Inqaku lengcaphephe elibalulekileyo: Lo nguvimba wezemfundo wesicatshulwa, hayi indlela yoyilo lwangoku, ubalo olungatshintshiyo, ubungqina bomthamo womthwalo okanye imiyalelo yokwenziwa kunye nendibano. Uyilo lweeholo, iidomes, amathambo, iikholomu eziphakamileyo, iinqaba, umgodi kunye nezakhiwo zombhobho zifuna umyili ogunyazisiweyo, i-geotechnical kunye nezinye iziseko ezigunyazisiweyo, iziphumo ezichanekileyo, ukuzinza, ukukhathala, umlilo kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-corrosion, kunye nemimiselo esebenzayo kunye nemigangatho.

Uyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zetsimbi azikho inxalenye yesibonelelo sikawonkewonke sangoku seSavo Kusić. Imveliso yanamhlanje ibandakanya iifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam kunye neengcango zesiko.

Hayi

1. Izindlu. Kukho iidomes apho zonke iintonga zilele kumphezulu wedome, ezenza iinkqubo zesithuba, ngelixa kwezinye, iidomes zenziwe ngolungiselelo lweradial of fasteners ngamnye. Izindlu eziziigridi zendawo zinokuba nezi milo zilandelayo:

            - Iidome ze-Schwedler, apho iimbambo ziradial kwaye ziqhagamshelwe enye kwenye ngemiqadi ethe tye (fig. 1)

            - I-Mesh domes, umphezulu wayo obandakanya inethiwekhi yoonxantathu, ngaphandle kweembambo zeradial, kodwa kunye neebhanti ezijikelezayo zenani elifanayo leengile (umkhiwane.2). Ukuba idome enjalo isekelwe kwipolygon eqhelekileyo enenani elilinganayo lamacala, inkqubo ayizinzile kwaye ayisebenziseki ngaphandle kozinzo olukhethekileyo.

            - I-Zimmerman domes, apho kukho, efana ne-Schwedler kunye ne-mesh domes, amakhonkco anqamlekileyo, kodwa inani lee-angles kumakhonkco liyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe ngokunyuka kokuphakama kwamakhonkco. I-advanteji ye-Zimmerman domes xa kuthelekiswa ne-Schwedler domes kunye ne-mesh domes kukuba kuphela amandla ami nkqo avela kwiimbombo zecandelo elisezantsi, ngelixa imikhosi ethe tye evela emoyeni ifunyenwe phakathi kweendonga kwicala le-longitudinal (umkhiwane 3)

            -I-slick okanye iiplate domes, apho, njengakwi-mesh domes, yonke imiphezulu yomntu inonxantathu, ngelixa indlela yenkxaso ifana needomes zikaZimmerman (umkhiwane.4).

            - Uphahla lwentente, apho iimbambo zi-rectilinear (umkhiwane.5).

Imiboniso ecwangcisiweyo ye Schwedler, i-mesh, i-Zimmerman kunye ne-plate domes

Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 ngokulandelelanayo

Imboniselo ecetyiweyo yophahla lwentente eneimbambo ezithe tye

Sl.5

2. Iiholo zezemidlalo. Ukwakhiwa kweeholo zezemidlalo kuchongwa ngokubunjwa kwebala kunye nokuhlelwa kwezihlalo. Iintsika ziyaphetshwa, ukwenzela ukuba abakhi-mkhanyo babe nombono ocacileyo wendawo yonke yangaphakathi.

3. Iiholo zemiboniso. Kwimeko yeeholo zokubonisa, isiseko soxande sisetyenzisiweyo, ukwenzela ukuba ilungiselelo le-fasteners lilula. Ngamanye amaxesha iikholomu zangaphakathi zinikezelwa, kodwa kukho inkululeko enkulu ekuhanjisweni kwendawo ukuba akukho zikholomu eholweni.

