Archival and Safety Context: Chinyorwa chinochengetedza kuyerwa kwenhoroondo, zvishandiswa uye maitirwo, asi hachisi dhizaini, kuverenga kwakamira, kuongorora ivhu, fenzi kana kutsanangurwa kwemuchina, kana bhuku rekuita. Iyo fenzi uye gedhi zvinofanirwa kunge zvakakodzera kune saiti, chinangwa, mhepo, chando, mutoro, ivhu, ngura, kuchengetedzwa kwemwana nemhuka, mitemo yemunharaunda uye miganhu yenzvimbo. Makoramu anotakura mitoro, nheyo, kongiri yakasimbiswa, yakashongedzwa uye yakaumbwa zvikamu, magedhi ekushanda uye magadhi ekuchengetedza zvinoda dhizaini yakakodzera, kuongororwa kwehunyanzvi uye kuiswa kwakachengeteka.
Nhasi, Savo Kusić inotarisa pa mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo, mahwindo etsika, gonhi uye zvikumbiro zvekotesheni Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri chenhoroondo uye hachiunze kupihwa kwekugadzira fenzi, magedhi, kongiri mbiru kana mambure ekuruka michina.
Yenguva pfupi uye waya fenzi
Yenguva fenzi
Ifenzi yakapfava, yakachipa uye yenguva pfupi inogona kugadzirwa kubva kumapazi, zvipikiri zvishoma uye waya ine minzwa yehurefu hwakakodzera. Tinogona kubatanidza waya kunze kwemapazi nezvipikiri. Kana matavi akakura, saka tichava neruzhowa.
Iyo fenzi ichave yakasimba zvakanyanya kana migumo yematavi akaoma atinoisa muvhu akanyoroveswa netara, uye waya ine minzwa nezvipikiri zvekusungirira zvakaputirwa nependi yakakora yemafuta. Tinokwanisa zvakare kuzora mativi ekumusoro emapazi - ayo aimbochekwa nesaha kuitira kuti aite hova - nependi yasara kuti adzivirire kumvura. Ehe, rudzi urwu rwefenzi nderwenguva pfupi mune zvakasikwa uye haruna yakakosha kutaridzika kutaridzika. Pane imwe nzvimbo yevhu yakanyatso kurongeka uye iri munzvimbo yakanyatsorongeka yekuzorora uye kutandara, haigone kuramba kunyange kwenguva pfupi (fig.1,1. chikamu).
Mufananidzo 1 — mienzaniso yekuvaka uye kutsigirwa kwefenzi dzakasiyana.
Fenzi ine matanda newaya ine minzwa
Fenzi yakapfava inogonawo kugadzirwa kubva kune masiteki matete (ukobvu hweruoko) nekutyaira matanda pasi nekuisa waya ine minzwa paari mumitsara yakati wandei pamativi (fig.1-2.,3. uye4. chikamu). Zvinokurudzirwa kunyudza magumo ematanda mutara usati watyaira. Zvingave zvakanaka kana migumo yemateko yakazorwa tara nenzira yekuti mushure mekutambisa pachine zvimwe zvasara.5-10 cmchechikamu chakazorwa chiri pamusoro penyika. Nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzemateki (zviso) dzinofanirawo kuiswa tara kuti dzidzivirire kubva mumvura uye kuora. Kureba kweiyo barbed wire fence kunowanzo1,3-1,7 m. Nhambwe iri pakati pemitsara yewaya ine minzwa ndeye20-30 cm. Waya dzakanamirwa nezvipikiri zvakaita U-.
Waya ine minzwa: Kuiswa kwewaya ine minzwa kunogona kurambidzwa kana kurambidzwa zvichienderana nenzvimbo nechinangwa, uye kunoisa njodzi huru yekuchekwa nekukuvadzwa kwevanhu nemhuka. Usati washanda, iwe unofanirwa kutarisa mirairo, miganhu yekuronga uye kuiswa kwepasi; shandisa mudziyo wakatsaurirwa, kudzivirira uye kudzorwa kusimba, pasina kumira munzira yewaya.
