Chidziwitso chofunikira cha akatswiri: Awa ndi zolemba zamaphunziro zakale, osati momwe kamangidwe kake, kuwerengetsera kosasunthika, kutsimikizira kuchuluka kwa katundu, kapena malangizo opangira ndi kusonkhanitsa. Mapangidwe a maholo, domes, zigoba, zipilala zazitali, nsanja, migodi ndi zitoliro zimafuna wojambula wovomerezeka, geotechnical ndi maziko ena ovomerezeka, zochita zenizeni, kukhazikika, kutopa, moto ndi zowonongeka, komanso malamulo ovomerezeka ndi miyezo.
Kupanga ndi kumanga zinyumba zachitsulo si gawo la zomwe anthu akupereka panopa Savo Kusić. Zopangira masiku ano zili ndi mazenera amatabwa, mazenera amatabwa a aluminiyamu ndi zitseko zamwambo.
maofesi a mafakitale
1. Nyumba. Pali domes momwe ndodo zonse zimagona pamwamba pa dome, zomwe zimapanga machitidwe a malo, pamene zina, ma domes amapangidwa ndi makonzedwe a radial a fasteners payekha. Nyumba zomwe zili ndi ma gridi okhala ndi malo zimatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe awa:
- Ma domes a Schwedler, pomwe nthiti zake zimakhala zozungulira ndipo zimalumikizana ndi mizati yopingasa (mku. 1)
- Ma mesh domes, omwe pamwamba pake amakhala ndi netiweki ya makona atatu, opanda nthiti zozungulira, koma okhala ndi mizere yofanana ya ngodya (mkuyu 2). Ngati dome yotereyi imachokera pa polygon yokhazikika ndi chiwerengero cha mbali, dongosololi ndi losakhazikika komanso losagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kukhazikika kwapadera.
- Zimmerman domes, komwe kuli, zofanana ndi Schwedler ndi ma mesh domes, mphete zopingasa, koma chiwerengero cha ma angles pa mphete zimachepa pang’onopang’ono ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa mphete. Ubwino wa Zimmerman domes poyerekeza ndi ma dome a Schwedler ndi ma mesh domes ndikuti mphamvu zowongoka zokha zimatuluka pamakona a gawo lakumunsi, pomwe mphamvu zopingasa zochokera kumphepo zimalandiridwa ndi pakati pa makoma mozungulira (mkuyu 3)
- Domes zowoneka bwino kapena zamba, momwemo, monga ma mesh domes, malo onse ali ndi katatu, pomwe njira yothandizira ndi yofanana ndi nyumba za Zimmerman (mkuyu.4).
- Madenga a hema, pomwe nthiti zake zimakhala zozungulira (mkuyu.5).
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2. Nyumba zamasewera. Kumanga nyumba zamasewera kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mawonekedwe a bwalo ndi malo okhala. Mizati imapewedwa, kuti owonerera aziwona bwino mkati mwa mkati.
3. Nyumba zowonetsera. Pankhani ya maholo owonetserako, maziko a rectangular amagwiritsidwa ntchito, kotero kuti makonzedwe a fasteners ndi ophweka. Nthawi zina zipilala zamkati zimaperekedwanso, koma pali ufulu waukulu pakugawa malo ngati mulibe zipilala muholo.
4. Nyumba zochitira misonkhano. Pulojekiti yachitsulo chachitsulo cha holo yochitira msonkhano imapangidwa ndi mgwirizano wa katswiri wogwirira ntchito, wojambula crane ndi wojambula zitsulo. Katswiri woyendetsa galimoto amasankha miyeso ya maziko ndi matayala a mizati malinga ndi momwe makina amagwirira ntchito ndi ndondomeko ya ntchito. Amatsimikiziranso kudzazidwa kwa makoma, chophimba cha denga komanso njira za maziko, malinga ndi maganizo a akatswiri omangamanga. Wopanga ma crane amasankha zolemera za ma trolley ndi ma crane, masitayilo a magudumu komanso kupanikizika kwa magudumu koyipa kwambiri. Malingana ndi deta ya katswiri woyendetsa ntchito ndi wojambula crane, wopanga zitsulo amasankha kamangidwe kameneka ka holoyo. Zothandizira za crane ziyenera kukhala zolimba momwe zingathere ndipo, ngati n’koyenera, kupangidwa ndi overhang, kotero kuti pamene crane yodzaza kwambiri idutsa, njanji ya crane imakhala yopingasa, ndipo motere galimoto yaing’ono imatha kusankhidwa.