4. Iiholo zokusebenzela. Iprojekthi yesakhiwo sensimbi kwiholo yokusebenzela yenziwe yintsebenziswano yengcali yokusebenza, umyili we-crane kunye nomyili wesakhiwo sensimbi. Ingcali yokuqhubela phambili imisela imilinganiselo yesiseko kunye nezithuba zeekholamu ngokuhambelana nokwakheka koomatshini kunye nesicwangciso somsebenzi. Kwakhona umisela ukuzaliswa kweendonga, ukugubungela uphahla kunye neendlela zesiseko, ngokombono weengcali zokwakha. Umyili wecrane umisela obakhe ubunzima beetroli kunye neekhreyini, izithuba zamavili kunye noxinzelelo lwevili olungathandekiyo. Ngokusekelwe kwidatha yengcali yokusebenza kunye nomyili we-crane, umyili wesakhiwo sensimbi unquma isakhiwo esixhasayo seholo. Izixhaso ze-crane kufuneka zibe lukhuni kangangoko kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ziyilwe ngokuxhoma, ukwenzela ukuba xa i-crane elayishwe kakhulu idlula, umzila we-crane unendawo ethe tye, kwaye ngoko ke injini encinci ye-crane inokukhethwa.

5, iiholo ezimilise okwesarha. Iiholo ezimilise okwesarha ngokuqhelekileyo zakhiwa xa kufuneka kukhanyiswe ngendlela efanayo yaye nokukhanya kwelanga kukungena ngaphakathi eholweni kufanele kuphetshwe. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwimveliso kunye neeholo zokugcina iimpahla kushishino lwempahla eluka. Uphahla olusarha lunemigangatho emenyezelayo60ndiza ku90o, ngelixa ithambeka lomphezulu omkhulu lifikelela30o. Ubuso obukhazimlayo bubekwe kwicala apho kungekho langa, oko kukuthi, ngasentla. Xa uyila uphahla olusahliweyo, umntu kufuneka athathele ingqalelo uluhlu olupheleleyo lwemiba, isisombululo sayo imbono egunyazisiweyo yomtyalo-mali, oko kukuthi: isigqubuthelo sophahla sinokwenziwa ngamapaneli asele enziwe ngokukhanya okanye iithayile kwisiseko somthi, i-sawn fasteners ingaba neelatyisi (Fig.6), izakhelo ezinamaqhina amathathu (umkhiwane.7), okanye izakhelo kumalungu amabini anoxinzelelo (umkhiwane8). Isisombululo se-lattice sinobunzima obuncinci, kodwa bane-disadvantage yokuba i-lattice inamathele, umz. kushishino lwamalaphu, bagcina ilinti yoboya. Ukuba injongo kukuba iikholomu ezimbalwa kunokwenzeka ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, isisombululo esineegridi ezinkulu ze-span singasetyenziswa kuzo zombini iiplani zephahla, ezixhasana ngokulinganayo kwaye zixhaswa ekupheleni kwiinkxaso zegridi.

Isistim yophahla olusarhiweyo lweholo

Fig. 6

Sabona isakhelo sophahla esinamalungu amathathu

Sl.7

Sabona isakhelo sophahla esinehenjisi ezimbini kunye noxinzelelo

Sl. 8

Ulwakhiwo lweehelm

Ulwakhiwo olungaphaya kweslipway luthwala iikhreyini ezijingayo. Zisetyenziselwa ukudityaniswa ngokurhabaxa kweenqanawa zokuhamba elwandle nasemilanjeni. Iikhreyini eziphezulu zokubulala kunye neekhreyini zentambo zikhuphisana nolu lwakhiwo. Kumkhiwane.9ukwakhiwa kwigiya yokumisa yenkampani iNordseewerke Emden ibonisiwe. Ubunzima3000t, yakhiwe1912.

Isakhiwo sentsimbi yembali eneekhreyini ngasentla kwendawo yesitrato senqanawa

Sl.9

Ulwakhiwo lwamathambo entsimbi

Isakhiwo se-skeleton yensimbi isakhiwo esinemigangatho emininzi, iikholomu zayo, izixhaso kunye neebhanti ezenziwe ngetsimbi ngokwazo zidlulisela kwisiseko umthwalo ovela kubunzima bezinye izinto, kunye nemithwalo eluncedo. Iindonga zangaphandle nangaphakathi zisebenza kuphela ukuvala indawo. Ukongeza kubunzima bayo kunye nomthwalo oluncedo, i-skeleton yensimbi iphinda ifumane uxinzelelo lomoya kwisakhiwo, kwi-longitudinal kunye ne-transverse directions.

Ulwakhiwo lwamathambo lunemilo enje kangangokuba iikholamu kunye nemiqadi zenza izakhelo ezinqamlezileyo. Ezi zakhelo zinomgama ofanayo phakathi kwazo kwicala le-longitudinal yesakhiwo kwaye zixhunywe ngeenkxaso ze-longitudinal. Iifreyimu zinokuba nezithuba ezibini okanye ezintathu. Ukudibaniswa kwe-substructure kwiikholamu kunokuba ngqongqo okanye kuxhomekeke.

