Chinyorwa chakakosha chenyanzvi: Ichi chinyorwa chedzidzo chemudura, kwete chimiro chazvino chedhizaini, kuverenga kwakamira, humbowo hwekuremerwa kana mirairo yekugadzira nekugadzira. Dhizaini yehoro, dzimba, skeletons, mbiru dzakakwirira, shongwe, migodhi uye pombi zvimiro zvinoda ane mvumo mugadziri, geotechnical uye dzimwe nheyo dzine chiremera, mhedzisiro chaiyo, kugadzikana, kuneta, moto uye corrosion macheki, pamwe nemirau inoshanda uye zviyero.
Dhizaini uye kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvesimbi haisi chikamu chezvino kupihwa neruzhinji zveSavo Kusić. Mazuva ano kutariswa kwekugadzirwa kunosanganisira mahwindo emapuranga, mahwindo emapuranga-aluminum uye magonhi etsika.
dzimba dzemaindasitiri
1. Domes. Kune dzimba umo matanda ese akarara pamusoro pedome, ayo anoumba masisitimu enzvimbo, nepo mune mamwe, madhomu anoumbwa nekurongeka kweradial yezvisungo zvega. Domes ari spatial grids anogona kuve neanotevera maumbirwo:
- Schwedler’s domes, apo mbabvu dzine radial uye dzakabatanidzwa kune imwe neimwe nemapango akachinjika (fig. 1)
- Mesh domes, pamusoro payo ine network yemakona matatu, isina radial mbabvu, asi ine mabhendi akakomberedzwa ehuwandu hwakafanana hwemakona (fig. 2). Kana dome rakadaro rakavakirwa paporigoni yenguva dzose ine mativi akaenzana, sisitimu haina kugadzikana uye isingashandisike pasina kudzikamisa kwakakosha.
- Zimmerman domes, uko kune, yakafanana neSchwedler uye mesh domes, zvindori zvakadzikama, asi nhamba yemakona pazvindori zvishoma nezvishoma inoderera nekuwedzera kwekukwirira kwezvindori. Kubatsira kweZimmerman domes kuenzaniswa ne Schwedler domes uye mesh domes ndeyekuti masimba akamira chete anosimuka pamakona echikamu chepasi, nepo mauto akatwasuka kubva kumhepo anogamuchirwa nepakati pemadziro munzira yekureba (fig. 3).
-Slick kana ndiro domes, umo, semu mesh domes, ese ega ega nzvimbo ane matatu, nepo nzira yekutsigira yakafanana neyeZimmerman’s domes (fig.4)
- Matenga etende, uko mbabvu dzakadzokororwa (fig.5)
Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 zvakateerana
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2. Mahoro emitambo. Kuvakwa kwehoro dzemitambo kunotsanangurwa nechimiro chenhandare uye gadziriro yekugara. Mbiru dzinodziviswa, kuitira kuti vanocherechedza vaone zvakajeka mukati mese mukati.
3. Horo dzekuratidzira. Panyaya yehoro dzekuratidzira, chigadziko chekona chinoshandiswa, kuitira kuti kurongeka kwezvitsigiro kuri nyore. Dzimwe nguva makoramu emukati anopiwa, asi kune rusununguko rukuru mukugoverwa kwenzvimbo kana pasina mbiru muhoro.
4. Dzimba dzemusangano. Iyo purojekiti yechimiro chesimbi yehoro yewekishopu inogadzirwa nekubatana kwenyanzvi inoshanda, mugadziri wecrane uye mugadziri wesimbi. Nyanzvi yekutyaira inosarudza zviyero zvechigadziko uye kuparadzaniswa kwemakoramu zvichienderana nekurongeka kwemichina uye chirongwa chebasa. Anosarudzawo kuzadza kwemadziro, chifukidziro chedenga pamwe chete nemaitiro enheyo, maererano nemafungiro enyanzvi dzokuvaka. Iyo crane dhizaini inosarudza huremu hwematrolley nemacrane, nzvimbo dzemavhiri uye zvisingafadzi mavhiri emavhiri. Zvichienderana nedatha yehunyanzvi hwekushanda uye mugadziri wecrane, mugadziri wesimbi anogadzirisa chimiro chinotsigira chehoro. Iyo crane inotsigira inofanira kunge yakaoma sezvinobvira uye, kana zvichidikanwa, yakagadzirwa nepamusoro-soro, kuitira kuti kana crane yakaremerwa ikapfuura, njanji ine nzvimbo yakachinjika, uye nenzira iyi idiki diki mota inogona kusarudzwa.
