Inothi elibalulekile likachwepheshe: Lona umbhalo wokufundisa ongowomlando, hhayi incazelo yedizayini yamanje, ukubala okumile, ubufakazi bomthamo womthwalo noma imiyalelo yokukhiqiza nokuhlanganisa. Idizayini yamahholo, amadomu, amathambo, amakholomu aphakeme, imibhoshongo, imayini nezakhiwo zamapayipi kudinga umklami ogunyaziwe, i-geotechnical nezinye izisekelo ezigunyaziwe, imiphumela yangempela, ukuzinza, ukukhathala, ukuhlola umlilo nokugqwala, kanye nemithethonqubo nezindinganiso ezisebenzayo.
Ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zensimbi akuyona ingxenye yesipho somphakathi samanje se-Savo Kusić. Ukugxila kokukhiqiza kwanamuhla kuhlanganisa amawindi okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye neminyango yangokwezifiso.
amahholo ezimboni
1. Izindlu. Kukhona ama-domes lapho zonke izinduku zilele phezu kwedome, ezakha izinhlelo zendawo, kanti kwezinye, ama-domes akhiwa ngokuhlelwa kwe-radial of fasteners ngayinye. Izindlu ezingamagridi wendawo zingaba nalezi zimo ezilandelayo:
- Amadomu ka-Schwedler, lapho izimbambo zi-radial futhi zixhunywe enye kwenye ngemisebe evundlile (fig. 1)
- Amadomu angama-Mesh, ingaphezulu lawo elihlanganisa inethiwekhi yonxantathu, ngaphandle kwezimbambo ezi-radial, kodwa ezinamabhande ahlanganisayo enani elifanayo lama-engeli (isig.2). Uma idome elinjalo lisekelwe kupholigoni evamile enenombolo elinganayo yezinhlangothi, uhlelo aluzinzile futhi alusebenziseki ngaphandle kokuzinzisa okukhethekile.
- I-Zimmerman domes, lapho ikhona, efana ne-Schwedler ne-mesh domes, amasongo avundlile, kodwa inani lama-engeli emasongweni liyancipha kancane kancane njengoba ukuphakama kwamasongo kukhula. Inzuzo yamadome kaZimmerman uma iqhathaniswa nendlu ka-Schwedler kanye ne-mesh iwukuthi amandla aqondile kuphela avela emakhoneni engxenye engezansi, kuyilapho amandla avundlile avela emoyeni atholwa maphakathi nezindonga endaweni ye-longitudinal (fig. 3).
- Amadome e-Slick noma amapuleti, lapho, njengakuma-mesh domes, zonke izindawo ezizimele zingunxantathu, kuyilapho indlela yokusekela ifana neyendlu kaZimmerman (fig.4).
- Uphahla lwamatende, lapho izimbambo zihlangene khona (isib.5).
Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 ngokulandelanayo
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2. Amahholo ezemidlalo. Ukwakhiwa kwamahholo ezemidlalo kunqunywa ukuma kwenkundla kanye nokuhlelwa kwezihlalo. Izinsika ziyagwenywa, ukuze izibukeli zibe nombono ocacile walo lonke ingaphakathi.
3. Amahholo ombukiso. Endabeni yamahholo ombukiso, kusetshenziswe isisekelo esingunxande, ukuze ukuhlelwa kwe-fasteners kube lula kakhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi amakholomu angaphakathi anikezwa, kodwa kunenkululeko enkulu ekusakazeni isikhala uma kungekho amakholomu ehholo.