5, Nyumba zooneka ngati macheka. Nyumba zooneka ngati macheka nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa ngati pakufunika kuunikira kofanana ndipo kuwala kwadzuwa kumalowa mkatikati mwa holo kuyenera kupeŵedwa. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka pakupanga ndi nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zamakampani opanga nsalu. Madenga ocheka amakhala ndi malo opanda zowala60za ku90o, pomwe kutsetsereka kwa malo akuluakulu kumafika30o. Malo onyezimira amaikidwa pambali pomwe kulibe dzuwa, ndiko kuti, kumpoto. Popanga madenga ocheka, munthu ayenera kuganizira nkhani zingapo, zomwe yankho lake ndi lingaliro lovomerezeka la wogulitsa ndalama, ndilo: chophimba cha denga chikhoza kupangidwa ndi mapanelo opangidwa ndi kuwala kapena matailosi pamtunda wamatabwa, zomangira zamatabwa zimatha kukhala lattices (Mkuyu.6), mafelemu okhala ndi mfundo zitatu (mkuyu.7), kapena mafelemu pa mfundo ziwiri zolimba (mkuyu8). Njira yothetsera lattice imakhala ndi kulemera kochepa, koma ali ndi zovuta zomwe latisi imamatira, mwachitsanzo. m’makampani opanga nsalu, amasunga ubweya wa ubweya. Ngati cholinga chake ndi kukhala ndi zipilala zochepa momwe zingathere mkati mwa nyumbayo, yankho lokhala ndi ma grids akuluakulu lingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu ndege zonse zapadenga, zomwe zimathandizirana ndipo zimathandizidwa kumapeto kwa gridi zothandizira.
Mth. 6
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Zomanga za mabwato
Zomangamanga pamwamba pa slipway zimakhala ndi ma cranes olendewera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zombo zapamadzi pamadzi ndi mitsinje. Makorani okwera kwambiri komanso makina opangira chingwe amapikisana ndi zomangamanga. Mu mkuyu. 9 ikuwonetsa zomanga pamtunda wa kampani ya Nordseewerke Emden. Kulemera kwake 3000 t, kumangidwa 1912.
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Zomangamanga zachitsulo
Chitsulo cha mafupa achitsulo ndi dongosolo lokhala ndi pansi zingapo, zomwe mizati, zothandizira ndi zomangira zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zokha zimasamutsira ku maziko katundu kuchokera ku kulemera kwake kwa zipangizo zina, komanso katundu wothandiza. Makoma akunja ndi amkati amangogwira danga. Kuphatikiza pa kulemera kwake ndi katundu wothandiza, mafupa achitsulo amalandiranso mphamvu ya mphepo pa nyumbayo, mumayendedwe otalika komanso odutsa.
Zigoba nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe kotero kuti mizati ndi mizati imapanga mafelemu opingasa. Mafelemuwa ali ndi mtunda wofanana pakati pawo munjira yotalikirapo ya nyumbayo ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi zothandizira zautali. Mafelemu amatha kukhala ndi ma post awiri kapena atatu. Malumikizidwe a kachigawo kakang’ono ku mizati akhoza kukhala olimba kapena omangika.
Pofuna kulimbitsa nyumbayo motalika, zolumikizira zoyimirira zimayikidwa m’minda yopanda mawindo (mkuyu.10), kapena zothandizira zonse za makoma akunja zimalumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi mizati kotero kuti chimango chokhala ndi ma node ambiri chimapangidwa (mkuyu.11).
Mkuyu. 10
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Kusankha kwa zida zapadenga, makoma amkati ndi akunja ndikofunikira kwambiri pazachuma komanso kufunikira kwa yankho. Zida zimenezo ziyenera kukhala ndi kutentha ndi kutsekemera kotsekemera, ziyenera kukhala zopepuka komanso zosagwirizana ndi mphamvu za mumlengalenga, ziyenera kuteteza makoma achitsulo kumoto, dzimbiri ndi condensation. Denga limapangidwa ndi konkriti yokhala ndi zolimbitsa wamba kapena zopingasa kapena zomangira konkire.
Kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zopangira mafupa achitsulo ndizosiyana kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba zapamwamba komanso zamalonda, mahotela ndi mafakitale ambiri ogulitsa mafakitale, ndipo ali ndi ubwino wambiri poyerekeza ndi njira zina zomangira. Mphamvu yapamwamba yachitsulo imatsogolera ku miyeso yaying’ono ya zinthu zothandizira. Popeza makoma apa satenga nawo mbali pa kunyamula katunduyo, akhoza kukhala a makulidwe ofanana pazipinda zonse. Nthawi yofunikira pomanga mafupa achitsulo ndi yochepa, msonkhano ukhoza kuchitika mu nyengo iliyonse. Kusintha kwa kamangidwe kameneka kakhoza kukhazikitsidwa mosavuta panthawi ya msonkhano komanso ngakhale mutatenga nyumbayo, popanda kuwononga chitetezo cha nyumbayo. Kutsika kwapansi kungafanane mosavuta pokweza mizati popanda kusokoneza kagwiridwe ka nyumbayo.