Fenzi ine matanda uye waya dzakasiyana
Tichaita kuti fenzi ive yakachipa kana, pachinzvimbo chewaya yakakomberedzwa, tikashandisa waya yakapfava ine dhayamita ye 1,5-2 mm, uye chete kumusoro uye pamwe nemutsara wepasi tinoshandisa waya ine barbed. Iyo fence ichave yakasimba zvakanyanya kana matanda, ayo ari pamakona, akatsigirwa. Iwo ma struts anogona kutetepa zvishoma pane epamucheto. Pasi pemigumo yezvitsigiso, dombo guru rimwe chete rinofanira kuiswa muvhu, kana kuti mubhedha wose wekutsigira unofanira kugadzirwa nematombo. Izvi zvinoshandawo kumasiteki kureva. matanda anofanira kuiswa mugomba rakacherwa rizere nematombo kana dombo rakapwanyika (muonde 1 - 4., 5. uye 6. chikamu).
Tinokwanisa kugadzira fenzi newaya dzakasiyana siyana nekuisa tambo ine minzwa yemitsara yekumusoro neyepasi toiruka diagonally newaya dzakatsetseka. Isu tinogona zvakare kushandisa slats kune fenzi, saka isu tinongo “kuruka” iwo newaya gobvu, uye mune iyi kesi, marefu coasters haazodiwi. Zvichave zviri nani kana tikabatanidza waya kune imwe neimwe batten neU-yakaita chipikiri. Mushure mekupenda, tinosunga mabraids kumasiteki akaiswa muvhu ari chinhambwe che 2–3 m. Migumo yematanda nesimbi matanda inofanira kuumbwa kuitira kuti ibate zvakasimba pasi (mubhedha wematombo) kana kongiri. Mhinduro dzakapihwa mumufananidzo dzinopa chinzvimbo chekuti danda harigone kusunungura (fig. 2, 1. chikamu).
Isu tinokwanisa kukurumidzira nzira yekuisa tara kumigumo yemateki kana tikagadzira mudziyo uri nyore wechinangwa ichi. Iwe unofanirwa kutora simbi kana simbi pombi ine dhayamita yakakura (piipi yerata ye “chunak” chitofu) uye zvakasimba kuisa puragi yehuni mune imwe mugumo wepombi. Isu tinofanirwa kugadzira kumira kwakakodzera kwepombi kubva kune gobvu waya kana kongiri simbi. Mhedziso yepombi ine plug inofanira kuiswa pachidhina, dururira tara kana bhitumini mupombi uye uite moto muduku kumativi ose. Isu tinozonyika migumo yemateki mune yakanyungudutswa (fig.2,2. chikamu). Chokwadi, mapango acho anofanira kugara kwenguva yakati muzvinhu zvakanyungudutswa kuitira kuti adzise uye aiswe netara. Nenzira yakafanana - hongu pasina moto - tinogona kupenda migumo yembiru nependi yemafuta kana kukora nitro pendi.
Mufananidzo2- tsigiro yembiru uye nhoroondo yenhoroondo yekudzivirirwa kwemagumo adzo.
Usaise moto wakaratidzwa: moto wakavhurika pasi pepombi ine tara kana bhitumini unotakura njodzi yemoto, kutsva, kunyungudika, hutsi hunobvira nehutsi hunokachidza. Usapise tara, bhitumini, marashi kana zvinhu zvisingazivikanwe pachigadziko chenguva. Kuti udzivirire huni, shandisa hurongwa hunobvumirwa kune imwe shanduro, maererano nepeji yehutano, zviyero zvekudzivirira uye mitemo yekudzivirira ivhu nemvura.
Concrete uye simbi makoramu nekuzadza
Yakasimbiswa kongiri fenzi mbiru
Kutenga matanda kunowanzonetsa uye huni hausi chinhu chakasimba sekongiri kana simbi. Iye zvino isu tichapa zano rekuita (iwe-iwe-iwe) zvisingaperi uye aesthetically yakaumbwa yakasimbiswa kongiri fenzi.
Mushonga wakanaka uye wakachipa semuenzaniso. fenzi yemabhandi ekongiri ane skeleton yesimbi. Concrete girders inogadzirwa nekudururira kongiri mbishi mumbiru. Pamakoramu akatwasuka, simbi yemakona inokwana 35x35 mm kana zviyero zvakafanana zveprofile iron L, U, nezvimwewo zvinofanirwa kutorwa. Izvo zvakachinjika zvekubatanidza zvinhu pakati pemakoramu zvakare akagadzirwa neprofile kana flat iron. Kana pasina simbi yakati sandara, waya yakakora ye 5-6 cm yakakodzerawo. Makona esimbi anogona kuisirwa zvinhu zvefenzi sezvinodiwa, semuenzaniso. waya ine minzwa, waya mesh, simbi yekuisa pepa, nezvimwewo (fig. 3).