5, Dzimba dzakaita semasaha. Horo dzakaita semasaha dzinowanzovakwa apo chiedza chakafanana chinodikanwa uye kupinda kwakananga kwechiedza chezuva mukati mehoro kunofanira kudziviswa. Izvi zvakanyanya kukosha mukugadzira uye dzimba dzekuchengetera indasitiri yemachira. Denga rakachekwa rine nzvimbo dzisina kupenya60nezve90o, nepo kutenuka kwenzvimbo hombe kunosvika30o. Nzvimbo yakapenya inoiswa padivi pasina zuva, kureva kuchamhembe. Paunenge uchigadzira matenga akachekwa, munhu anofanirwa kufunga nezve nyaya dzese dzakateerana, mhinduro yacho iri maonero ane chiremera emushambadzi, anoti: chifukidziro chedenga chinogona kugadzirwa nemwenje wakagadzirirwa mapaneru kana mataira pachigadziko chehuni, sawn fasteners inogona kuve lattices (Fig.6), mafuremu ane mapfundo matatu (fig.7), kana mafuremu pamajoini maviri ane tension (fig8) Mushonga welatisi une huremu hushoma, asi ivo vane dhigirii iyo iyo latisi inonamatira, semuenzaniso. muindasitiri yemachira, vanochengeta lint yemvere dzemakwai. Kana chinangwa chiri chekuve nembiru shoma sezvinobvira mukati mechivako, mhinduro ine majeti makuru-akareba inogona kuiswa mumapuranga maviri edenga, ayo anotsigirana uye anotsigirwa pamagumo pane zvitsigiso zvegridi.
Fig. 6
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Zvivakwa zvehelms
Zvivakwa pamusoro penzira inotsvedza zvinotakura makireni akarembera anotenderera. Iwo anoshandiswa pakuungana kwakashata kwezvikepe zvekufamba kwegungwa nerwizi. Makareni epamusoro ekubaya nematambo etambo anokwikwidzana nezvivakwa izvi. Mumuonde.9kuvaka pagiya rekumhara rekambani Nordseewerke Emden inoratidzwa. Kurema3000t, yakavakwa1912.
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Simbi skeleton zvivakwa
Chimiro chesimbi skeleton chimiro chine pasi akati wandei, ayo makoramu, zvitsigiro uye magidhi akaitwa nesimbi pachawo anoendesa kune hwaro mutoro kubva kuzviremu zvezvimwe zvinhu, pamwe nemitoro inobatsira. Madziro ekunze uye emukati anoshanda chete kuvhara nzvimbo. Pamusoro pehuremu hwayo uye mutoro unobatsira, skeleton yesimbi inogashirawo kudzvanywa kwemhepo pachivakwa, mune longitudinal uye transverse nzira.
Zvivakwa zveSkeletal zvinowanzova nechimiro chakadaro zvekuti makoramu nematanda zvinoumba mafuremu akachinjika. Mafuremu aya ane chinhambwe chakafanana pakati pawo munzira yekureba yechivako uye akabatanidzwa nerutsigiro rwekureba. Mafuremu anogona kuva maviri kana matatu mbiru. Kubatana kweiyo substructure kumakoramu kunogona kuomarara kana kusungirirwa.
Kuti uomese chivako kwenguva refu, vertical couplings inoiswa muminda isina mahwindo (fig.10), kana zvitsigiso zvese zvemadziro ekunze zvakatsiga zvakabatanidzwa kumakoramu kuitira kuti furemu yekuvaka ine akawanda nodes igadzirwe (fig.11)
Fig. 10
Sl.11
Sarudzo yezvishandiso zvesirin’i, mukati nekunze madziro ndeyekukosha kwakakosha kuhupfumi uye kugona kwemhinduro. Izvo zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuve nekupisa uye zvinonzwika zvinodzivirira mhedzisiro, zvinofanirwa kuve zvakareruka uye zvinopesana nemhepo zvinofurira, zvinofanirwa kuchengetedza madziro esimbi kubva kumoto, ngura uye condensation. Sirin’i dzakagadzirwa nekongiri nesimbi yakajairika kana yakachinjika kana nezvikamu zvekongiri zvakagara kugadzirwa.
Mukana wekushandisa zvivakwa zvesimbi skeleton zvakasiyana kwazvo. Izvo zvinoshandiswa pakuvaka zvivakwa zvepamusoro uye zvekutengesa zvivakwa, mahotera uye akawanda maindasitiri maindasitiri, uye ane zvakawanda zvakanakira zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzekuvaka. Simba rakakwirira resimbi rinotungamirira kune zviduku zvishoma zvezvinhu zvinotsigira. Sezvo madziro pano asingabatanidzi mukutakura mutoro, anogona kunge akaenzana ukobvu pauriri hwese. Nguva inodiwa pakuvakwa kwesimbi skeleton ipfupi, gungano rinogona kuitwa mune chero mamiriro okunze. Kuchinja kune chimiro kunogona kushandiswa nyore nyore panguva yegungano uye kunyange mushure mekutora chivako, pasina kukanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwechivako. Kudzika kwepasi kunogona kuenzana zviri nyore nekusimudza makoramu pasina kukanganisa kushanda kwechivako chacho.
