Ugcino lweengcali ezingoovimba: inqaku lidlulisa intshayelelo yembali kumzobo wobugcisa kunye noyilo. Ayithathi indawo ye-SRPS yangoku, i-EN, i-ISO okanye eminye imigangatho esebenzayo, imimiselo, imimiselo yereferensi, ubalo, amaxwebhu obugcisa okanye imvume. Iimpawu zakudala ze-JUS, imilinganiselo ebonisiweyo, ukunyamezelana, iifomathi kunye nemigaqo yokuqikelela mazitshekishwe ngokohlobo lwamaxwebhu, umgangatho ekuvunyelwene ngawo kunye neemfuno ezisebenzayo. Ngolwakhiwo, umatshini, umbane, igesi kunye neminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko, umyili ogunyazisiweyo womsebenzi ofanelekileyo uyafuneka.
Namhlanje, i-Savo Kusić igxile kwi ifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiko, umnyango kunye nezicelo zekoteyishini. Eli nqaku lihlala linguvimba wembali kwaye aliyiyo inkonzo yoyilo.
Yila phambi kokwakha
Nantoni na esiyenzayo okanye esiyilungisayo, inqanaba lokuqala lomsebenzi, kungekuphela nje ngokulandelelana kweziganeko kodwa nangokubaluleka, kuyayilwa. Ngokufuthi eli nqanaba lomsebenzi lenziwa kuphela engqondweni. Impumelelo ngolu hlobo lokuyila “kuphela entloko” inokulindeleka kwimisebenzi elula. Kwimisebenzi enzima ngakumbi, uyilo luyimfuneko, kumzobo okanye umzobo. Omnye umntu unokukwenzela, kwaye umsebenzi wakho kukulandela uyilo nje.
Indlela yokwenza imizobo yobugcisa, ukuphawula okusetyenzisiweyo, imigca inqunywe yi-JUS-standards, onokuyifumana kunye nolunye ulwazi oluluncedo, umz. kwincwadi Umzobo wobugcisa nguTodor Pantelić, iBelgrade, okanye umzobo wobugcisa nguBranko Kovač, Zagreb.
Isicatshulwa sethu, ngokuqinisekileyo, asinakulinganiswa nesethi enye yemimiselo. Sinesithuba kuphela seyona migaqo ibalulekileyo kumzobo wobugcisa (umfanekiso 1).
Figure 1 — isishwankathelo sembali yemigaqo esisiseko yokuzoba.
Imigangatho: ukucaphula imigangatho ye-JUS kunye neencwadana zakudala zigcina umxholo wokuqala, kodwa awuqinisekisi ukuba loo migaqo iyasebenza namhlanje. Iprojekthi nganye kufuneka ichaze ngokucacileyo umgangatho osetyenzisiweyo, iiyunithi, inkqubo yokubonisa, uhlaziyo lomzobo kunye nomntu onoxanduva.
Imilinganiselo kunye neentlobo zemigca
Okokuqala, kufuneka sizobe imizobo kwisikali esithile (Fig1b), o.k.t. ukubonisa into kumzobo incitshisiwe okanye yandisiwe xa kuthelekiswa neyokuqala.
Umzekelo: isikali M=1:5ibonisa ukuba ibha ebude bayo buya kuthi850 mmube kumzobo kahlanu kuncitshiswe, i.e.170 mm(kodwa siya kuyisebenzisa ekuphakameni850). Izinto ezincinci kakhulu, umzekelo i-shaft yewotshi, iya kwandiswa kumzobo, yithi, kwisikali.10:1okanye2:1. Ukwandiswa kwakhona kuboniswa kwisikali “esiguqulweyo”, umz. M=2:1.
Kwiphepha elinye, masizobe amaqhekeza kuphela kwisikali esithile, kwaye kwikona esezantsi ekunene, phawula isikali. Ukuba iinkcukacha zinezikali ezahlukeneyo, sibonisa isikali esihambelanayo ecaleni kwenkcukacha nganye.
