** Cov ntsiab lus kws tshaj lij Archive:** tsab xov xwm qhia txog keeb kwm kev qhia txog kev kos duab thiab tsim qauv. Nws tsis yog qhov hloov pauv rau tam sim no SRPS, EN, ISO lossis lwm yam qauv siv tau, cov kev cai, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv, suav, cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis lossis kev pom zoo. Cov cim JUS qub, qhov loj me, qhov ntev, qhov ntev, cov qauv thiab cov kev cai ntawm qhov project yuav tsum raug kuaj xyuas raws li hom ntaub ntawv, cov qauv ntawv cog lus thiab cov kev xav tau. Rau cov txheej txheem, txhua yam, hluav taws xob, roj thiab lwm yam kev nyab xeeb-tseem ceeb ua haujlwm, yuav tsum muaj tus tsim qauv tsim nyog ntawm txoj haujlwm tsim nyog.
Hnub no, Savo Kusić tau tsom mus rau qhov rais ntoo, wood-aluminium Qhov rais, kev cai Qhov rais, qhov rooj thiab thov lus hais. Kab lus no tseem yog keeb kwm archive thiab tsis tsim ib qho kev pabcuam tsim.
Tsim ua ntej kev tsim kho
Txhua yam peb ua lossis kho, thawj theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, tsis yog nyob rau hauv raws sijhawm, tab sis kuj tseem ceeb, yog tsim. Feem ntau theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm no tsuas yog ua tiav hauv lub siab. Kev vam meej nrog hom kev tsim “tsuas yog hauv lub taub hau” tuaj yeem xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm yooj yim. Rau ntau txoj haujlwm nyuaj, tsim qauv tsim nyog, ntawm daim duab kos lossis kos duab. Lwm tus tuaj yeem tsim rau koj, thiab koj txoj haujlwm tsuas yog ua raws li tus qauv tsim.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kos duab kos duab, siv cov cim, kab yog txiav txim siab los ntawm JUS-tus qauv, uas koj tuaj yeem pom nrog ntau lwm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, xws li. nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Kev kos duab los ntawm Todor Pantelić, Belgrade, lossis Kev kos duab los ntawm Branko Kovač, Zagreb.
Peb cov ntawv nyeem, tau kawg, tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas tawm tsam ib qho kev cai. Peb tsuas muaj qhov chaw rau cov kev cai tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ntawm kev kos duab (daim duab 1).
Daim duab 1 - keeb kwm txheej txheem cej luam ntawm cov kev cai yooj yim ntawm kev kos duab.
** Cov qauv:** hais txog JUS cov qauv thiab cov ntawv qub qub khaws cia cov ntsiab lus qub, tab sis tsis lees paub tias cov cai no siv tau niaj hnub no. Txhua qhov project yuav tsum qhia meej meej cov qauv siv, units, projection system, kos duab kho thiab tus neeg saib xyuas.
Dimensions thiab hom kab
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, peb yuav tsum kos cov duab kos rau hauv ib qho kev ntsuas (Fig1b), i.e. qhia cov khoom hauv daim duab txo lossis loj dua piv rau qhov qub.
Piv txwv li: scale M =1:5qhia tias lub bar uas nws ntev yuav850 mmyuav nyob rau hauv daim duab tsib zaug txo, i.e.170 mm(tab sis peb yuav siv nws rau ntawm qhov siab850). Cov khoom me me, piv txwv li cov ncej ntawm lub moos, yuav nthuav dav hauv daim duab kos, hais, hauv nplai10:1los yog2:1. Magnification kuj qhia los ntawm “inverted” nplai, xws li. M =2:1.
Ntawm ib daim ntawv, cia peb kos cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib qho kev teev, thiab nyob rau hauv lub kaum sab xis sab xis, kos lub nplai. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus muaj qhov sib txawv, peb qhia qhov sib thooj ntsuas ntawm ib sab ntawm txhua qhov nthuav dav.