Muzvivakwa zvakadaro, zvigadziriso zvemwenje zvinoshandiswa kusirin’i uye madziro, uye iyo inotsigira chimiro pachayo zvakareruka, saka huremu hwese hwechivakwa hudiki. Somugumisiro, mari yekubhadhara mari yakaderera. Anogona kuputswa zviri nyore, apo simbi imwe neimwe inogona kushandiswazve zvishoma.
Mbiru dzakakwirira neShongwe
Makoramu marefu neshongwe zvimiro zvirefu uye zvitete, zvakaremerwa zvakaremerwa, izvo simbi inonyanya kukodzera.
1. Matanda emwenje. Nekuda kwekuvhenekesa kwakafanana kwenzvimbo hombe dzinokwanisika, kunyanya munzvimbo yezvitima uye migodhi, makoramu ehurefu 25 kusvika 40m ari kumiswa. Pamusoro pane chikuva chinoiswa zvigadziko zvemwenje. Kuti zvigadzirise kugadziriswa kwezvigadziriso izvi, mapuranga ekukwira anoonekwa (fig. 12), mabhandi emakona, diagonals uye horizontals anogadzirwa nemakona. Iko kuverenga kunoitwa seyezvivakwa muindasitiri yekuvaka.
Fig. 12
2. Mapango eiyo tram network. Tichifunga nezve nzira yekusimbisa tambo inotsigira, kuramba kwakaenzana pakukotama kunodiwa maererano nematemo ese akachinjika. Zvichienderana nehurefu, kukora kwepepa kunotangira pa 8 kusvika 10 mm.
3. Mapango emagetsi njanji network. Dzinosiyana muhurefu kubva 8 kusvika 16 m. Kureba kunoenderana nespan, uye nekudaro pamuseve wetambo inotsigira, iyo inogona kurara yakatwasuka kana obliquely kune conductor (fig. 12). Chikamu, icho chine rectangular pazasi uye chikwere kumusoro, chinofanira kunge chiri chidiki sezvinobvira. Zvinobatsira kusungira diagonals kubva kumakona zvakananga kumabhanhire, pasina mafundo akafukidzwa. Bhandi rimwe nerimwe repakona rine ndiro inotakura pamucheto wezasi, uye mbiru yose inomira panheyo yakafanana yemabhandi mana. Iyo column inonamirwa kunheyo nemabhaudhi ekongiri anchor.
4. Matanda emagetsi emagetsi. Panyaya yemitsara yakakosha ye-high-voltage transmission, matanda anogadzirwa anenge akangoita simbi. Kureba kwavo kunoenderana nemahara span, kurongeka kwezvinyararire, zvinhu uye zvinobvumidzwa voltages, conductors uye tambo yekudzivirira padanda, pamwe nemamiriro ekutakura. Nhamba yealternating ikozvino masisitimu ayo anofambiswa pamusoro pemapango anewo pesvedzero. Zvichienderana nechinangwa, marudzi anotevera emapuranga anosiyaniswa: matanda anotsigira ekutakura vatungamiri munzira (fig. 13), matanda emakona ane nzvimbo dzekuputsika dzenzira yekugamuchira zvikamu zvakadzika zvemutyairi, matanda ekumanikidzika (fig. 13), kubatanidza kana kupatsanura mapango anoshumira mafambisi ekubatanidza, kupatsanurana kwakasiyana-siyana.
Fig. 13
Iyo column inenge iine chikamu cheskweya uye inogadzirwa nezvikamu zvakati muhurefu. Mabhandi uye diagonals anogadzirwa kubva kumakona. Kuti uwedzere kusimba kwebhanhire, mabhanhire anozadzwa zvishoma nekrete mushure megungano. Kubatana kwe diagonals uye mabhanhire anogadzirwa, kana zvichikwanisika, pasina nodal sheets. Makoramu madiki, kunyanya makoramu anotsigira, akasungirirwa kune matanda ekurara anovigwa 3 m. Makoramu akakwirira anoiswa chete pane imwe kongiri block foundation.
Migodhi
Mazwi eunyanzvi anoshandiswa kune zvivakwa zvemigodhi yepamusoro, iyo inonyanya kukosha iyo inotsanangurwa muonde.14. Chikamu chikuru chemugodhi wekutengesa kunze shongwe ndiyo inotungamira shongwe. Kureba kweshongwe kunoenderana nekukwirira kwemusuwo wekumhara pamusoro pemunda, kureba kwedengu, kureba kwenzira yekuchinja, kureba kwebumper uye kureba kwekudonha pakati pebumper uye kubata.