Imilinganiselo ecetyiswayo
Icebo laphantsi1:100-1:50(uncitshisiwe kumzobo)
Iplani yesakhiwo1:20-1:10(uncitshisiwe kumzobo)
Ngaphakathi1:10-1:5(uncitshisiwe kumzobo)
Oomatshini abancinci1:5-1:2(uncitshisiwe kumzobo)
Izixhobo zesandla 1:2 - 1:1 (incitshisiwe kumzobo)
Iinkcukacha zoomatshini abalungileyo 1:1 - 1:2 (yandisiwe kumzobo)
Ukwenza i finesse 2:1 - 5:1 (kumzobo owandisiweyo)
Izikali 1:5, 1:50 okanye 5:1 kufuneka iphetshwe ukuba kuyenzeka, kuba kunzima ukuyibala ngentliziyo kwaye iphinde ibale. Kumlinganiselo 1:5, umzekelo, intonga yobude 763 mm kufuneka izotywe 152,6 mm kwaye kufuneka sibale loo mlinganiselo kwangaphambili. Kwimeko yesikali 1:10 ubude obuzotyiweyo buya kuba 76,3 mm kwaye buya kufunyanwa ngaphandle kobunzima.
Imilinganiselo ebonisiweyo kufuneka isoloko iyimilinganiso yokwenene yento kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani bayo kumzobo (ngenxa yesikali).
Okubalulekileyo: uluhlu lwezikali ezicetyiswayo zikhutshelwe ukusuka kumthombo wembali. Into yenziwe ngokwemilinganiselo kunye neenkcukacha, kungekhona ngokulinganisa umboniso kwiphepha okanye isikrini, esinokulinganiswa xa kushicilelwa okanye kuboniswa.
Ngemigca engqingqwa, sizoba imida ebonakalayo, kunye nemigca emincinci, sizoba iindawo eziphakamileyo kunye nemigca encedisayo ngexesha lokulinganisa (ukuze iindawo eziphakamileyo zingachukumisi iindawo eziphambili zento). Umgca onamachaphaza ubonisa imiphetho engabonakaliyo (ethi xa ijongwe ngaphambili iwele emva kwento kwaye ayibonakali kuthi).
Umgca odayiweyo kunye nenqaku phakathi kwekhefu ngalinye libonisa i-axis ye-symmetry yemizimba ejikelezayo kunye nobude bomzimba (umzekelo, umgca ophakathi wobude bemibhobho, i-shafts, njl.) kunye nomgca wecandelo, ukuba umzimba wawuza kunqunyulwa usebenzisa i-imaginary plane iliso ukugqamisa ezo nkcukacha zangaphakathi ezingenakufikeleleka, umzekelo ongafikelelekiyo, ongenakufikeleleka, ongenakufikeleleka. Siphawula umphezulu wecandelo lentelekelelo kunye nemigca ye-oblique (iqanduselwe). Iziphelo zemigca ebonisa ukuphakama ziphela ngeentolo ezilele kwimigca encedisayo.
Umgca odayiweyo onamachaphaza amabini phakathi kwekhefu ngalinye ubonisa iisayithi ezigotywayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-sheet metal works, amaphepha kufuneka agobe kwiindawo eziphawulwe ngolu hlobo. Umsonto we-screw uphawulwe ngomgca obhityileyo omnye ongqamene nomgca ongqindilili ukuze umgca ongqindilili uphume ngaphandle. Kwi-nut, umgca wangaphakathi unzima kwaye ubonisa ububanzi bokuvula, ngelixa intambo imakwe ngomgca omncinci.
Kuyenzeka ukuba ezinye izinto azikwazi ukulingana yonke imilinganiselo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo kuyimfuneko ukunika uqikelelo lwento okt. umbono onamacala amaninzi, kunokwenzeka ukuba licandelo okanye icandelo kunye nentelekelelo (umfanekiso 2 inxalenye ephezulu).
Uqikelelo kunye namaCandelo
Umfanekiso 2 — uqikelelo, amacandelo kunye nokuqhelaniswa nomzobo.
Xa uzobe uqikelelo oluthile (“views”), kumiselwe ilungiselelo “elichaseneyo”. Oku kuthetha ukuba ingqikelelo esembindini ekhethiweyo (imbono engundoqo) iza embindini. Into ebonwa ekunene izotywe ekhohlo lomboniso osembindini. Into ebonwa ukusuka ekhohlo, okanye ejongwe ukusuka ngezantsi izotywe phezulu, njl. njl. (umfanekiso 1d).