Picture 3 — nhoroondo inomiririra kugadzirwa kwekongiri zvinotsigira nesimbi skeleton.
Yakasimbiswa kongiri fenzi mbiru inogona zvakare kugadzirwa pane DIY hwaro uchishandisa akakodzera matemplate. Iyo template inogona kugadzirwa nehuni, simbi, uye yakatenderera asbestos-simende mapaipi. Mavhavha etemplate akagadzirwa nematanda ane mazariro anofananidzwa nerebha. Iko mukati mepombi inofanira kuiswa girisi kuitira kuti kongiri isanamatira pairi (fig. 4). Hatifaniri kukanganwa, hongu, maburi ekubatanidza waya kana waya mesh kune fence, nokuti yakaoma zvikuru kudhira gare gare. Aya mavhuriro anofanirwa kunge akaita zvekuti zvidimbu zve 2-3 mm waya zvinogona kuiswa mukati mavo, uye isu tichasimbisa waya gare gare tobatanidza zvinhu zvefenzi kwavari. Isu tinokwanisa kubatanidza mutsara wepamusoro wewaya ine minzwa kune kongiri rebar inobuda kubva kumusoro kwenzvimbo. Chekupedzisira, kumagumo emakoramu, tinogona kugadzira piramidhi “caps« kubva kune simenti.
Picture 4 — muenzaniso wekutsigira nekurembera gedhi resimbi riri nyore.
Asbestos uye kutakura kongiri: Mapaipi easbestos-samende anotaurwa munhoroondo yezvinyorwa haafaniri kutemwa, kudonhedzwa, pasi, kuputsika kana kushandiswa se mold. Zviripo zvinofungirwa zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuongororwa nekubviswa nesangano renyanzvi rakatenderwa zvinoenderana nemitemo inoshanda. Profile zviyero, kusimbiswa, kongiri inodzivirira layer, hwaro, kudzika kwetsigiro, musanganiswa, kutarisirwa uye kurodha nguva inotarirwa imwe nyaya; matanho akarongwa enhoroondo haasi maverengero kana kuti zvakatemwa.
Fenzi dzine mbariro nekuisa
Tinokwanisa kugadzira fenzi dzakasimba uye dzakanaka kubva kusimbi U mbiri 30-35 mm, nemafuremu akagadzirwa nesimbi ine mbiri uye nekongiri kana mbiru dzematombo. Zvinhu zvakamira zvegridi, izvo zvinogadzirwa neU-profiles yehurefu hwakakodzera, zvakanamirwa kune akachinjika maprofiles emufuremu ane rivets ye 4-6 mm, iyo yaimbove ichipiswa kusvika tsvuku inopisa. Zvinoenderana neiyi nzira - nemakoramu ematombo - kureba pakati pemakoramu kunogona kuwedzerwa kusvika 4 kana 5 m. Paiyo yepamusoro yakachinjika simbi mbiri, tinogona kubatanidza - neriveting kana nema screws - “barbs” akagadzirwa neforoma,
Mafenzi anogona zvakare kugadzirwa kubva akagadzirira-akagadzirwa furemu ekuisa ayo anogona kutengwa muchitoro. Zvakanakisa kana, kune rudzi urwu rwefenzi, chigadziko chakagadzirwa nematombo, uye iyo inoiswa yakasungirirwa kune tubular kana profiled simbi mbiru. Sezvo kureba kwezvakaiswa zviri pamwe chete nefuremu 1,6 m, chinhambwe chiri pakati pemakoramu chinotemerwa neizvi. Insert mafuremu anonamirwa kumakoramu ane makora ari chinhambwe che 1,7 m.
Unogona zvakare kutenga magedhi akagadzirwa muzvitoro, asi isu tinogona zvakare kugadzira gedhi isu pachedu kubva pafuremu ine profil iron uye dense waya mesh, riveting kana kushandisa screws. Iyo mbiru dzepombi dzinofanira kuvharwa nepuragi, yakapetwa kakawanda, yakagadzirwa nematanda kana zvinhu zvakagadzirwa, kuitira kuti mvura irege kupinda mukati mepombi uye inokonzera kuora.