Ukuze uqinise isakhiwo ngokude, ukudibanisa okuthe nkqo kufakwe kwiindawo ezingenazo iifestile (umkhiwane.10), okanye zonke izixhaso zeendonga zangaphandle zidityaniswe ngokungqongqo kwiikholamu ukwenzela ukuba ulwakhiwo lwesakhelo esineenodi ezininzi zenziwe (umkhiwane.11).

Ukudityaniswa okuthe nkqo kokuqina kobude besakhiwo sentsimbi

Fig. 10

Sl.11

Ukukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kwiisilingi, iindonga zangaphakathi kunye nezangaphandle zibaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho kunye nokukhawuleza kwesisombululo. Ezo zixhobo kufuneka zibe ne-thermal and sound insulating effect, kufuneka zibe zilula kwaye zichasane neempembelelo ze-atmospheric, kufuneka zikhusele iindonga zetsimbi emlilweni, ukugqwala kunye nokunciphisa. Iisilingi zenziwe ngekhonkrithi kunye nesixhasi esiqhelekileyo okanye esinqamlezileyo okanye ngamalungu ekhonkrithi esenziwe kwangaphambili.

Ithuba lokusebenzisa ulwakhiwo lwamathambo entsimbi luhluke kakhulu. Zisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziphakamileyo kunye nezorhwebo, iihotele kunye nezityalo ezininzi zoshishino, kwaye zineenzuzo ezininzi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokwakha. Amandla aphezulu ensimbi akhokelela kwimilinganiselo encinci yezinto ezixhasayo. Ekubeni iindonga apha azithathi nxaxheba ekuthwaleni umthwalo, zinokuba nobukhulu obulinganayo kuzo zonke imigangatho. Ixesha elifunekayo lokwakhiwa kwe-skeleton yensimbi lifutshane, indibano inokwenziwa kuyo nayiphi na imozulu. Utshintsho kwisakhiwo lunokuphunyezwa ngokulula ngexesha lendibano kwaye nangemva kokuthatha isakhiwo, ngaphandle kokubeka engozini ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo. Ukuthotywa komhlaba kunokulinganisa ngokulula ngokuphakamisa iintsika ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwesakhiwo ngokwaso.

Kulwakhiwo olunjalo, izinto zokukhanya zisetyenziselwa iisilingi kunye neendonga, kunye nesakhiwo esixhasayo ngokwaso silula, ngoko ke ubunzima bubonke besakhiwo buncinci. Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso lenkxaso-mali liphantsi. Zinokuhlehliswa ngokulula, apho amalungu entsimbi angaphinda asetyenziswe ngokuyinxenye.

Iintsika eziphakamileyo kunye neeTowers

Iintsika eziphakamileyo kunye neenqaba zide kwaye zibhityile, zithwele kancinci, intsimbi iyimathiriyeli efanelekileyo kakhulu.

1. Iipali zokukhanyisa. Ukwenzela ukukhanyisa okufanayo kwezona ndawo zikhulu zinokwenzeka, ngakumbi kwindawo yezibonelelo zikaloliwe kunye nemigodi, iikholamu zobude 25 ukuya 40m ziyakhiwa. Phezulu kukho iqonga apho ukufakwa kokukhanyisa kubekwe khona. Ukuze wenze ukulungiswa kwezo zifakelo, iifreyimu zokunyuka zibonwa kwangaphambili (umkhiwane 12), amabhande eKona, i-diagonals kunye ne-horizontals zenziwe ngama-angles. Ubalo lwenziwa njengolwakhiwo kushishino lokwakha.

Iimbono ezicwangcisiweyo zepali yokukhanyisa ephezulu kunye nepali yekati

Fig. 12

2. Iipali zenethiwekhi yetram. Ukuqwalasela indlela yokuqinisa intambo exhasayo, ukuxhathisa okulinganayo ekugobeni kuyafuneka ngokunxulumene nazo zonke ii-axes ezithe tye. Ngokuxhomekeke kubude, ubukhulu beshiti busuka ku 8 ukuya ku 10 mm.