Sizama ukuzoba iingqikelelo ezimbalwa (amacandelo) kangangoko sinakho, kodwa masingalibali ukuba ukunqongophala kwalo naluphi na uqikelelo oluyimfuneko kukhokelela ekwenziweni kweskirt. Okufanayo kuyasebenza kuluhlu. Umgaqo kukuba yonke imilinganiselo efunekayo kufuneka iboniswe kumzobo, kodwa ingabi ngaphezu kwesinye. Imiphakamo ephindiweyo yokhuseleko idla ngokuchasana kwaye ibangela ingxaki (Figure 3).
Ubungakanani kunye nokunyamezela
Figure 3 — uthelekiso lwedimensioning efuzzy kunye nokulawulwayo.
Imilinganiselo ephambili kufuneka isoloko inikwe kumzobo. Ubukho beminye imilinganiselo, kubalulekile ukuba kukho ithuba lokulinganisa iinkcukacha kunye nokuba ziyimfuneko kwimveliso yento. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, amanyathelo kufuneka aboniswe ukususela ekupheleni, okt. edge. Zidityaniswe kunye, ezi zinokukhokelela lula kwimpazamo yokuyila into. Kubalulekile ukuba imilinganiselo inokujongwa ngesikali kungekhona nje kumzobo kodwa nakwinto (umfanekiso 4)
Umfanekiso 4 — imilinganiselo kufuneka yanele, ilinganiseke kwaye icace.
Imilinganiselo inikwe ngeemilimitha kwimizobo yomatshini, kwimizobo yokwakha kunye noshishino lwamaplanga ngeesentimitha, kunye nezicwangciso zomhlaba kwiimitha. Amanani, abonisa imilinganiselo, abhalwe ngaphezu kwemigca ethe tye, ebonisa ukuphakama, kwaye kwicala lasekhohlo, xa zithe nkqo, kwi-angle ye-90 ° ngokumalunga nangaphambili. Amanani abhalwe kakuhle, ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo nangendlela echazwe ngasentla ukwenzela ukuba imiphakamo ethe nkqo ifundeke ngentloko ethambekele kancinane ukuya ngasekhohlo (umfanekiso 1e).
Kwimisebenzi ethi “do-it-yourself”, ileyibhile yokunyamezela ayifane isetyenziswe - ukutenxa okuvunyelweyo kwento ukusuka kokufanelekileyo, imilinganiselo. Uphawu olubekwe emva kwenani lomlinganiselo kunye nenani elincinci ngaphezu kwalo lilumkisa ukuba imilinganiselo yento eyenziweyo ingaba nkulu okanye encinci kunokuba ibonisiwe. (Umzekelo 204+0 ibonisa ukuba owona mlinganiselo unokuba mncinci, kodwa ungabi mkhulu). Ukuba 204-1+0,5 ibonisiwe, into leyo inokuba nde ngobuninzi besiqingatha semilimitha, okanye mfutshane ngemilimitha enye.
Qaphela malunga nokunyamezelana: ingxelo yembali yamanqaku kulo mhlathi isenokungaphelelanga ngokokuchwetheza. Unyamezelo, ukulingana, ukunyamezelwa kwejometri, uburhabaxa kunye nesiseko somlinganiselo kufuneka sibhalwe ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngokomgangatho osetyenziswayo; akufunekanga zikhutshelwe kweli nqaku kumzobo wemveliso.
Kukwabalulekile ukubonisa umgangatho wonyango lwangaphezulu. Uphawu S (~) oluwileyo olubekwe kumgca wecontour lubonisa ukuba umphezulu awusetyenzwanga, kwaye uphawu N lubonisa icala lehlabathi (bona emazantsi omfanekiso 2).
Ifomathi yomzobo ingaba yisayizi yephepha lephepha lokubhala, isiqingatha sobukhulu, kabini okanye amaxesha amaninzi amakhulu (kwimeko yokuqala, iphepha lihlanganiswe libe ngamacandelo amabini, kwaye kumzobo wesibini, lenziwe ngokubeka amaphepha amabini okanye ngaphezulu ecaleni komnye nomnye, ukwenzela ukuba ufumane ifomathi ethile). Ukutyunjwa kweefomathi ezifunyenwe ngolu hlobo zezi: iphepha lokuchwetheza A4, isiqingatha A5, kabini A3 njl.