Sl.14.1.
Sl.14.2.
Kwemakore, mamwe mafomu ekutengesa kunze akagadzirwa, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yemuchina wekutyaira wakananga kushongwe. Kana panguva yekufambisa iri nyore, iyo apo pane imwe tswanda inokwira uye imwe inodzika pasi, mabhasikiti anorembera pedyo nemumwe, achionekwa kubva kune rumwe rutivi rwomushini wekutyaira, ipapo mavhiriki maviri anogona kurara pedyo nemumwe papuratifomu imwe chete, uye ipapo shongwe inongova nyaya imwe chete. Mumuonde.15mhinduro ine ma rollers mana pedyo nemumwe inoratidzwa.
Sl.15
Kana mabhasikiti akarembera rimwe kuseri kwerimwe, ma rollers anofanira kurara pamusoro peimwe kuitira kuti ive shongwe ine nhurikidzwa mbiri (fig.16) Uye neshongwe mbiri, apo matengu mana akarara pedyo nerimwe. ichitariswa kubva pamushini wekutyaira, ese ari mana roller anogona kurara padivi peimwe pane imwe-nhu shongwe (fig.15)
Kana, zvakadaro, kutarisa kubva pamushini, mabhasikiti mana akaiswa imwe kuseri kweimwe, muchina mumwe unofanirwa kuiswa pakatarisana neshongwe, uye shongwe inogadziriswa senge nhurikidzwa mbiri ine yakapararira yakaderera chikamu (fig.17) Chete kana pasina nzvimbo yakakwana pedyo neshaft yekuisa imba yeinjini pedyo neshongwe, injini yekufambisa inoiswa pashongwe pachayo.
Kuwedzera kune shongwe dzekunze, nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzemugodhi dzinogona kusanganisira horo dzine shafts nedzimba dzekuwachira uko marasha anogadzikiswa. Kugadzirwa kwezvivakwa izvi kunoda kubatanidzwa kwesimbi yekugadzira dhizaini nekambani inopa michina. Muchidimbu, zvinhu izvi hazvina kusiyana kubva kune dzimwe simbi zvivako, kunze kwekuti zvinoda kugara uchigadzirisa chimiro kune michina yemagetsi. Pane imwe horo yewekishopu, semuenzaniso zvinogona kutariswa kuti mafuremu ese akaenzana, izvo, zvisinei, zvisingawanike muhoro yemugodhi kana kuwacha.
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Magadzirirwo epombi
Pombi ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa-chikamu chetsvimbo yakadzvanywa, inotsigirwa zvakaenzana kumativi ese. Mukuwedzera, iyo diki yemadziro ukobvu inogona kuwanikwa nemapombi. Mune zvimwe zvikamu zvose, ukuru uhwu hunonyanya kuderedzwa nekusagadzikana kwenzvimbo pane munyaya ye cylindrical tube. Mapaipi anonyanya kusava nehanya nengozi yekumonyorora, izvo zvisiri izvo nezvimwe zvikamu zvezvivakwa zvesimbi. Pamusoro pezviya zvakanaka zvepombi, kusazvibata kwavo chimiro chisina kunaka chekugashira nguva dzekukotama, pamwe nekubatana kwakaoma kwepombi dzakakora pakona.
Mapaipi anogona kugadzirwa kubva kumashiti akabhenda ane welded longitudinal seam, kana seamless rolls. Muzviitiko zvose izvi, mutengo wepombi wakakwirira kudarika mutengo weprofile, uchifunga nezvekuoma kwekugadzira. Nezvikonzero izvi, kuvakwa kwepombi kunokwikwidza chete nekudzikisira kunoenderana nehuremu hwezvinhu. Mapaipi anonyanya kushandiswa sembiru dzezvivakwa, kana akatakurwa chete nemasimba akajairika. Mapaipi anoshandiswawo kune mbiru dzepasi pepasi uye zvivakwa zvepasi. Iye zvino ivo vanowanzo shandiswa kugadzira scaffolding. Kuti udzivise kuparara kwemukati, zvose zvakasungirirwa uye zvisungo, pamwe chete nemapombi ekupedzisira, zvinofanira kuvharwa zvachose.
** Cherechedzo Yechishandiso:** Mienzaniso yenhoroondo, hukuru, mataipi uye zvichemo zvehupfumi hwehurongwa kana kurerukira hazvifanirwe kushandiswa sechinotsiva zviyero zvazvino, mamiriro esaiti, hunyanzvi hwezvinhu uye midziyo kana ongororo yehunyanzvi yekuvaka chaiko.