4. Amahholo okusebenzela. Iphrojekthi yesakhiwo sensimbi sehholo lokusebenzela idalwe ngokubambisana kochwepheshe bokusebenza, umklami we-crane kanye nomklami wesakhiwo sensimbi. Uchwepheshe wokushayela unquma ubukhulu besisekelo kanye nesikhala samakholomu ngokuya ngesakhiwo semishini kanye nohlelo lomsebenzi. Ubuye anqume ukugcwaliswa kwezindonga, ukumboza uphahla kanye nezindlela zesisekelo, ngokombono wochwepheshe bokwakha. Umklami we-crane uzinqumela izisindo zezinqola nama-cranes, izikhala zamasondo kanye nokucindezela kwamasondo okungekuhle kakhulu. Ngokusekelwe kudatha yochwepheshe bokusebenza kanye nomklami we-crane, umklami wesakhiwo sensimbi unquma isakhiwo esisekela ihholo. Izisekelo ze-crane kufanele zibe lukhuni ngangokunokwenzeka futhi, uma kunesidingo, ziklanywe nge-overhang, ukuze kuthi lapho i-crane elayishwe kakhulu idlula, ujantshi we-crane ube nendawo evundlile, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kungakhethwa injini ye-crane encane.
5, amahholo amise okwesaha. Amahholo amise okwesaha ngokuvamile akhiwa lapho kudingeka ukukhanya okufanayo futhi ukukhanya kwelanga kungene ngaphakathi ehholo kufanele kugwenywe. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni nasezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla embonini yendwangu. Uphahla olusahwe lunezindawo ezicwebezelayo ezingenalutho60mayelana noku90o, kuyilapho umthambeka wendawo enkulu ulingana noku30o. Indawo ecwebezelayo ibekwe ohlangothini lapho kungekho khona ilanga, okungukuthi, ngasenyakatho. Lapho uklama uphahla olusahliweyo, umuntu kufanele acabangele lonke uchungechunge lwezinkinga, isixazululo esiwumbono ogunyaziwe womtshali-zimali, okungukuthi: ukumboza ophahleni kungenziwa ngamaphaneli afakwe ngaphambili noma amathayili esisekelweni sokhuni, izinsimbi zokubopha zingaba ama-lattices (Fig.6), amafreyimu anamalunga amathathu (isib.7), noma amafreyimu emalungeni amabili anokucindezeleka (isib8). Isixazululo se-lattice sinesisindo esincane kakhulu, kodwa banokungalungi ukuthi i-lattice inamathela, isb. embonini yezindwangu, bagcina i-wool lint. Uma inhloso iwukuba namakholomu ambalwa ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, isixazululo esinamagridi amakhulu-span singasetshenziswa kuzo zombili izindiza eziphahleni, ezisekelana futhi zisekelwa ekugcineni ekusekelweni kwegridi.
Fig. 6
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Sl. 8
Ukwakhiwa kwamarempu esikebhe
Izakhiwo eziphezu kwe-slipway ziphethe ama-cranes alengayo ajikelezayo. Asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa imikhumbi yokuhamba olwandle nemifula. Okhreni ababulalayo abaphezulu kanye nama-cable cranes aqhudelana nalezi zakhiwo. Emkhiwaneni. 9 ikhombisa ukwakhiwa kwendawo engenelayo yenkampani i-Nordseewerke Emden. Isisindo 3000 t, esakhiwe 1912.
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Ukwakhiwa kwamathambo ensimbi
Isakhiwo se-skeleton yensimbi isakhiwo esinezitezi eziningana, amakholomu, izisekelo kanye namabhande enziwe ngensimbi ngokwawo adlulisela esisekelweni umthwalo ovela esisindweni sezinye izinto, kanye nemithwalo ewusizo. Izindonga zangaphandle nezangaphakathi zisebenza kuphela ukuvala isikhala. Ngaphezu kwesisindo sawo kanye nomthwalo owusizo, uhlaka lwensimbi luphinde luthole ingcindezi yomoya esakhiweni, eziqondisweni ze-longitudinal kanye ne-transverse.
Ukwakhiwa kwamathambo ngokuvamile kunomumo kangangokuthi amakholomu nemishayo yakhe amafreyimu aphambene. Lawa mafreyimu anebanga elicishe lilingane phakathi kwawo kuhlangothi lwe-longitudinal lwesakhiwo futhi axhunywe izisekelo ze-longitudinal. Amafreyimu angaba namaposi amabili noma amathathu. Ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo esingaphansi kumakholomu kungaba qinile noma kuheheke.
