Zolemba Zakale ndi Chitetezo: Nkhaniyi ikusunga miyeso ya mbiri yakale, zida ndi njira, koma simapangidwe, kuwerengera kosasunthika, kuyeza nthaka, mipanda kapena makina, kapena buku la kagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mpanda ndi chipata ziyenera kukhala zoyenera pa malo, cholinga, mphepo, matalala, katundu, nthaka, dzimbiri, chitetezo cha ana ndi zinyama, malamulo a m’deralo ndi malire a malo. Zipilala zonyamula katundu, maziko, konkire yolimbitsa, zowotcherera ndi zomangika, zitseko zogwirira ntchito ndi zoteteza zimafunikira mapangidwe oyenerera, kuyang’anira akatswiri ndi kuyika kotetezeka.
Masiku ano, Savo Kusić amayang’ana kwambiri mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo, khomo ndi zopempha za mawu. Mawuwa amakhalabe ngati mbiri yakale ndipo sapereka mwayi wopanga mipanda, zipata, nsanamira za konkriti kapena makina oluka ukonde.
Mipanda yakanthawi komanso mawaya
Mpanda wosakhalitsa
Mpanda wosavuta, wotsika mtengo komanso wosakhalitsa ukhoza kupangidwa kuchokera kunthambi, misomali yochepa ndi waya wamingaminga wamtali woyenerera. Tikhoza kumata waya kunja kwa nthambi ndi misomali. Ngati nthambi zikukula, ndiye kuti tidzakhala ndi mpanda.
Mpandawu udzakhala wolimba kwambiri ngati malekezero a nthambi zowuma zomwe timayika pansi zanyowa ndi phula, ndipo waya wamingamo ndi misomali yomangirira imakutidwa ndi utoto wokhuthala wamafuta. Tikhozanso kupaka nsonga zapamwamba za nthambizo - zomwe poyamba zidadulidwa ndi macheka kuti zikhale zopingasa - ndi utoto wotsalira kuti uziteteze kumadzi. Inde, mpanda woterewu ndi wanthawi yochepa chabe ndipo ulibe mawonekedwe apadera okongoletsera. Pamalo omwe adakonzedwa bwino ndipo ali pamalo okonzedwa bwino kuti apumule ndi zosangalatsa, sangathe kukhalabe kwakanthawi (mkuyu.1,1. gawo).
Chithunzi 1 — zitsanzo za zomangamanga ndi zochiritsira za mipanda yosiyanasiyana.
Mpanda wokhala ndi nsanamira ndi waya waminga
Mpanda wosavuta ungathenso kupangidwa kuchokera ku timitengo tating’onoting’ono (kukhuthala kwa mkono) pokhomerera pansi ndikuyika mawaya amingaminga m’mizere ingapo m’mbali (mkuyu.1-2.,3. ndi4. gawo). Ndikoyenera kuviika malekezero a pamitengo mu phula musanayendetse. Zingakhale bwino ngati malekezero a pamtengowo atapaka phula m’njira yakuti pambuyo popondapo pakhalebe ena otsala.5-10 cmwa gawo lopaka mafuta pamwamba pa dziko lapansi. Mbali zam’mwamba zamitengo (nkhope) ziyeneranso kupakidwa phula kuti zitetezedwe kumadzi ndi kuwola. Kutalika kwa mpanda wa minga minga nthawi zambiri1,3-1,7 m. Mtunda pakati pa mizere ya waya wa minga ndi20-30 cm. Mawayawa ali ndi misomali yooneka ngati U.
Waya waminga: Kuyika kwa waya waminga kumatha kukhala koletsedwa kapena kuletsedwa molingana ndi malo ndi cholinga chake, ndipo kukhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo cha mabala ndi kuvulala kwa anthu ndi nyama. Musanayambe ntchito, muyenera kuyang’ana malamulo, malire a chiwembu ndi kukhazikitsa mobisa; gwiritsani ntchito chida chodzipatulira, chitetezo ndi kumangirira kolamulidwa, popanda kuyimirira panjira ya waya.