Pom zoo qhov ntev
Pem teb npaj1:100-1:50(txo hauv daim duab)
Daim phiaj xwm ntawm lub tsev1:20-1:10(txo hauv daim duab)
Sab hauv1:10-1:5(txo hauv daim duab)
Cov tshuab me me1:5-1:2(txo hauv daim duab)
Hand tools 1:2 - 1:1 (txo hauv daim duab)
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuab zoo 1:1 - 1:2 (loj hauv daim duab)
Watchmaking finesse 2:1 - 5:1 (hauv daim duab loj)
Cov nplai 1:5, 1:50 lossis 5:1 yuav tsum zam yog tias ua tau, vim tias lawv nyuaj rau kev rov ua kom lub plawv tsis zoo. Ntawm qhov piv 1:5, piv txwv li, ib tug pas nrig ntev 763 mm yuav tsum tau kos 152,6 mm thiab peb yuav tsum xam qhov ntsuas ua ntej. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm qhov ntsuas 1:10 qhov ntev kos yuav yog 76,3 mm thiab yuav tau txais yam tsis muaj teeb meem.
Cov ntsuas ntsuas yuav tsum yog qhov ntsuas tiag tiag ntawm cov khoom txawm hais tias lawv loj npaum li cas ntawm daim duab (vim qhov ntsuas).
Qhov tseem ceeb: daim ntawv teev cov nplais pom zoo raug xa mus los ntawm qhov chaw keeb kwm. Cov khoom yog tsim raws li qhov ntev thiab qhov tshwj xeeb, tsis yog los ntawm kev ntsuas cov duab ntawm daim ntawv lossis lub vijtsam, uas yuav raug ntsuas thaum luam ntawv lossis tso tawm.
Nrog cov kab tuab, peb kos cov npoo pom, thiab nrog cov kab nyias, peb kos qhov siab thiab cov kab sib txuas thaum lub sij hawm qhov ntev (kom qhov siab tsis txhob kov cov npoo ntawm cov khoom). Cov kab dotted qhia txog qhov pom tsis pom (uas thaum saib los ntawm lub hauv ntej poob qab ntawm qhov khoom thiab pom tsis tau rau peb).
Ib txoj kab khiav nrog ib qho taw tes ntawm txhua qhov kev tawg qhia qhov axis ntawm symmetry ntawm lub rotating lub cev raws li qhov ntev ntawm lub cev (piv txwv li, lub midline ntawm qhov ntev ntawm cov kav dej, shafts, thiab lwm yam) thiab cov seem kab, yog hais tias lub cev yuav tsum tau txiav nrog ib tug xav txog tej yam dav hlau los qhia cov ntsiab lus sab hauv, piv txwv li. Peb kos lub npoo ntawm qhov xav txog ntu nrog oblique kab (hatched). Qhov kawg ntawm cov kab qhia txog qhov nce siab kawg nrog cov xub uas pw ntawm cov pab pawg.
Dashed kab nrog ob lub dots nruab nrab ntawm txhua qhov so qhia txog qhov chaw quav. Piv txwv li, hauv cov ntawv hlau ua haujlwm, cov nplooj ntawv yuav tsum tau khoov rau hauv qhov chaw cim zoo li no. Cov ntsia hlau xov yog cim nrog ib txoj kab nyias thaum uas tig mus rau cov kab tuab kom cov kab tuab tuaj ntawm sab nraud. Ntawm cov txiv ntoo, cov kab sab hauv yog tuab dua thiab qhia txog txoj kab uas hla ntawm qhov qhib, thaum lub xov yog cim nrog ib txoj kab nyias.
Nws tshwm sim tias qee yam khoom tsis tuaj yeem haum txhua qhov ntev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog tsim nyog los muab cov khoom projections viz. Kev saib ntau sab, tejzaum ib ntu lossis ntu thiab qhov projection (duab 2 sab sauv).
Projections and Sections
Image 2 — projections, sections and drawing orientation.
Thaum kos qee qhov projections (“views”), qhov kev npaj “tawm tsam” raug sau tseg. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov kev xaiv hauv nruab nrab qhov projection (qhov tseem ceeb saib) los hauv nruab nrab. Ib yam khoom pom ntawm sab xis yog kos rau sab laug ntawm qhov projection nruab nrab. Ib yam khoom pom ntawm sab laug, lossis saib los ntawm hauv qab no yog kos rau saum toj no, thiab lwm yam. (daim duab 1d).