Unobumba R okanye u-r phambi komzobo ubonisa iradiyasi yokusondeza. Ububanzi becandelo lesetyhula (umzekelo kwimeko yeetyhubhu zentonga, njl.) kuboniswa ngumqondiso Ø obekwe phambi komzobo. Umzekelo, umlinganiselo wediski eneradiyasi R16 inokuphawulwa kwakhona nge-Ø 32, kuxhomekeke ekubeni yeyiphi imilinganiselo elula ukumeta.
Kumzobo, sisebenzisa igraphite etsolo esemi-hard okanye ipeni yebhola enencam emide. I-blade yerula kufuneka iphumle kwiphepha, kwaye sidweba umgca kunye nesixhobo esisibambe kwindawo ethe nkqo ecaleni kwerula. Ukuba sifuna ukwenza umzobo nge-inki, ngoko umphetho oblique werula akufanele ulale kwiphepha kodwa kufuneka ube kwicala eliphezulu, ukwenzela ukuba i-inki ingabonakali kumzobo. Kucetyiswa ukuba wenze isakhelo 1 cm ukusuka kumda wephepha lomzobo.
Ukwenza umzobo, isikwere okanye iphepha legrafu linokusetyenziswa, apho imigca enqamlezayo inokuzotywa ngokulula kwaye izotywe kwisikali. Into esiyifundileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku malunga nomzobo wobugcisa kuphela isiseko soyilo oluhle. Ekuqulunqeni, akwanelanga ukwazi imigaqo kuphela, kodwa ukukwazi ukuqiqa kunye nokuzenzela kuqala. Kukho kwakhona imithetho embalwa yegolide. Enye yazo kukulungelelanisa usetyenziso kunye nomthamo womthwalo wezinto eziphathekayo, ukukhetha ubunzima obuphezulu kunye nexabiso lezinto eziphathekayo.
Ukuba sele sicinge ukuba yintoni kunye nendlela esifuna ukwenza ngayo, masiqikelele imathiriyeli eyimfuneko. Iimanyuwali zisinika uncedo oluyimfuneko kodwa olungonelanga ekukhetheni izixhobo, kuba bacinga ukuba kukho unikezelo olufanelekileyo olunokwenzeka. Sinyanzelwa, nangona kunjalo, ukuba silawule ngokwethu isitokhwe semathiriyeli, okanye kwiimeko ezininzi kukukhetha kakubi kwemathiriyeli engafanelekanga, ezinikezelwa ziivenkile.
Ngezinto ezithile ezibalulekileyo, siya kukwazi ngokubanzi kwizahluko ezichaza ukusetyenzwa komthi, isinyithi kunye neeplastiki. Ke apha siza kubambelela kuphela kwiipropati ezibalulekileyo ezifana nezi:
-ukomelela kwesixhobo kumiselwa yeyona ndawo ibuthathaka; Iqhina phakathi kwentonga, indawo ethambileyo yomthombo wentsimbi, isitena esinomkhenkce esisentsikeni, yenza ukuba konke kube buthathaka.
-isalathiso semicu yokhuni, imilo ye-cross-section, indlela yokudibanisa, indlela yokuxhasa ichaphazela kakhulu amandla ezinto.
-amandla ezinto eziphathekayo ayanda ngokunyuka kwe-cross-section. Izinto ezityebileyo zinamandla angakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, kunye ne-cross-section efanelekileyo kunye nommandla omncinci we-cross-sectional (kwaye ngoko ke ubunzima obuncinci kunye neendleko) izinto eziphathekayo zinokuba namandla afanayo kunye nangaphezulu. Ngokomzekelo, i-U-profile yensimbi yentsimbi iphantse ibe namandla afanayo kunye nemitha yemilinganiselo efanayo kunye neprofayili epheleleyo.
Inqaku lobunjineli: amabango ngokubanzi “phantse amandla afanayo” eeprofayili ezahlukeneyo aziyosiseko sokukhetha into ethwala umthwalo. Umthamo womthwalo uxhomekeke kwizinto eziphathekayo, i-axis yomthwalo, ukuzinza, i-buckling, i-torsion, i-joints, ukudinwa, umlilo, i-corrosion kunye neemeko zemida. Into ebambekayo kufuneka ibalwe kwimeko ethile.
-izinto zomntu ngamnye ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye necala lomthwalo zinamandla ahlukeneyo.