Ukuze uqinise isakhiwo ngobude, ama-couplings aqondile afakwa emasimini angenamafasitela (isib.10), noma zonke izisekelo zezindonga zangaphandle zixhunywe ngokuqinile kumakholomu ukuze kudalwe ukwakhiwa kohlaka olunama-node amaningi (fig.11).
Fig. 10
Sl.11
Ukukhethwa kwezinto zophahla, izindonga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle kubaluleke kakhulu emnothweni kanye nokusebenza kwesixazululo. Lezo zinto kufanele zibe nomphumela wokushisa oshisayo nomsindo, kufanele zibe lula futhi zimelane namathonya asemoyeni, kufanele zivikele izindonga zensimbi emlilweni, ukugqwala kanye nokufingqa. Uphahla lwenziwe ngokhonkolo oluqinile olujwayelekile noma oluphambanayo noma izingxenye zikakhonkolo ezazakhiwe ngaphambili.
Amathuba wokusebenzisa ukwakhiwa kwamathambo ensimbi ahluke kakhulu. Zisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eziphakeme nezentengiselwano, amahhotela nezitshalo eziningi zezimboni, futhi zinezinzuzo eziningi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokwakha. Amandla aphezulu ensimbi aholela ebukhulu obuncane bezinto ezisekelayo. Njengoba izindonga lapha zingabambi iqhaza ekuthwaleni umthwalo, zingaba ubukhulu obulinganayo kuzo zonke izitezi. Isikhathi esidingekayo sokwakhiwa kwe-skeleton yensimbi sifushane, ukuhlangana kungenziwa kunoma yisiphi isimo sezulu. Izinguquko esakhiweni zingenziwa kalula ngesikhathi sokuhlangana ngisho nangemva kokuthatha isakhiwo, ngaphandle kokufaka engozini ukuphepha kwesakhiwo. Ukwehla kwephansi kungalinganiswa kalula ngokuphakamisa amakholomu ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwesakhiwo ngokwaso.
Ezakhiweni ezinjalo, izinto ezilula zisetshenziselwa usilingi nezindonga, futhi isakhiwo esisekelayo ngokwaso silula, ngakho-ke isamba esiphelele sesisindo sesakhiwo sincane uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngenxa yalokho, izindleko zoxhaso ziphansi. Angahlakazwa kalula, lapho izingxenye zensimbi ngazinye zingasetshenziswa kabusha ngokwengxenye.
Izinsika Eziphakeme Nemibhoshongo
Amakholomu aphakeme nemibhoshongo yizakhiwo ezinde nezizacile, zilayishwa kancane, insimbi ewumsebenzi ofaneleka ngokukhethekile.
1. Izigxobo zokukhanyisa. Ngenxa yokukhanyisa okufanayo kwezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu ezingaba khona, ikakhulukazi endaweni yezindawo zikaloliwe nezimayini, kwakhiwa amakholomu obude 25 kuya ku-40m. Phezulu kuneplatifomu lapho kufakwa khona izibani. Ukuze unike amandla ukulungiswa kwalokho kufakwa, amafreyimu akhuphukayo abonwa kusengaphambili (fig. 12), amabhande ekhona, ama-diagonal nama-horizontal enziwe ngama-engeli. Isibalo senziwa njengokwakhiwa embonini yokwakha.
Fig. 12
2. Izigxobo zenethiwekhi yethilamu. Uma kucatshangelwa indlela yokuqinisa intambo esekelayo, ukumelana okulinganayo kokugoba kuyadingeka maqondana nazo zonke izimbazo ezivundlile. Ngokuya ngobude, ukujiya kweshidi kuyahluka ukusuka ku-8 kuye ku-10 mm.