Peb sim kos ob peb qhov projections (seem) raws li qhov ua tau, tab sis cia peb tsis txhob hnov qab tias qhov tsis muaj qhov projection tsim nyog ua rau kev tsim cov skart. Tib yam siv rau cov npe. Txoj cai yog tias txhua qhov loj me yuav tsum tau qhia ntawm daim duab, tab sis tsis ntau tshaj ib qho. Kev nce siab dua rau kev nyab xeeb feem ntau yog qhov tsis sib xws thiab ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab (Daim duab 3).
Dimensioning and tolerances
Daim duab 3 - kev sib piv ntawm fuzzy thiab tswj dimensioning.
Cov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau muab rau ntawm daim duab. Rau qhov muaj lwm yam kev ntsuas, nws tseem ceeb heev seb puas muaj peev xwm ntsuas cov ntsiab lus thiab seb lawv puas tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov khoom. Yog tias ua tau, ntsuas yuav tsum tau qhia los ntawm qhov kawg, piv txwv li. ntug. Kev sib txuas ua ke, cov no tuaj yeem yooj yim ua rau cov khoom tsim khoom yuam kev. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov kev ntsuas tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas nrog qhov ntsuas tsis yog ntawm daim duab tab sis kuj ntawm cov khoom (duab 4)
Duab 4 - kev ntsuas yuav tsum txaus, ntsuas tau thiab tsis meej.
Kev ntsuas tau muab nyob rau hauv millimeters ntawm lub tshuab kos duab, ntawm kev tsim kho thiab kev lag luam ntoo kos duab hauv centimeters, thiab ntawm cov phiaj xwm hauv av hauv meters. Cov lej, uas qhia txog kev ntsuas, yog sau saum toj no cov kab kab rov tav, uas qhia txog qhov siab, thiab sab laug, thaum lawv nyob ntsug, ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 90° cuam tshuam rau yav dhau los. Cov lej sau tau zoo, tsis pom tseeb thiab raug cai thiab raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no kom cov kab ntsug tuaj yeem nyeem nrog lub taub hau tig me ntsis rau sab laug (daim duab 1e).
In “ua-nws-koj tus kheej” ua haujlwm, daim ntawv lo rau kev zam tsis tshua siv - qhov tso cai sib txawv ntawm cov khoom los ntawm qhov zoo tagnrho, kev ntsuas. Ib daim paib muab tso rau tom qab tus lej ntsuas thiab tus lej me me saum toj no nws ceeb toom tias qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom tsim khoom yuav loj dua lossis me dua li qhia. (Piv txwv li 204+0 qhia tias qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb yuav me dua, tab sis tsis loj dua). Yog hais tias 204-1+0,5 yog qhia, cov khoom yuav ntev dua los ntawm qhov siab tshaj ntawm ib nrab millimeter, lossis luv dua los ntawm ib millimeter.
Note on tolerances: cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm cov cim hauv kab lus no tej zaum yuav ua tsis tiav. Tolerances, haum, geometric tolerances, roughness thiab ntsuas puag yuav tsum tau sau unambiguously raws li tus qauv siv; lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob muab luam tawm ntawm kab lus no mus rau hauv cov duab kos.
Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb los qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm kev kho deg. Daim ntawv pov thawj S (~) muab tso rau ntawm txoj kab contour qhia tias qhov chaw tsis ua tiav, thiab kos npe N qhia rau sab ntawm lub ntiaj teb (saib hauv qab ntawm daim duab 2).
Cov qauv ntawm daim duab tuaj yeem yog qhov loj ntawm daim ntawv sau ntawv, ib nrab ntawm qhov loj, ob lossis ob peb zaug loj dua (hauv thawj rooj plaub, daim ntawv yog muab tais rau hauv ob feem, thiab hauv daim duab thib ob, nws yog tsim los ntawm muab ob lossis ntau daim ntawv ntawm ib sab, thiaj li yuav tau txais ib hom ntawv). Cov npe ntawm cov qauv tau txais yog: ntawv ntaus ntawv A4, ib nrab A5, ob chav A3 thiab lwm yam.
Tsab ntawv R lossis r nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm daim duab qhia lub vojvoog ntawm kev sib tw. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub voj voog (xws li nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm cov pas nrig, thiab lwm yam) yog qhia los ntawm kos npe Ø muab tso rau pem hauv ntej ntawm daim duab. Piv txwv li, kev ntsuas rau lub disc nrog lub vojvoog R16 kuj tseem tuaj yeem raug cim nrog Ø 32, nyob ntawm seb qhov ntsuas twg yooj yim dua rau kev ntsuas.