Mpanda wokhala ndi nsanamira ndi mawaya osiyanasiyana
Tipanga mpanda kukhala wotsika mtengo ngati, m’malo mwa waya wamingaminga, tigwiritsa ntchito waya wosalala wokhala ndi mainchesi 1,5-2 mm, komanso pamwamba komanso mwina mzere wapansi timagwiritsa ntchito waya waminga. Mpanda udzakhala wamphamvu kwambiri ngati mitengo, yomwe ili pamakona, imathandizidwa. Ma struts amatha kukhala owonda pang’ono kuposa nsonga zam’mphepete. Pansi pa malekezero a zothandizira, mwala umodzi waukulu uyenera kuikidwa pansi, kapena bedi lonse lothandizira liyenera kupangidwa ndi miyala. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pamitengo ie. zikhomo ziyenera kuikidwa mu dzenje lokumbidwa lodzaza ndi miyala kapena mwala wophwanyidwa (mkuyu. 1 - 4., 5. ndi 6. gawo).
Titha kupanga mpanda wokhala ndi mawaya osiyanasiyana poyika mawaya amingaminga kumizere yakumtunda ndi pansi ndikuluka mozungulira ndi mawaya osalala. Titha kugwiritsanso ntchito ma slats kumpanda, kotero timango “kuwaluka” ndi waya wokulirapo, ndipo pakadali pano, ma coasters aatali safunikira. Zingakhale bwino kwambiri ngati timangirira waya ku batter iliyonse ndi msomali umodzi wooneka ngati U. Pambuyo pojambula, timangirira zomangira pazipiko zoyikidwa pansi pamtunda wa 2–3 m. Malekezero a mitengo yamatabwa ndi zitsulo ayenera kupangidwa kuti agwire pansi (bedi la miyala) kapena konkire. Mayankho omwe aperekedwa pachithunzichi amapereka malo oti mtengowo sungathe kumasula (mkuyu 2, 1. gawo).
Titha kufulumizitsa njira yopangira phula kumapeto kwa mitengo ngati tipanga chipangizo chosavuta pachifukwa ichi. Muyenera kutenga chitoliro chachitsulo kapena chachitsulo chokhala ndi mainchesi okulirapo (chitoliro cha malata cha chitofu cha “chunak”) ndikuyika pulagi yolimba kumapeto kwa chitolirocho. Tiyenera kupanga choyimira choyenera cha chitoliro kuchokera ku waya wandiweyani kapena chitsulo cha konkire. Mapeto a chitoliro ndi pulagi ayenera kuikidwa pa njerwa, kutsanulira phula kapena phula mu chitoliro ndi kupanga moto wochepa mozungulira. Kenako tidzamiza malekezero amitengo muzinthu zosungunuka (mkuyu.2,2. gawo). Zowona, mitengoyo iyenera kusungidwa kwakanthawi muzinthu zosungunula kuti zitenthedwe ndikuthiridwa ndi phula. Mofananamo - ndithudi popanda moto - tikhoza kujambula malekezero a mizati ndi utoto wa mafuta kapena utoto wochuluka wa nitro.
Chithunzi2- kuthandizira mizati ndi mbiri yakale ya chitetezo cha malekezero awo.
Osayika chotenthetsera chomwe chawonetsedwa: moto wotseguka pansi pa chitoliro chokhala ndi phula kapena phula ukhoza kuyambitsa moto, kuyaka, kupitirira, fusi loyaka ndi utsi woyipa. Osatenthetsa phula, phula, zokutira kapena zinthu zosadziwika bwino pamalo ongoyembekezera. Kuti muteteze nkhuni, gwiritsani ntchito dongosolo lovomerezeka la ntchito inayake, molingana ndi pepala laumisiri, miyeso ya chitetezo ndi malamulo otetezera nthaka ndi madzi.
Mizati ya konkriti ndi zitsulo ndi zodzaza
Nsanamira za mpanda wa konkire
Kugula matabwa nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta ndipo matabwa sakhala olimba ngati konkriti kapena chitsulo. Tsopano tipereka malangizo amomwe mungapangire (kudzipangira nokha) mipanda ya konkire yokhazikika komanso yowoneka bwino.
Yankho labwino komanso lotsika mtengo ndi mwachitsanzo. mpanda wa zomangira za konkire zokhala ndi mafupa achitsulo. Zomangira za konkire zimapangidwa pothira konkriti yaiwisi pazanja. Pazigawo zoyima, chitsulo chofikira 35x35 mm kapena miyeso yofananira yachitsulo L, U, ndi zina zotero iyenera kutengedwa. Zinthu zolumikizira zopingasa pakati pa mizatizo zimapangidwanso ndi chitsulo chojambulidwa kapena chathyathyathya. Ngati palibe chitsulo chathyathyathya, waya wokhuthala wa 5-6 cm ndiwoyeneranso. Mafelemu achitsulo amakona akhoza kuikidwa ndi mipanda monga momwe amafunira, mwachitsanzo. waya waminga, mawaya, choyikapo zitsulo, ndi zina zotero (mkuyu 3).
