogola sizovomerezeka kuti zitetezedwe pa phula lofunika kwambiri pachitetezo. Njira yotetezera imasankhidwa powerengera komanso molingana ndi muyezo, zinthu, kugwedezeka, kutentha, dzimbiri ndi malangizo a wopanga, ndi torque yomangika ndi kuwongolera.
Timaganizanso zosinthira ku zosowa. Tikhala otsimikiza kwambiri popanga shaft yowongolera kart kuposa momwe timapangira nyumba ya mbalame. Womanga amalingalira mosiyana popanga ndege yachitsanzo yokhala ndi chiwongolero cha wailesi kusiyana ndi kupanga bwato lamatabwa lachidole patchuthi chapachaka.
Ndizovuta kuphunzira nzeru zonse zamapangidwe mulemba limodzi. Koma, kupambana sikudzakhalako ngati tijambula ndi kupanga moganizira, molondola, mwaukhondo komanso molamulidwa komanso ngati sitinong’oneza bondo (komanso ndalama zochepa) kuti tipeze zilolezo zovomerezeka zovomerezeka, miyezo ndi malamulo a ntchitoyo.
**Chidziwitso chomaliza: ** ntchito, kusonkhanitsa, kukonza, kusokoneza, kupezeka, kulolerana, zinthu, zolumikizana ndi zoopsa zonse zomwe zimayenera kuyang’aniridwa musanapangidwe. Kujambula ndi kuvomereza kuyenera kutsatiridwa; Pachinthu chilichonse chofunikira pachitetezo kapena zomangamanga, kuwerengera koyenera kwa akatswiri ndi kutsimikizira ndikofunikira.