**Hot Riveting uye Metal Barbs: ** Kushanda nemafuta anopisa, kuumba, welding uye kupinza kunopinza kunoda vashandi vakadzidziswa, midziyo yakakodzera, kutonga kwemoto uye kugadzirwa kwekubatana. Mapoinzi akapinza haafanire kugadzira njodzi isingagamuchirwe kune vanomira, vana kana mhuka. Kudzivirirwa kwecorrosion uye kubuda kwemvura kubva kumaprofiles akavharwa anogadziriswa neprojekiti, kwete nekuvharwa kwekuvandudza.
Magedhi akareruka egadheni
Nekushandiswa kwematanda kana simbi zvinhu, tinogona kugadzira masuwo madiki ebindu isu pachedu. Dombo guru rinofanirwa kuiswa pasi pegomba kuitira danda guru rekutsigira kudzivirira danda kuti risagadzikane. Zvikasadaro, danda rinofanira kuvigwa kanenge 50-60 cm muvhu. Simba rekoramu rinogona kuwedzerwa nekudururira dombo rakapwanyika rakatenderedza mbiru, kudururira kongiri pamusoro payo uye kuibatanidza zvishoma. Chidimbu chepombi chesimbi chine bhora rimwe resimbi chinofanira kuiswa mumubhedha uyu wekongiri - hongu pamberi peseti yekongiri - sezvakaratidzwa zvakadzama mukudhirowa. Bhora richagara pane shaft yesimbi yegedhi. Pamusoro pechikamu chepamusoro, gedhi rinoiswa (rakaturikwa) pamubhedha wakafukidzwa netambo (mufananidzo 5).
Image 5 — nhoroondo yerutsigiro rwegedhi resimbi riri nyore.
Chimiro chegedhi chinogona kugadzirwa nematanda nesimbi. Mune furemu, iyo inopihwa diagonal kusimbisa, isu tinogona ipapo kuisa slats kana waya mesh. Gedhi rinogonawo kugadzirwa kubva pakadhirowa kana kukungurutswa imwe-inch simbi pombi. Iyo pombi inokotamira kune yaunoda chimiro nekupinza imwe mugumo nepuragi yemapuranga, yozozadza rose nejecha uye plug kune imwe magumo. Pakubhenda chubhu inodziya kutsvuka kupenya uye pakupedzisira bend yaunoda inogadzirwa. Mushure mekubvisa jecha, ipuragi yesimbi ine pini inofambiswa kune imwe mugumo wepombi maererano neruzivo rwekudhirowa, uye mhete yakataurwa inoiswa pamusoro nerivets kana screws, uye ipapo laths kana waya mesh. Chidimbu chepombi yesimbi ine bhora resimbi inoshandiswawo seyakadzika pasi.
Kupisa uye Kupeta Pipe: tsananguro yekuzadza pombi nejecha uye kuipisa kuti ive tsvuku-inopisa haisi bhuku rakachengeteka rebasa repamba. Yakavharwa kana isingazivikanwe pombi, mwando, machira uye galvanized layers zvinogona kutungamira mukumanikidzwa, plug ejection, moto uye utsi hunokuvadza. Kupeta, kupinza uye kurapwa kwekupisa kunofanira kuitwa pachishandiswa nzira inodzorwa inotenderwa nenyanzvi.
Fenzi yakachipa uye inogara yakasimba inogadzirwa newaya. Zvinokurudzirwa kuita waya yekurukwa kumba, nekuti iyo yekuruka oparesheni inogona kuitwa neyakapfava maturusi nemidziyo.
Historic Net Knitting Machine
Muchina wekuruka mesh unogadzirwa zvichienderana nechiyero che mesh chatinoda kufenzi. Kazhinji tinoshandisa zviyero zvezvishwe 80x80, 60x60 uye 45x45 mm. Pano ticharatidza zviyero zveloop maker 80x80. Isu tichatsanangura michina inodiwa muhurongwa hwekuyerera kwewaya mukugadzira (Fig. 6,7,8).
Mufananidzo 6 — loop geometry uye nhoroondo yezverora.