Picture 3 — Chiwonetsero cha mbiriyakale cha kupanga kothandizira konkriti ndi mafupa achitsulo.
Mipanda yolimba ya konkriti imathanso kupangidwa pa DIY pogwiritsa ntchito ma tempulo oyenera. Template itha kupangidwa ndi matabwa, zitsulo, ndi mapaipi ozungulira a simenti ya asbestosi. Zivundikiro za ma template zimapangidwa ndi matabwa okhala ndi mikwingwirima yofananira. M’kati mwa chitoliro muzipaka mafuta kuti konkire isamamatire (mkuyu 4). Sitiyenera kuiwala, ndithudi, mabowo omangira mawaya kapena mawaya ku mpanda, chifukwa ndi ovuta kwambiri kubowola pambuyo pake. Malowa akhale oti mawaya a 2-3 mm atha kuikidwamo, ndipo tidzamanganso mawaya pambuyo pake ndikumangirira zida za mpanda. Titha kumangirira mzere wapamwamba wawaya waminga ku nsonga ya konkriti yomwe imatuluka kuchokera kumtunda kwa mtengowo. Pomaliza, kumapeto kwa mizati, titha kupanga “zipewa« zooneka ngati piramidi kuchokera ku simenti.
Chithunzi 4 — chitsanzo chothandizira ndikupachika chipata chosavuta chachitsulo.
Asibesitosi ndi konkire yonyamula: Mipope ya simenti ya asibesitosi yotchulidwa m’mbiri yakale sayenera kudulidwa, kubowola, pansi, kusweka kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nkhungu. Zinthu zokayikitsa zomwe zilipo ziyenera kuyesedwa ndikuchotsedwa ndi bungwe lovomerezeka la akatswiri malinga ndi malamulo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Miyezo ya mbiri, kulimbikitsa, kusanjikiza koteteza konkriti, maziko, kuya kwa chithandizo, kusakaniza, chisamaliro ndi nthawi yotsitsa zimatsimikiziridwa pamlandu wina; zomwe zalembedwa m’mbiri si kuwerengera kapena kutanthauzira.
Mipanda yokhala ndi mipiringidzo ndi zolowetsa
Titha kupanga mipanda yolimba komanso yokongola kuchokera ku mbiri yachitsulo ya U 30-35 mm, yokhala ndi mafelemu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chokhala ndi mbiri komanso konkriti kapena zipilala zamiyala. Zinthu zowongoka za gridi, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi U-profiles zautali woyenerera, zimamangiriridwa ku mbiri yopingasa ya chimango ndi ma rivets a 4-6 mm, omwe adatenthedwa kale mpaka kutentha kofiira. Malingana ndi njirayi - ndi mizati yamwala - mtunda pakati pa mizati ukhoza kuwonjezeka kufika 4 kapena 5 m. Pamtunda wapamwamba wachitsulo wopingasa, titha kulumikiza - pogwedeza kapena pogwiritsa ntchito zomangira - “barbs” zopangidwa ndi zojambulajambula,
Mipanda imathanso kupangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zopangidwa kale zomwe zitha kugulidwa m’sitolo. Ndikwabwino ngati mpanda woterewu, maziko ake amapangidwa ndi mwala, ndipo zoyikapo zimamangiriridwa ku nsanamira zachitsulo za tubular kapena mbiri. Popeza kutalika kwa zoyikazo kuli limodzi ndi chimango 1,6 m, mtunda pakati pa mizati umatsimikiziridwa mwapadera ndi izi. Mafelemu oyika amangiriridwa pamipingo yokhala ndi kolala yomwe ili pa mtunda wa 1,7 m.
Mutha kugulanso zipata zopangidwa kale m’masitolo, koma titha kupanganso chipata tokha kuchokera pafelemu yokhala ndi chitsulo chojambulidwa ndi mawaya wandiweyani, zomangira kapena zomangira. Mizati ya chitoliro iyenera kutsekedwa ndi pulagi, yojambula mobwerezabwereza, yopangidwa ndi matabwa kapena zinthu zopangira, kuti madzi asalowe mkati mwa chitoliro ndikuyambitsa dzimbiri.