3. Iipali zenethiwekhi kaloliwe yombane. Zihamba ngobude ukusuka 8 ukuya 16 m. Ukuphakama kuxhomekeke kwi-span, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kutolo lwentambo exhasayo, enokuthi ilale ngokuthe nkqo okanye i-obliquely kumqhubi (umkhiwane 12). Icandelo, elixande ezantsi kunye nesikwere phezulu, kufuneka libe lincinci kangangoko. Ku luncedo ukubopha i-diagonals ukusuka kwiikona ngokuthe ngqo kwiibhanti, ngaphandle kwamaphepha adibeneyo. Ibhanti ngalinye lembombo linomgca wokuthwala kwinqanaba elisezantsi, kwaye yonke ikholamu ixhomekeke kwisiseko esiqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iibhanti ezine. Ikholomu iqhotyoshelwe kwisiseko kunye neebholiti ze-anchor zekhonkrithi.

4. Iipali zentambo zamandla. Kwimeko yemigca yokudluliselwa kwe-voltage ebalulekileyo, izibonda zenziwe phantse kuphela ngentsimbi. Ukuphakama kwabo kuxhomekeke kwi-span yamahhala, ukulungiswa kwee-consoles, izixhobo kunye ne-voltages evumelekileyo, ii-conductors kunye nentambo yokukhusela kwisibonda, kunye neemeko zomthwalo. Inani leenkqubo zangoku ezitshintshanayo ezithunyelwa phezu kweepali nazo zinempembelelo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinjongo, ezi ntlobo zilandelayo zezibonda ziyahlukaniswa: izibonda ezixhasayo zokuthwala abaqhubi kwicala (umkhiwane.13), izithuba zeembombo ezineendawo zokuqhawula iindlela zokufumana amacandelo omqhubi othe tye, izithuba zoxinzelelo (umkhiwane.13), izibonda zokudibanisa okanye zokuqhekeza ezisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa, okanye ukwahlula abaqhubi kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo.

Iintlobo zothumelo lweepali zentsimbi

Fig. 13

Ikholomu phantse isoloko inecandelo lesikwere kwaye yenziwe ngamacandelo amaninzi ngobude. Iibhanti kunye ne-diagonals zenziwe ngama-angles. Ukuze kwandiswe amandla e-buckling, iibhanti zizaliswe ngokuyinxalenye ngekhonkrithi emva kokuhlanganisana. Ukudityaniswa kwe-diagonal kunye namabhande kwenziwa, ukuba kunokwenzeka ngokwesakhiwo, ngaphandle kwamaphepha e-nodal. Iikholomu ezincinci, ngokukodwa iikholomu ezithwala imithwalo, zifakwe kwiindawo zokulala zokhuni ezingcwatywayo3 m. Iikholamu eziphakamileyo zibekwe ngokukodwa kwisiseko sebhloko enye.

Imigodi

Amagama ochwephesha asetyenziselwa izibonelelo zokumbiwa komhlaba, ezona zibalulekileyo zichazwe kumkhiwane.14. Elona candelo liphambili lenqaba yokuthumela ngaphandle komgodi yinqaba yesikhokelo. Ukuphakama kwenqaba kuxhomekeke ekuphakameni kokungena kokungena ngaphezu kwentsimi, ubude bebhasikithi, ubude bendlela yokutshintsha, ukuphakama kwe-bumper kunye nokuphakama kokuwa phakathi kwe-bumper kunye ne-grips.

Iinxalenye zombhobho wokuthumela ngaphandle kunye neshaft, umbono wokuqala

Sl.14.1.

Iinxalenye zombhobho wokuthumela ngaphandle kunye neshaft, umbono wesibini

Sl.14.2.

Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, iindlela ezithile zeenqaba zokuthumela ngaphandle ziye zaphuhliswa, kuxhomekeke kwindawo yomatshini wokuqhuba ukuya kwinqaba. Ukuba ngexesha lokuqhuba okulula, kulapho kukho ibhasikidi enye enyukayo kwaye enye ihla, iibhasikidi zixhonywe ecaleni komnye nomnye, zijongwa ukusuka kwicala lomatshini wokuqhuba, ngoko ke zombini ii-roller zingalala ecaleni komnye kwiqonga elifanayo, kwaye ke inqaba iyimbali enye. Kumkhiwane.15isisombululo esinee-roller ezine ecaleni komnye siboniswa.