Waya yekusunungura inodzivirira waya kuti isangane. Iyo yakakura axial bearing inoiswa pakati peiyo yakatwasuka yakaiswa rack, flat board inoiswa pairi, uye bhakiti rinoiswa pabhodhi. Koiri yewaya inogadzikwa zvakatenderedza bhaketi iro rine huremu. Waya inodhonzwa kubva kuspool ichienda kune tensioner. Iyo tensioner ine 3 zvidimbu zvepulley inochengetwa muimba yakabhenda. Kushungurudzika kunowedzera kana kuderedzwa nekugadzirisa nzvimbo yepakati pulley. Pamusoro pezvisungo, izvo zvinoumba axis ye reels, zvidimbu zvepombi zvinoiswa pairi izvo zvinotenderera zviri nyore kutenderera. Hupamhi hwepombi hunofanira kuva hukuru ne 1,5-1 mm kupfuura hupamhi hwereel.
Image 7 — zvikamu zvikuru zvenhoroondo yekugadzira waya.
Mushure memutsigiri kunouya pfuti yegirizi. Inosanganisira mucheka wejira wakaputirwa newaya. Neimwe tambo, jira racho rinonamirwa parutsigiro. Mucheka wacho unopota uchinyikwa mumafuta. Zvese tensioner neoiri zvakanamira zvakasimba pasi.
Nheyo yemuchina ibhodhi rakadzika rine nzvimbo yakajeka. Kureba kwebhodhi iri hafu yemamita kureba kupfuura hurefu hunodiwa hwemambure. Bhodhi pamwe chete nemuchina unofanirwa kuiswa patafura yebasa yakasimba.
Chikamu chemuchina wekubhenda ichubhu yesimbi ine mudhuri wakakora uye mukati wakatsetseka. Banga rakagadzirwa nesimbi yakasimba rine nzvimbo dzakaoma rinotenderera mukati mechubhu. Shinda (groove) yakafara inofanira kutemwa papombi yesimbi4-5 mm nekona yekurerekera kwe45°,5 cmpamberi pekuguma kwepombi, uye gomba rine mativi akakomberedzwa rinofanira kudhirwa pamagumo eshinda. Iyo chubhu inofanira kusungirirwa muchigadziko chakaita V kuitira kuti isavhare shinda inogadzirwa nekugaya chero kupi zvako. Mubhedha wakaita V pamwe chete nemapombi zvinofanira kusungirirwa kune imwe simbi base ndiro. Zvadaro shaft inofanira kuitwa uye kutakura kwakaiswa, iyo inonyatsoratidzwa mumufananidzo kwete. VII-37b. Zviri nani kuita kubereka kuderera zvishoma, nokuti gare gare kana mhepo yakakwirira inogona kugadziriswa neshims. Iyo banga inosungirirwa kune groove ye shaft ine screw, asi inogonawo kuchengetedzwa ne fuse.
Mufananidzo8- kuyerera kwewaya kuburikidza nezvikamu zvemuchina wenhoroondo.
Pa-Machine Dziviriro: mifananidzo hairatidze varindi vemazuva ano, kumira kwechimbichimbi, kickback control, waya yakachengeteka routing, chikamu chesimba chekuongorora kana mhepo yekudzora. Waya yakasungirirwa, zvikamu zvinotenderera, magumo akapinza, uremu uye zvikokovonho zvakagadziridzwa zvinogona kukonzera kupinzwa, kubaya, kucheka kana kukanganisa. Tsananguro iyi haina kukwana kugadzira kana kushandisa muchina.
Iyo shaft inofanira kutendeuka zviri nyore mukutakura uye muchikamu che roller isina kucheka. Gomba rekuzora rinofanira kucherwa pamusoro pechekubereka. Mukaha uripo pakati peblade nemukati weroller unofanira kuva 0,5-1 mm.
Chinzvimbo chetafura yebasa chinofanira kugadziridzwa nenzira yekuti mesh yakarukwa inogona kubva nyore, yakatambanudzwa diagonally kumusoro.
A 2“ pombi inogona kushandiswa kuhwindidzira, yakasungirirwa padanda rehuni kana lath yehuni inogona kutenderedzwa zviri nyore. Pane izvi, wattle inokuvadzwa. Nekumanikidza, zvidhinha zvakati wandei zvakasungirirwa kune imwe tambo yakasimba zvinogona kushandiswa. Kupera kwewaya kunofanirwa kuumbwa nenzira yenguva yekusungirirwa kune hoko. hoko inofanira kufamba.