Rau kev kos duab, peb siv lub taw tes semi-hard graphite lossis ballpoint cwj mem nrog lub hau elongated. Cov hniav ntawm tus pas ntsuas yuav tsum tau so ntawm daim ntawv, thiab peb kos ib kab nrog cov cuab yeej uas peb tuav nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm ntsug ntawm ib sab ntawm tus pas ntsuas. Yog tias peb xav ua daim duab nrog tus cwj mem, ces tus ntug oblique ntawm tus pas ntsuas yuav tsum tsis txhob dag ntawm daim ntawv tab sis yuav tsum nyob rau sab saud, kom tus number case tsis smear rau ntawm daim duab. Nws raug nquahu kom tsim cov ncej 1 cm los ntawm ntug ntawm daim ntawv kos duab.
Rau sketch, square lossis graph daim ntawv tuaj yeem siv tau, ntawm cov kab uas hla tau yooj yim tau kos dawb thiab kos rau nplai. Qhov peb tau kawm txog tam sim no txog kev kos duab tsuas yog lub hauv paus rau kev tsim qauv zoo. Hauv kev tsim qauv, nws tsis txaus tsuas yog paub txog cov cai, tab sis lub peev xwm ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm tus kheej los ua ntej. Tseem muaj ob peb txoj cai golden. Ib qho ntawm lawv yog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm daim ntawv thov nrog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv, xaiv qhov hnyav thiab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv.
Yog tias peb twb xav txog yam twg thiab peb xav ua li cas, cia peb txiav txim siab cov khoom tsim nyog. Phau ntawv muab peb qhov tsim nyog tab sis tsis muaj kev pab txaus hauv kev xaiv cov ntaub ntawv, vim tias lawv xav tias muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev muaj peev xwm. Txawm li cas los xij, peb raug yuam kom tswj hwm los ntawm peb tus kheej cov khoom lag luam, lossis feem ntau los ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom tsis zoo, uas cov khw muab rau peb.
Nrog qee cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, peb yuav tau paub meej hauv cov tshooj uas piav txog kev ua cov ntoo, hlau thiab yas. Yog li ntawm no peb tsuas yog lo rau qee yam tseem ceeb xws li:
-lub zog ntawm cov khoom yog txiav txim los ntawm nws qhov tsis muaj zog; ib lub pob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub batten, softened ib feem ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel, khov cib ntawm ib kem, ua rau tag nrho cov tsis muaj zog.
-kev taw qhia ntawm cov ntoo fibers, cov duab ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig-section, txoj kev clamping, txoj kev txhawb nqa zoo heev cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm lub ntsiab.
-lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv nce ntxiv nrog kev nce ntu ntu. Cov ntaub ntawv tuab dua yog qhov muaj zog dua. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau qhov tsim nyog hla ntu thiab thaj tsam me me (thiab yog li qhov hnyav dua thiab tus nqi) cov khoom tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib npaug thiab muaj zog dua. Piv txwv li, U-profile steel beam muaj yuav luag tib lub zog raws li ib tug nqaj ntawm tib qhov ntev nrog ib tug tag nrho profile.
Engineering note: general claims of “yuav luag tib lub zog” ntawm cov profiles sib txawv tsis yog lub hauv paus rau kev xaiv cov khoom thauj khoom. Load peev nyob ntawm cov khoom, load axis, stability, buckling, torsion, pob qij txha, qaug zog, hluav taws kub, corrosion thiab ciam teb tej yam kev mob. Lub ntsiab bearing yuav tsum raug xam rau ib rooj plaub.
-cov ntaub ntawv tus kheej nyob ntawm seb hom thiab kev taw qhia ntawm kev thauj khoom muaj zog sib txawv.
Strength kuj nyob ntawm: tshav kub (raws li nws lub zog, ib co plastics soften), dej (feem ntau yog tawm tsam cov khoom siv), txias (ua rau tin heev nruj thiab nkig), tshuaj aggressively cuam tshuam rau yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom siv, thiab lwm yam.