Hot Riveting and Metal Barbs: Kugwira ntchito ndi ma rivets otentha, kupangira, kuwotcherera ndi kuthwa kwamphamvu kumafunikira antchito ophunzitsidwa bwino, zida zoyenera, kuwongolera moto ndi mapangidwe olumikizana. Mfundo zakuthwa siziyenera kupanga chiwopsezo chosavomerezeka kwa ongoima pafupi, ana kapena nyama. Chitetezo cha dzimbiri ndi kukhetsa kwamadzi kuchokera ku mbiri zotsekedwa zimathetsedwa ndi polojekitiyo, osati ndi kutseka koyenera.
Zipata zamunda zosavuta
Pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa kapena zitsulo, titha kupanga zipata zazing’ono zamunda. Mwala wokulirapo uyenera kuyikidwa pansi pa dzenje kuti mtengowo usakhazikike. Apo ayi, mtengowo uyenera kukwiriridwa osachepera 50-60 cm pansi. Mphamvu ya mzatiyo imatha kuonjezeredwa mwa kutsanulira mwala wophwanyidwa mozungulira mzatiwo, kuthira konkire pamwamba pake ndikuwuphatikiza pang’ono. Chitoliro chachitsulo chokhala ndi mpira umodzi wachitsulo chiyenera kuikidwa mu bedi la konkire - ndithudi pamaso pa seti ya konkire - monga momwe tawonetsera mwatsatanetsatane mujambula. Mpira udzakhala pazitsulo zachitsulo za pachipata. Kumtunda, chipata chimayikidwa (chopachikidwa) pabedi lathyathyathya ndi ulusi (chithunzi 5).
Image 5 — Tsatanetsatane wa mbiri yakale yothandizira pachipata chosavuta chachitsulo.
Fungo lachipata likhoza kupangidwa ndi matabwa ndi zitsulo. Mu chimango, chomwe chimaperekedwa ndi kulimbitsa kwa diagonal, titha kuyika ma slats kapena ma waya. Chipata chikhozanso kupangidwa kuchokera ku chitoliro chachitsulo cha inchi imodzi. Chitolirocho chimapindika ku mawonekedwe omwe akufunidwa pomangirira mbali imodzi ndi pulagi yamatabwa, kenako ndikudzaza mchenga ndikumangirira mbali inayo. Popindika chubucho chimatenthedwa kuti chikhale chowala mofiyira ndipo pomalizira pake pinda lomwe mukufuna limapangidwa. Pambuyo pochotsa mchenga, pulagi yachitsulo yokhala ndi pini imayendetsedwa kumapeto kwa chitoliro molingana ndi tsatanetsatane wa zojambulazo, ndipo mphete yodziwika bwino imayikidwa pamwamba ndi ma rivets kapena zomangira, ndiyeno ma laths kapena ma waya. Chitoliro chachitsulo chokhala ndi mpira wachitsulo chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chotengera chapansi.
Chitoliro Chotenthetsera ndi Kupinda: kufotokoza kwa kudzaza chitoliro ndi mchenga ndikuchiwotcha kuti chikhale chofiira si buku lotetezeka kuntchito ya kunyumba. Chitoliro chotsekedwa kapena chosadziwika, chinyezi, zokutira ndi malata amatha kuyambitsa kupanikizika, kutulutsa mapulagi, moto ndi utsi woopsa. Kupinda, kuwotcherera ndi kutentha kutentha kuyenera kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yovomerezeka yovomerezeka ndi katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchito.
Mpanda wotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso wokhazikika kwambiri ndi wawaya. Ndi bwino kuchita waya kuluka kunyumba, chifukwa kuluka ntchito angathe kuchitidwa ndi zida ndi zida zosavuta.
Historic Net Knitting Machine
Makina oluka ma mesh amapangidwa kutengera kukula kwa mauna omwe tikufuna kumpanda. Nthawi zambiri timagwiritsa ntchito miyeso ya malupu 80x80, 60x60 ndi 45x45 mm. Apa tikuwonetsa kukula kwa loop maker 80x80. Tidzafotokozera zida zofunikira potsata ma waya popanga (mkuyu 6,7,8).
Figure 6 — loop geometry ndi mbiri yakale ya chogudubuza.