Amandla nawo axhomekeke: kubushushu (phantsi kweempembelelo zabo, ezinye iiplastiki ziyathamba), amanzi (ikakhulu ahlasela imathiriyeli yokwakha), ukubanda (yenza inkonkxa ibe lukhuni kakhulu kwaye ibe brittle), iikhemikhali ezinobundlobongela (zichaphazela ngokuyingozi phantse zonke izinto zokwakha), njl.
Xa uyila, kufuneka sikuthathele ingqalelo konke oku, singaze silibale imida enokwenzeka. Ukuba sinezinto eziphathekayo, iteknoloji kufuneka isekwe ngokuxhomekeke kwikhono lokuvelisa. Siza kukhetha enye into xa sifuna ukuwelda, kwaye enye, ukuba sifuna ukwenza uqhagamshelo nge-riveting. Kwisivalo sebhokisi ehlotshiswe ngobugcisa, into efanelekileyo yomthi iyadingeka, kunye namashalofu angaphantsi, enye into. Siza kunqumla i-insert ngasemva kwe-armchair ukusuka kwisiqwenga esinye se-sponge foam. Nangona kunjalo, i-sponge foam scraps ingasetyenziselwa ukugcwalisa i-cushions yesitulo somsebenzi.
Umgaqo obalulekileyo: isicwangciso esicacileyo senziwe kuphela emva kokufunyanwa kwezinto eziyimfuneko. Olunye ulwakhiwo alunakwenzeka, umzekelo, ngenxa yokuba kukho izikrufu kwimarike enemilinganiselo emikhulu kunokuba bekucetyiwe.
Umzobo bubuxoki! Ngokuqhelekileyo iinkcukacha ziyakwazi ukulungelelaniswa kakuhle kakhulu kuyo, kwaye ngexesha lokuhlanganisana kufunyenwe ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuzifanela; nakwabanye, akusayi kuba sachithwa emva kwendibano.
Masingaze silibale ukukhusela izinto ngokuchasene nokutyibilika, ukutshintshwa kunye nokukhulula. Njengomzekelo, nantsi iindlela ezimbalwa zokukhusela “uqhagamshelo” ngesikrufu ngokuchasene nokuvula: iwasha, iwasha yasentwasahlobo, iwasha yesithsaba, ukwahlula, ukukrazula isiphelo, ipolishi yezikhonkwane, itshungama, ipeyinti, i-counter nut (nut), iwasha yeplastiki, ikepusi yokukhusela, njl. Eyona fuse ifanelekileyo kufuneka ikhethwe kwangaphambili kwaye iboniswe kumzobo.
Okubalulekileyo: Ipolishi yeenzipho, itshungama, ipeyinti kunye nezinye iindlela eziphuculweyo azivunywanga ukhuseleko lwejoyini yesijiva esibaluleke ngokhuseleko. Indlela yokukhusela ikhethwa ngokubala kwaye ngokomgangatho, izinto, ukungcangcazela, ubushushu, ukubola kunye nemiyalelo yomenzi, kunye netorque echaziweyo yokuqina kunye nolawulo.
Sikwacinga malunga nokuziqhelanisa neemfuno. Siza kuzimisela ngakumbi malunga nokuyila i-go-kart steering shaft kunokuba simalunga nokuyila indlu yeentaka. Umakhi uqiqa ngendlela eyahlukileyo xa eyila imodeli yenqwelomoya enolawulo lukanomathotholo kunaxa kuyilwa isikhephe somthi sokudlala seholide yonyaka.
Kunzima ukufunda bonke ubulumko bokuyila kwisicatshulwa esinye. Kodwa, impumelelo ayiyi kubakho ukuba sidweba kwaye siyila ngokucinga, ngokuchanekileyo, ngokucocekileyo kunye nokulawulwa kwaye ukuba asizisoli ngomzamo (kunye nemithombo yemali encinci) ukufumana imvume esemthethweni efunekayo, imigangatho kunye nemimiselo yomsebenzi.
Inqaku lokugqibela: umsebenzi, ukudibanisa, ukugcinwa, ukuchithwa, ukufikeleleka, ukunyamezela, izinto eziphathekayo, amajoyina kunye nayo yonke imingcipheko efanelekileyo ihlolwe ngaphambi kokuveliswa. Umzobo wohlaziyo kunye nokuvunywa kufuneka kulandelelwe; kuyo yonke imveliso ebaluleke ngokhuseleko okanye ulwakhiwo, ukubalwa kwengcaphephe okufanelekileyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kuyafuneka.