3. Izigxobo zenethiwekhi yesitimela kagesi. Zihluka ngobude ukusuka ku-8 kuye ku-16 m. Ubude buncike ku-span, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kumcibisholo wentambo esekelayo, engalala iqonde noma ngokugobile ku-conductor (fig. 12). Isigaba, esiwunxande ngezansi nesikwele phezulu, kufanele sibe sincane ngangokunokwenzeka. Kuyasiza ukubopha ama-diagonal kusuka emagumbini ngqo kumabhande, ngaphandle kwamashidi ahlanganisiwe. Ibhande ngalinye lekhona linepuleti elithwalayo ekugcineni elingezansi, futhi yonke ikholomu ihlezi esisekelweni esivamile sawo wonke amabhande amane. Ikholomu inamathiselwe esisekelweni ngamabhawodi ahange kakhonkolo.
4. Izigxobo zezintambo zamandla. Endabeni yemigqa ebalulekile yokudlulisa i-voltage ephezulu, izigxobo zenziwa cishe ngensimbi kuphela. Ukuphakama kwabo kuncike esikhathini samahhala, ukuhlelwa kwama-consoles, izinto zokwakha kanye nama-voltages avunyelwe, ama-conductor kanye nentambo yokuzivikela esigxotsheni, kanye nezimo zomthwalo. Inombolo yezinhlelo zamanje ezishintshayo ezidluliselwa phezu kwezigxobo nazo zinomthelela. Ngokuya ngenhloso, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zezigxobo ziyahlukaniswa: izigxobo ezisekelayo zokuthwala ama-conductor ohlangothini (isib.13), izigxobo zamakhona ezinamaphoyinti okunqamula umzila wokuthola izingxenye zomqhubi ovundlile, izigxobo ezicindezelayo (isib.13), izigxobo ezixhumayo noma ezihlukanisayo ezisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma, noma ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhondatha ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.
Fig. 13
Ikholomu cishe njalo inesigaba esiyisikwele futhi yenziwe izingxenye eziningana ngokuphakama. Amabhande nama-diagonal enziwe ngama-engeli. Ukuze kwandiswe amandla okubopha, amabhande agcwaliswa ngokwengxenye ngokhonkolo ngemva komhlangano. Ukuxhumeka kwama-diagonal namabhande kwenziwa, uma kungenzeka ngesakhiwo, ngaphandle kwamashidi ama-nodal. Amakholomu amancane, ikakhulukazi amakholomu athwala imithwalo, agxilwe ezindaweni zokulala zokhuni ezigqitshiwe3 m. Amakholomu aphezulu abekwe ngokukhethekile kusisekelo sebhulokhi elilodwa likakhonkolo.
Izimayini
Amagama ochwepheshe asetshenziselwa izinsiza zezimayini ezingaphezulu, okubaluleke kakhulu okuchazwe emkhiwaneni.14. Ingxenye eyinhloko yombhoshongo wemayini wokuthekelisa umbhoshongo womhlahlandlela. Ukuphakama kombhoshongo kuncike ekuphakameni kokungena kokungena ngaphezu kwensimu, ubude bebhasikidi, ubude bomgwaqo oshintshayo, ukuphakama kwebhampa kanye nokuphakama kokuwa phakathi kwebhampa kanye nokubamba.
Sl.14.1.
Sl.14.2.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, kuye kwathuthukiswa izinhlobo ezithile zemibhoshongo yokuthekelisa, kuye ngokuthi umshini wokushayela ubheke kuphi. Uma ngesikhathi sokushayela okulula, yilapho kukhona ubhasikidi owodwa okhuphukayo futhi owehla, amabhasikidi alenga eduze komunye nomunye, abukwe ohlangothini lomshini wokushayela, khona-ke bobabili ama-roller bangalala eduze komunye nomunye endaweni yesikhulumi, bese umbhoshongo uyindaba eyodwa. Emkhiwaneni.15kuboniswa isisombululo esinama-roller amane eduze komunye nomunye.