Maitiro ekushanda ndeaya anotevera: basa rinofanira kutangwa nekuzora muchina uye tensioner. Pamusoro petambo, iyo yatakapfuura nepakati pe tensioner uye kuburikidza nepfuti yemafuta, tinofanira kukotama imwe hafu yezvishwe uye hokoka iyi (pamusoro pe groove mu roller) kumucheto webanga. Zvadaro, nekushandura mubato, shinda imwe inofanira kugadzirwa, iyo yakareba yakareba hafu nehafu yakareba kupfuura hurefu hunodiwa hwefence. Isu tinomisa mhepo kana tambo yeronda yewaya inoratidza kwainoenda. Mushure meiyi yakasimba hoko zvipikiri zvinofanirwa kuvezwa nenyundo kubva3-4 mm(isina musoro) mubhodhi re2-3zvishwe kubva kunoperera shinda kuenda mukati. Kana network yakareba kupfuura1 m, ipapo chipikiri chimwe chinofanira kurovererwa nepakati. Misumari inofanira kurovererwa mukati kuitira kuti nzvimbo dzadzo dzisava pamakona ezasi ezvishwe, kutarisa kubva pabhodhi, asi hafu yehurefu kumashure pamabhenji epamusoro. Zvadaro pane chinhambwe chehafu yehurefu hwezvishwe kubva pabanga uye hafu yehupamhi hwezvishwe, tinocheka thread.
Dhonza shinda yekutanga kumashure nehafu yechishwe woikochekera kuzvipikiri, simbisa neruoko rwako netambo uchimonerera (mune yekutanga) uye yechipiri shinda. Patinocheka tambo yechipiri, tinofanira kufunga kuti hafu yehurefu hwezvishwe inodiwa kuti tisunge tambo pamwe chete. Zvakanakisisa kuisa chidimbu chepepa chena pabhodhi, nokuti nenzira iyi zvichava nyore kutevera kuwirirana kwezvishwe uye zvinogona kukanganisa. Kuti tambo irege kuenda kudivi, zvinodikanwa kuti ukotamise zvakanaka magumo ekupinda kwetambo inomonereka. Muchina uyu unogona kuruka mambure ehurefu hunodiwa uye hurefu husina muganho. Chinhu chakanakisa chefenzi iri galvanized soft wire2,2 mm. Kubva pawaya iyi kweakarukwa hurefu hwe1 mkureba kwe kunodiwa1,45 m. Pafenzi ine zvishwe zve80x80nokuti1 mether inodiwa25 kana, naizvozvo, nokuda1 m2anofanira36,35 mwaya, uremu hwayo3dkg pashinda, kana muhuwandu1,10 kg.
Panguva yekutandara munhu anogona kurukwa 3–4 m2 fenzi paawa.
Mazano mashoma akanaka: nekuzora kwakanaka, simba shoma rinozodiwa uye michina yemuchina haizoremerwe. Kana waya yacho yakanyanya kuoma, unofanira kubatidza moto wewicker wakatenderedza spool yewaya wozoibvumira kuti itonhore zvishoma nezvishoma. Iyi nzira inopfavisa waya nemazvo.
Usabatidze moto wakatenderedza coil: Kupisa kusingazivikanwe, kwakavharwa kana garaniwaya nemurazvo wakavhurika kunogona kukonzera moto, kushanduka kusingadzoreki kwezvinhu uye hutsi hunokuvadza. Kuoma, rudzi, kuvhara uye kukodzera kwewaya kunotariswa kubva kune zvinyorwa zvemupi; waya isina kufanira “haigadziriswe” nekunatsiridza annealing.
Chokwadi, nhasi kune mamwe machina emazuvano ekuruka waya, uye musimboti weayo otomatiki mhepo inoratidzwa pazasi.
Chinyorwa chekupedzisira: Pamberi pefenzi ipi neipi kana gedhi, muganhu wemijenya, zvibvumirano, kuiswa kwepasi pevhu, kuvhura geometry uye sash, kupwanya uye shear, column uye nheyo kugadzikana, mhepo inotakura, corrosion, kuchengetedzwa kwevashandisi uye nzira yekuvhara inotariswa. Matanho enhoroondo nemaitiro kubva kuchinyorwa chino zvinofanirwa kuonekwa chete senzvimbo yekuchengetera zvinhu.