Muzomanga zoterezi, zida zowunikira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padenga ndi makoma, ndipo kapangidwe kake kamakhala kopepuka, kotero kulemera kwake konse kwa nyumbayo kumakhala kochepa. Zotsatira zake, mtengo wandalama ndi wotsika. Atha kung’ambika mosavuta, pomwe zitsulo zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pang’ono.
Zipilala Zapamwamba ndi Zinyumba
Zipilala zazitali ndi nsanja ndi zazitali komanso zowonda, zopakidwa mopepuka, zomwe chitsulo chimakhala choyenera kwambiri.
1. Mitengo yowunikira. Chifukwa cha kuwunikira kofanana kwa madera akulu kwambiri, makamaka m’dera la njanji ndi migodi, kutalika kwa mizati kumakwezedwa.25ku40m. Pamwamba pake pali nsanja pomwe zowunikira zimayikidwa. Kuti athe kuwongolera makonzedwewo, mafelemu okwera amayembekezeredwa (mkuyu.12), Malamba apakona, ma diagonal ndi opingasa amapangidwa ndi ngodya. Kuwerengera kumapangidwa ngati zomanga m’makampani omanga.
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2. Mitengo ya netiweki ya tram. Poganizira njira yomangirira chingwe chothandizira, kukana kofanana kupindika kumafunika pokhudzana ndi nkhwangwa zonse zopingasa. Kutengera kutalika, makulidwe a pepala amachokera8ku10 mm.
3. Mapali a netiweki ya njanji yamagetsi. Iwo ali ndi kutalika kwa8ku16 m. Kutalika kumadalira kutalika kwake, ndipo motero pa muvi wa chingwe chonyamulira, chomwe chimatha kugona molunjika kapena mosasamala kwa woyendetsa (mkuyu.12). Gawo, lomwe lili ndi makona anayi pansi ndi lalikulu pamwamba, liyenera kukhala laling’ono momwe zingathere. Ndizothandiza kumangirira ma diagonal kuchokera kumakona mwachindunji mpaka malamba, popanda mapepala okhala ndi mfundo. Lamba wapangodya uliwonse uli ndi mbale yonyamula kumapeto, ndipo mzati wonse umakhala pamaziko amodzi a malamba onse anayi. Mzerewu umamangiriridwa ku mazikowo ndi ma bolts a konkriti.
4. Mitengo yamagetsi. Pankhani ya mizere yofunikira kwambiri yamagetsi, mizatiyo imapangidwa pafupifupi zitsulo zokha. Kutalika kwawo kumadalira nthawi yaulere, makonzedwe a zotonthoza, zipangizo ndi ma voltages ololedwa, ma conductors ndi chingwe chotetezera pamtengo, komanso pa katundu. Chiwerengero cha machitidwe amakono omwe amafalitsidwa pamitengo nawonso ali ndi mphamvu. Malingana ndi cholinga, mitundu yotsatirayi ya mizati imasiyanitsidwa: mizati yothandizira kunyamula oyendetsa njira (mkuyu. 13), mizati yamakona yokhala ndi malo osweka a njira yolandirira zigawo zopingasa za conductor, mizati yolimbana (mkuyu 13), kulumikiza kapena kugawanika mizati yomwe imagawikana njira yolumikizirana, kapena kugawaniza ma conductors.
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Derali pafupifupi nthawi zonse limakhala ndi gawo lalikulu ndipo limapangidwa ndi magawo angapo kutalika. Malamba ndi ma diagonal amapangidwa kuchokera kumakona. Pofuna kuonjezera mphamvu zomangira, malamba amadzazidwa ndi konkire pambuyo pa msonkhano. Kulumikizana kwa ma diagonal ndi malamba kumapangidwa, ngati kuli kotheka, popanda mapepala a nodal. Zigawo zing’onozing’ono, makamaka zochirikizira, zimakhazikika pazipilala zamatabwa zomwe zimakwiriridwa 3 m. Zipilala zazitali zimayikidwa pa maziko amodzi a konkire.
Migodi
Mawu aukadaulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zamigodi pamtunda, zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimafotokozedwa mkuyu.14. Mbali yaikulu ya nsanja yotumizira kunja kwa mgodi ndi nsanja yotsogolera. Kutalika kwa nsanja kumadalira kutalika kwa khomo lolowera pamwamba pa munda, kutalika kwa dengu, kutalika kwa msewu wosinthira, kutalika kwa bumper ndi kutalika kwa kugwa pakati pa bumper ndi zogwira.