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Uma amabhasikidi elenga omunye ngemuva komunye, ama-roller kufanele alale omunye phezu komunye ukuze kube umbhoshongo onezitezi ezimbili (isib.16). Futhi ngombhoshongo ophindwe kabili, lapho obhasikidi abane belele eduze komunye nomunye. uma kubhekwa emshinini wokushayela, wonke ama-roller amane angalala eduze komunye nomunye embhoshongweni wesitezi esisodwa (isib.15).
Kodwa-ke, uma ubheka emshinini, amabhasikidi amane abekwe omunye ngemuva komunye, umshini owodwa kufanele ubekwe ezinhlangothini eziphambene zombhoshongo, futhi umbhoshongo uxazululwa njengesakhiwo esinezitezi ezimbili esinengxenye engezansi esakazwayo (umkhiwane.17). Kuphela uma singekho isikhala esanele eduze kwe-shaft yokubeka indlu yenjini eduze kombhoshongo, injini yokushayela ibekwe embhoshongweni ngokwawo.
Ngaphezu kwemibhoshongo ethunyelwa ngaphandle, izinsiza ezingaphezulu kwemayini zingabandakanya amahholo eduze kwemigodi kanye nezindlu zokuwasha lapho kugaywa khona amalahle. Ukwakhiwa kwalezi zakhiwo kudinga ukubambisana komklami wesakhiwo sensimbi nenkampani ehlinzeka ngemishini. Ngokuyisisekelo, lezi zinto azifani nezinye izakhiwo zensimbi, ngaphandle kokuthi zidinga ukulungiswa njalo kwesakhiwo emishinini yemishini. Kwelinye ihholo lokusebenzela, isibonelo kungabhekwa ukuthi wonke amafreyimu ayalingana, okuyinto, nokho, eyivelakancane ehholo lezimayini noma elondolo.
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Ukwakhiwa kwamapayipi
Ipayipi liyisiqeshana esivumayo kakhulu senduku ecindezelwe, esekelwa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushuba okuncane kakhulu kodonga kungafinyelelwa ngamapayipi. Kuzo zonke ezinye izigaba, lobu bukhulu bukhawulelwe kakhulu ukungazinzi kwendawo kunasesimeni se-cylindrical tube. Amapayipi awanaki ikakhulukazi engcupheni yokusonteka, okungenjalo nakwezinye izingxenye zezakhiwo zensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalezi zinzuzo ezimile zamapayipi, ukungasebenzi kwawo kuwumumo ongemuhle wokuthola izikhathi zokugoba, kanye nokuxhumana okunzima kwamapayipi amakhulu nge-engeli.
Amapayipi angenziwa kusuka kumashidi agobile ane-welded longitudinal seam, noma njengemiqulu engenamthungo. Kuzo zombili izimo, intengo yepayipi iphakeme kunentengo yephrofayili, ngokucabangela ubunzima bokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ukwakhiwa kwamapayipi kuyancintisana kuphela ngokunciphisa okuhambisanayo kwesisindo sezinto ezibonakalayo. Amapayipi asetshenziswa ikakhulukazi njengezinsika zezakhiwo, uma elayishwa kuphela ngamandla avamile. Amapayipi nawo asetshenziselwa izinsika zangaphansi kanye nezakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Manje zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza i-scaffolding. Ukuze uvimbele ukugqwala kwangaphakathi, konke ukufakwa kanye nokuxhumana, kanye namapayipi okugcina, kufanele kuvalwe ngokuphelele.
Isaziso sohlelo lokusebenza: Izibonelo zomlando, ubukhulu, izinhlobo kanye nezimangalo zomnotho wesistimu noma ukunethezeka akumele kusetshenziswe esikhundleni samazinga amanje, izimo zesizinda, izici zobuchwepheshe zempahla nezinto zokusebenza noma ukuqinisekiswa kochwepheshe besakhiwo esithile.