Kutsegula kwawaya kumalepheretsa waya kuti asagwedezeke. Chingwe chokulirapo cha axial chimayikidwa pakati pa choyikapo chokhazikika, bolodi lathyathyathya limayikidwa pamenepo, ndipo ndowa imayikidwa pa bolodi. Chingwe chawaya chimayikidwa molunjika mozungulira chidebecho chomwe chili ndi kulemera kwake. Waya amakokedwa kuchokera ku spool kupita ku tensioner. Chomangiracho chimakhala ndi 3 zidutswa za pulley zomwe zimakhala m’nyumba yopindika. Kupanikizika kumawonjezeka kapena kuchepetsedwa mwa kusintha malo a pulley yapakati. Pazitsulo, zomwe zimapanga ma axis a reels, zidutswa za chitoliro zimayikidwa pomwe ma reels amasinthasintha mosavuta. Kukula kwa mapaipi kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu ndi 1,5-1 mm kuposa m’lifupi mwa reel.
Image 7 — mbali zazikuluzikulu zamakina opangira mawaya akale.
Pambuyo pa tensioner pamabwera mfuti yamafuta. Amakhala ndi nsalu yokulungidwa ndi waya. Ndi waya wina, nsaluyo imangiriridwa ndi chothandizira. Nsaluyo nthawi zina imalowetsedwa m’mafuta. Zonse zomangirira ndi zomangira mafuta zimamangiriridwa pansi.
Pansi pa makinawo ndi bolodi lathyathyathya lokhala ndi malo owala. Kutalika kwa bolodi ili ndi theka la mita kutalika kuposa kutalika kofunikira kwa ukonde. Bolodi pamodzi ndi makina ayenera kuikidwa pa tebulo lolimba la ntchito.
Mbali ya makina opindira lupu ndi chubu chachitsulo chokhala ndi khoma lochindikala komanso mkati mwake mosalala. Mpeni wopangidwa ndi chitsulo cholimba chokhala ndi malo olimba umazungulira mkati mwa chubu. Ulusi (groove) m’lifupi uyenera kudulidwa pa chitoliro chachitsulo4-5 mm ndi ngodya ya45°,5 cmkutsogolo kwa mapeto a chitoliro, ndipo bowo lokhala ndi m’mphepete mwake liyenera kubowoleredwa kumapeto kwa ulusi. Chubucho chiyenera kukulungidwa mu socket yooneka ngati V kuti isatseke ulusi wopangidwa ndi mphero paliponse. Bedi lopangidwa ndi V pamodzi ndi mapaipi ayenera kuwotcherera ku mbale imodzi yachitsulo. Ndiye shaft iyenera kupangidwa ndi kunyamula kukwera, komwe kukuwonetsedwa kwathunthu mu chithunzi No. VII-37b. Ndi bwino kupanga kubereka pang’ono kutsika, chifukwa pambuyo pake pamene akugwedeza kutalika kumatha kusinthidwa ndi shims. Mpeniwo umamangiriridwa pamtengo wa shaft ndi screw, koma ukhozanso kutetezedwa ndi fusesi.
Chithunzi8- kuyenda kwa waya kupyola mbali za makina a mbiriyakale.
Kuteteza Pamakina: zojambula siziwonetsa alonda amakono, kuyimitsidwa kwadzidzidzi, kuwongolera kolowera, njira yotetezeka ya waya, kuwunika mphamvu ya gawo kapena kuwongolera kokhotakhota. Waya womangika, mbali zozungulira, mbali zakuthwa, zolemera ndi zokowera zomwe zingayambitse kutsekeka, kubowola, kudula kapena kukhudza. Kufotokozeraku sikokwanira kupanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito makinawo.
Mtsinje uyenera kutembenuzika mosavuta potengera komanso pagawo la chogudubuza lomwe silinadulidwe. Bowo lopaka mafuta liyenera kubowoleredwa kumtunda kwa chonyamuliracho. Kusiyana pakati pa tsamba ndi mkati mwa chogudubuza kuyenera kukhala 0,5-1 mm.
Malo a tebulo logwirira ntchito akuyenera kusinthidwa m’njira yoti mauna oluka amatha kuchoka mosavuta, atatambasulidwa m’mwamba.
A 2“ chitoliro chingagwiritsidwe ntchito popukuta, chomangika pamtengo wodzigudubuza kapena matabwa omwe amatha kutembenuzika mosavuta. Pa izi, wattle amavulazidwa. Pofuna kulimbitsa, njerwa zingapo zomangidwa ku waya umodzi wamphamvu zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. mbeza iyenera kusuntha.