Itower enomgangatho omnye yokuthumela ngaphandle eneerola

Sl.15

Ukuba iingobozi zijinga enye emva kwenye, ii-roller kufuneka zilale enye phezu komnye ukuze ibe yinqaba enemigangatho emibini (umkhiwane.16). Kwaye kunye nenqaba ephindwe kabini, xa iingobozi ezine zilala ecaleni kwenye. kujongwe kumatshini wokuqhuba, zonke iirola ezine zinokulala ecaleni komnye kwinqaba enebali elinye (umkhiwane.15).

Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, ukujonga kumatshini, iibhasikithi ezine zibekwe enye emva komnye, umatshini omnye kufuneka ubekwe kumacala ahlukeneyo enqaba, kwaye inqaba ixazululwe njengesakhiwo esinemigangatho emibini kunye nenxalenye esezantsi esasazekayo (umkhiwane.17). Kuphela xa kungekho ndawo yaneleyo kufuphi ne-shaft yokubeka indlu ye-injini ecaleni kwenqaba, i-injini yokuqhuba ifakwe kwinqaba ngokwayo.

Ukongezelela kwiinqaba zokuthumela ngaphandle, izibonelelo ezingaphezulu zomgodi zingabandakanya iiholo ezineeshafu kunye namagumbi okuhlamba apho amalahle asetyenzwa khona. Uyilo lwezi zixhobo lufuna intsebenziswano yomyili wesakhiwo sensimbi kunye nenkampani enika izixhobo. Ngokomgaqo, ezi zinto azifani nezinye izakhiwo zetsimbi, ngaphandle kokuba zifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo kwesakhiwo kwisixhobo somatshini. Kwiholo enye yocweyo, umzekelo kunokuqwalaselwa ukuba zonke iifreyimu ziyalingana, nto leyo, nangona kunjalo, inqabile kwiholo yasemgodini okanye kwindawo yokuhlamba impahla.

Inqaba yokuthumela emigodini enemigangatho emibini

Fig. 16

INqaba yokuThumela ngaphandle kweMyini eneZantsi Ezandisiweyo

Fig. 17

Ulwakhiwo lwemibhobho

Umbhobho ngowona uthandeka kakhulu kwi-cross-section yentonga ecinezelweyo, exhaswa ngokulinganayo macala onke. Ukongezelela, ubuninzi bodonga oluncinane bunokufezekiswa ngemibhobho. Kuzo zonke ezinye iziqendu, obu bunzima bukhawulelwe ngakumbi ngokungazinzi kwendawo kunokuba kwimeko yombhobho we-cylindrical. Imibhobho ngokukodwa ayinakuvakalelwa kumngcipheko wokuguqula, okungekho njalo kwamanye amacandelo ezakhiwo zetsimbi. Ukongeza kolu ncedo lumileyo lwemibhobho, ukungonakali kwayo yimo engathandekiyo yokufumana amaxesha okugoba, kunye noqhagamshelo olunzima lwemibhobho engqindilili kwi-engile.

Imibhobho ingenziwa okanye ukusuka kumaphepha agobileyo kunye ne-welded longitudinal seam, okanye njengemiqulu engenamthungo. Kuzo zombini iimeko, ixabiso lombhobho liphezulu kunexabiso leprofayili, ngokuqwalasela ubunzima bokuvelisa. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, ukwakhiwa kwemibhobho kukhuphisana kuphela ngokunciphisa okuhambelanayo kubunzima bezinto eziphathekayo. Imibhobho isetyenziswe ngokukodwa njengeentsika zezakhiwo, ukuba zilayishwe kuphela ngamandla aqhelekileyo. Imibhobho ikwasetyenziselwa iintsika zangaphantsi kunye nezakhiwo ezingaphantsi komhlaba. Ngoku zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-scaffolding. Ukuze kuthintelwe ukubola kwangaphakathi, zonke izixhobo kunye nokudibanisa, kunye nemibhobho yokuphela, kufuneka ivalwe ngokupheleleyo.

Inqaku leSicelo: Imizekelo yembali, imilinganiselo, iintlobo kunye namabango oqoqosho lwenkqubo okanye ukulungelelana akufuneki kusetyenziswe endaweni yemigangatho yangoku, iimeko zesiza, iimpawu zobugcisa zemathiriyeli kunye nezixhobo okanye uqinisekiso lobuchwephesha bolwakhiwo oluthile.