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Kwa zaka zambiri, mitundu ina ya nsanja zotumizira kunja zapangidwa, kutengera malo omwe makina oyendetsera galimoto amalowera ku nsanja. Ngati pagalimoto yosavuta, ndiye pamene pali dengu limodzi lomwe limapita mmwamba ndipo limatsikira pansi, madengu amapachikidwa pafupi ndi wina ndi mzake, akuyang’ana kuchokera kumbali ya makina oyendetsa galimoto, ndiye kuti odzigudubuza onse amatha kugona pafupi ndi wina ndi mzake pa nsanja imodzi, ndiyeno nsanjayo ndi nkhani imodzi. Mu mkuyu.15yankho ndi odzigudubuza anayi pafupi wina ndi mzake akuwonetsedwa.
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Ngati madengu atapachikidwa pambuyo pa mzake, odzigudubuza ayenera kukhala pamwamba pa mzake kuti akhale nsanja yansanjika ziwiri (mkuyu.16). Ndipo ndi nsanja iwiri, pamene madengu anayi atagona pafupi wina ndi mzake. Kuyang’ana kuchokera pamakina oyendetsa, odzigudubuza onse anayi amatha kugona pafupi ndi mnzake pansanja yansanjika imodzi (mkuyu.15).
Ngati, komabe, kuyang’ana kuchokera ku makinawo, madengu anayi amaikidwa kumbuyo kwa wina, makina amodzi ayenera kuikidwa mbali zina za nsanja, ndipo nsanjayo imathetsedwa ngati nyumba ya nsanjika ziwiri ndi gawo lapansi lofalikira (mkuyu.17). Pokhapokha ngati palibe malo okwanira pafupi ndi shaft kuti aike nyumba ya injini pafupi ndi nsanja, injini yoyendetsa galimoto imayikidwa pa nsanja yokha.
Kuphatikiza pa nsanja zotumiza kunja, zida zapamtunda wa mgodi zimatha kukhala ndi maholo okhala ndi ma shaft ndi zipinda zochapira komwe amapangira malasha. Mapangidwe a zipangizozi amafuna mgwirizano wa wopanga zitsulo ndi kampani yomwe imapereka zipangizo. Kwenikweni, zinthu izi sizimasiyana ndi zitsulo zina, kupatulapo kuti zimafuna kusintha kosalekeza kwa kamangidwe ka zipangizo zamakina. Paholo ina yochitira misonkhano, mwachitsanzo, zitha kuganiziridwa kuti mafelemu onse ndi ofanana, omwe, komabe, ndi osowa muholo yamigodi kapena kochapira.
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Kupanga mapaipi
Chitoliro ndi gawo labwino kwambiri lodutsa pa ndodo yoponderezedwa, yomwe imathandizidwanso mbali zonse. Komanso, yaing’ono khoma makulidwe chingapezeke ndi mapaipi. M’zigawo zina zonse, makulidwe awa ndi ochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwapafupi kusiyana ndi chubu la cylindrical. Mipope imakhala yosakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chiopsezo chopotoka, zomwe sizili choncho ndi zigawo zina zazitsulo zazitsulo. Kuonjezera pa ubwino wosasunthika wa mapaipiwa, kuipa kwawo ndi mawonekedwe osayenera kulandira nthawi yopindika, komanso kulumikizana kovuta kwa mapaipi okhuthala pamakona.
Mapaipi amatha kupangidwa kuchokera pamapepala opindika okhala ndi msoko wotalikirapo, kapena ngati mipukutu yopanda msoko. Pazochitika zonsezi, mtengo wa chitoliro ndi wapamwamba kuposa mtengo wa mbiriyo, poganizira zovuta pakupanga. Pazifukwa izi, zomanga zitoliro zimapikisana pokhapokha ndi kuchepetsedwa kofanana kwa kulemera kwazinthu. Mapaipi amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati mizati ya nyumba, ngati amangonyamulidwa ndi mphamvu zabwinobwino. Mipope imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazipilala zapansi ndi nyumba zapansi. Tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga scaffolding. Pofuna kupewa dzimbiri zamkati, zida zonse ndi zolumikizira, komanso mapaipi omalizira, ziyenera kusindikizidwa kwathunthu.
Chidziwitso cha Ntchito: Zitsanzo zamakedzana, miyeso, mitundu ndi zonena za chuma chadongosolo kapena kuphweka siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’malo mwa zomwe zilipo, momwe malo alili, mawonekedwe aukadaulo a zida ndi zida kapena kutsimikizira kwa akatswiri pa zomangamanga zenizeni.