Njira yogwirira ntchito ili motere: ntchitoyo iyenera kuyambika ndikuyika makina opangira mafuta ndi tensioner. Pa waya, womwe tidadutsa muzowongolera ndikudutsa mumfuti yamafuta, tiyenera kupindika theka la malupu ndikumangirira izi (pa groove mu roller) m’mphepete mwa mpeni. Kenako, potembenuza chogwiriracho, ulusi umodzi uyenera kupangidwa, womwe utali wake umakhala wautali ndi theka kuposa kutalika kofunikira kwa mpanda. Timayimitsa kupiringako pamene ulusi wa bala wa waya ukuwonetsa komwe akulowera. Pambuyo amphamvu mbedza misomali ayenera kumenyedwa kuchokera3-4 mm(wopanda mutu) m’gulu la2-3amalungira kutali kuchokera kumapeto kwa ulusi kupita mkati. Ngati netiweki ndi yayitali kuposa1 m, pamenepo msomali umodzi ukhomedwe pakati. Misomali iyenera kukhomeredwa mkati mwawo kuti malo awo asakhale m’munsi mwa malupu, akuyang’ana kuchokera pa bolodi, koma theka la kutalika kumbuyo kumtunda wapamwamba. Ndiye pa mtunda wa theka la kutalika kwa malupu kuchokera ku mpeni ndi theka la m’lifupi mwa malupu, timadula ulusi.
Kokani ulusi woyamba mmbuyo ndi theka la chipika ndikuchikoka ku misomali, sungani ndi dzanja lanu ndi chingwe pamene mukumangirira (kuyambira) ndi ulusi wachiwiri. Tikamadula ulusi wachiwiri, tiyenera kuganizira kuti theka la utali wa malupuwo ndi lofunika kuti amangirire pamodzi ulusiwo. Ndi bwino kuyika pepala loyera pa bolodi, chifukwa motere kudzakhala kosavuta kutsatira kupotoza kwa malupu ndi zovuta zomwe zingatheke. Kuti ulusiwo usapite kumbali, m’pofunika kupindika bwino kumapeto kwa ulusi wopota. Makinawa amatha kuluka ukonde wotalika komanso wopanda malire. Zinthu zabwino kwambiri zopangira mpanda ndi waya wofewa2,2 mm. Kuchokera pawaya wolukidwa utali wa1 mkutalika kumafunika1,45 m. Pampanda wokhala ndi malupu a80x80za1 mether ndiyofunika25 kapenanso, chifukwa1 m2ayenera36,35 mwaya, amene kulemera kwake ndi3dkg pa ulusi uliwonse, kapena zonse1,10 kg.
Panthawi yopumula munthu amatha kuluka mipanda 3–4 m2 mipanda paola.
Upangiri wina wabwino: Ndi mafuta abwino, mphamvu zochepa zidzafunika ndipo makina amakina sadzadzaza. Ngati wayayo ndi yolimba kwambiri, muyenera kuyatsa moto wa wicker kuzungulira spool ya waya ndikulola kuti izizizire pang’onopang’ono. Njirayi ifewetsa waya moyenerera.
Musayatse moto mozungulira koyilo: Kutentha kosadziwika, yokutidwa kapena malawi ndi malawi otsegula kungayambitse moto, kusintha kosalamulirika kwa zinthu zakuthupi ndi utsi woopsa. Kuuma, mtundu, zokutira ndi kuyenerera kwa waya zimafufuzidwa kuchokera ku zolemba za ogulitsa; Waya wosayenera “sakonzedwa” ndi kulowetsedwa kwabwino.
Zowona, lero palinso makina amakono olukira mawaya, ndipo mfundo yake yokhotakhota ikuwonetsedwa pansipa.
Chidziwitso chomaliza: Pamaso pa mpanda uliwonse kapena chipata, malire a malo, zilolezo, kuyika mobisala, kutsegula geometry ndi lamba, kuphwanya ndi kukameta ubweya, kukhazikika kwa maziko, kukhazikika kwa mphepo, dzimbiri, chitetezo cha ogwiritsa ntchito ndi kutseka zimafufuzidwa. Miyezo ndi machitidwe akale a m’nkhaniyi akuyenera kuwonedwa ngati malo osungira zakale.