Thaum tsim, peb yuav tsum coj tag nrho cov no mus rau hauv tus account, tsis txhob hnov qab txog qhov txwv tsis pub muaj peev xwm. Yog tias peb muaj cov khoom siv, cov cuab yeej technology yuav tsum tau tsim nyob ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tsim khoom. Peb yuav xaiv ib qho khoom siv thaum peb xav welding, thiab lwm yam, yog tias peb xav ua kev sib txuas los ntawm riveting. Rau lub hau ntawm lub thawv dai kom zoo nkauj, yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv ntoo uas tsim nyog, thiab rau cov txee hauv qab daus, lwm yam khoom siv. Peb yuav txiav qhov ntxig rau sab nraub qaum ntawm lub rooj zaum ntawm lub rooj zaum los ntawm ib qho ntawm daim txhuam cev ua npuas ncauj. Txawm li cas los xij, daim txhuam cev ua npuas ncauj kuj tuaj yeem siv los sau cov cushions ntawm lub rooj zaum ua haujlwm.
Ib txoj cai tseem ceeb: kev npaj kom ntxaws tsuas yog tom qab tau txais cov khoom tsim nyog. Qee qhov kev tsim kho tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav, piv txwv li, tsuas yog vim muaj cov ntsia hlau ntawm kev ua lag luam nrog qhov loj dua li qhov xav tau.
Daim duab yog dag! Feem ntau cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem npaj tau zoo heev ntawm nws, thiab thaum sib dhos nws pom tias nws tsis tuaj yeem haum rau lawv; thiab rau lwm tus, hais tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem disassembled tom qab sib dhos.
Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog kev ruaj ntseg cov ntsiab lus tiv thaiv slipping, hloov thiab unscrewing. Ua piv txwv, ntawm no yog ob peb txoj hauv kev rau kev ruaj ntseg “kev sib txuas” nrog cov ntsia hlau tawm tsam qhib: lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntxhua khaub ncaws, lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, sib cais, ntsia hlau kawg tsim kua muag, ntsia thawv polish, zom cov pos hniav, xim, txee txiv ntoo (txiv ntseej), yas ntxhua khaub ncaws, lub hau tiv thaiv, thiab lwm yam. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws fuse yuav tsum tau xaiv ua ntej thiab qhia rau ntawm daim duab.
** Tseem ceeb: ** ntsia thawv polish, zom cov pos hniav, xim thiab lwm yam improvised txhais tau tias tsis pom zoo kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev ruaj ntseg-tseem ceeb ntsia hlau sib koom. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ruaj ntseg yog xaiv los ntawm kev suav thiab raws li tus qauv, cov khoom siv, kev vibrations, qhov kub thiab txias, corrosion thiab cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus qhia, nrog rau kev ceev ceev torque thiab tswj.
Peb kuj xav txog kev hloov raws li kev xav tau. Peb tab tom yuav mob siab ntxiv txog kev tsim lub tsheb kauj vab go-kart dua li peb tab tom tsim lub tsev noog. Tus tsim tsim cov laj thawj sib txawv thaum tsim lub dav hlau qauv nrog lub xov tooj cua tswj dua li thaum tsim cov khoom ua si-ntoo nkoj rau kev so txhua xyoo.
Nws nyuaj rau kawm tag nrho cov kev txawj ntse ntawm kev tsim hauv ib phau ntawv. Tab sis, kev vam meej yuav tsis ploj mus yog tias peb kos thiab tsim kev xav, raug, huv si thiab tswj tau thiab yog tias peb tsis khuv xim qhov kev siv zog (thiab nyiaj txiag me ntsis) kom tau txais cov kev pom zoo tsim nyog, cov qauv thiab cov cai rau kev ua haujlwm.
** Daim ntawv kawg: ** muaj nuj nqi, sib dhos, tu, disassembly, nkag tau yooj yim, kam rau ua, cov khoom siv, pob qij txha thiab txhua yam kev pheej hmoo raug kuaj ua ntej tsim khoom. Kev kos duab kho dua tshiab thiab kev pom zoo yuav tsum tau traceable; rau txhua qhov kev nyab xeeb-tseem ceeb cov khoom lossis kev tsim kho, tsim nyog cov kws tshaj lij suav thiab txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb.